老年患者术后急性精神障碍临床观察与护理体会

目的：观察老年术后急性精神障碍发生的相关原因并总结护理要点。方法：回顾分析老年术后发生急性精神障碍的相关因素包括手术与麻醉时间、术前合并症和术后并发症等。结果：术后急性精神障碍与多种因素相关。与全身麻醉以及术后不良的环境因素密切相关,其他原因包括年龄、术前合并症以及术后并发症的发生等。术后必要的药物治疗以及术后的心理护理是护理工作的关键,患者信赖的医护人员以及亲友的安慰交流有防治效果。结论：老年病人术后精神障碍的发生对围手术期病人的治疗康复具有一定的负面影响,应当引起医护人员的重视并采取有效防治对策。     

老年脑肿瘤病人手术前护理临床效应

目的:总结老年脑肿瘤病人手术前的护理临床效应。方法:分析60例60-80岁脑肿瘤病人的临床及护理资料,根据老年人生理心理特点,有针对性的进行心理护理;对症护理;术前给予正确的护理评估;合理选择血管与输液的观察,并进行术前其他准备。结果:全部病人的合并症经术前处理稳定。病人术前恐惧心理消失,认知功能提高;对呕吐频繁、颅压高头痛和癫痫发作的的病人经药物治疗对症护理症状均缓解,无坠床等意外发生;整体评估患者的心、肺、肾等功能,术前合并原发高血压、糖尿病与慢性支气管炎病例,得到良好控制;采用静脉留置针,效果良好,无静脉炎及静脉血栓的发生。本组病例术中术后病情无加重及并发症发生。结论:根据老年人生理心理特点,有针对性加强术前护理是提高手术成功率,减少术后并发症和病死率的重要措施。     

原发性肝癌根治术后病人肺部并发症危险因素的单因素及Logistic分析

目的:探讨原发性肝癌根治术后病人肺部并发症发生的危险因素。方法:收集2011年3月至2014年2月间因原发性肝癌行肝癌根治术病人120例,根据有无并发症将两组病人分为肺部并发症和无肺部并发症组,对病人的一般情况、术前检查及手术情况设置变量首先用单因素方法筛选与肝癌根治术后肺部并发症相关的危险因素,进一步行多因素logistic分析这些相关危险因素中的独立危险因素。结果:入组病人中术后有25例(20.83%)发生了肺部并发症。单因素分析结果显示肝癌根治术后肺部并发症发生的危险因素有:慢性呼吸道疾病史、术前2周呼吸道感染史、术前白蛋白水平、手术时间、麻醉时间、术中出血量及术后使用镇痛泵(P0.05)。Logistic分析显示肝癌根治术后肺部并发症发生的独立危险因素为:慢性呼吸道疾病史、术前白蛋白水平及术后使用镇痛泵(P0.05)。结论:原发性肝癌根治术患者存在术后肺部并发症危险因素,临床工作中对其进行评估可减少或避免发生并发症。     

老年骨科全麻患者术后麻醉恢复室谵妄的影响因素分析及防范措施

目的:分析老年骨科全麻患者术后麻醉恢复室谵妄的影响因素,并探讨相关防范措施。方法:选取2018年7月-2020年6月期间我院收治的200例老年骨科全麻患者,收集患者的临床资料。根据其术后麻醉恢复室是否出现谵妄分为观察组(术后发生谵妄)和对照组(术后未发生谵妄),分析术后麻醉恢复室谵妄的影响因素。结果:200例老年骨科全麻患者中,发生术后谵妄的患者83例,发生率为41.50%(83/200)。单因素分析结果显示,老年骨科全麻患者术后麻醉恢复室谵妄与年龄、合并其它基础疾病、吸烟史、术前血糖、术前血红蛋白、术前红细胞压积、手术类型、术中失血量、电解质紊乱有关(P<0.05),而与性别、体质量指数(BMI)、Zung焦虑自评量表(SAS)评分、术前总蛋白、抑郁自评量表(SDS)评分、血钾、手术时间无关(P>0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示:年龄>75岁、合并其它基础疾病、术前血红蛋白<12g/dl、术中失血量≥200 mL、电解质紊乱均为老年骨科全麻患者术后发生谵妄的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论:引起老年骨科全麻患者术后麻醉恢复室谵妄的危险因素较多,包括年龄、合并其它基础疾病、术前血红蛋白、术中失血量、电解质紊乱等,临床应采取必要的防范措施,合理制定手术方案,以降低患者术后谵妄的发生率。     

37 例老年胃癌合并胰腺受侵围手术期的临床治疗分析

目的:探讨老年胃癌合并胰腺受侵患者围手术期合并症及并发症发生率与其他老年胃癌患者间的差异,优化老年胃癌合并胰腺受侵患者围手术期临床治疗护理策略。方法:收集2005年2月至2009年10月前来我院治疗的37名年龄>65岁的老年胃癌合并胰腺受侵患者作为研究对象,设置相同年龄胃癌无胰腺受侵患者37例作为对照,收集详细临床资料,对两组间围手术期合并症发生情况进行卡方(x2)检验,通过采取不同临床治疗护理手段进一步施行干预(包括不同的手术方式及临床监测管理模式),再次采用x2检验比较两组术后并发症发生率,最后通过随访实现Kaplan-Meier生存分析。结果:老年胃癌合并胰腺受侵组(组Ⅰ)与老年胃癌无胰腺受侵组(组Ⅱ)术前总体合并症发生率并无显著统计学差异(P>0.05);各项合并症中仅有血红蛋白降低(<100g/L)、白蛋白降低(<35g/L)以及合并糖尿病的患病人数存有统计学意义(P=0.020,P=0.032,P=0.013);根据两组患病情况不同采取不同手术方式,两组死亡人数未见统计学意义(P>0.05);组Ⅰ术后并发症发生率为70.27%,低于组Ⅱ的86.49%,但两组未见明显统计学差异(P>0.05);比较两组功能性、心血管类并发症,两者间存在显著统计学差异(P=0.036,P=0.013);两组术后5年生存率比较无统计学差异(P=0.8308)。结论:需加强对老年晚期胃癌合并胰腺患者围手术期的临床治疗护理策略,采取适宜的手术治疗方式,可减少术后并发症及死亡的发生,提高患者生活质量。     

老年患者围术期心功能不全相关因素分析及处理体会

目的 通过对老年患者围术期生命体征的临床观察及处理,探讨心功能不全等并发症的相关因素及防治措施.方法 回顾性分析了2000年1月～2008年3月我院行手术治疗的151例老年患者的临床资料.结果 发生心功能不全9例,均发生于术后2～3天.术后第3天、第2天尿量较前1天明显增多.术前有合并症组术后血压较无合并症组高,心事快.年龄在75岁以上组心率较75岁以下组有增快趋势.结论 手术后心功能不全与高龄、合并症、手术创伤、术后2～3天第三间隙液回吸收有关.对老年患者应严格掌握手术适应症,充分术前准备,加强围手术期监护,适时应用利尿剂以防治心功能不全.     

老年股骨粗隆间骨折病人术后的临床表现和护理

总结高龄股骨粗隆间骨折病人术后护理。方法:分析60例70岁以上高龄股骨粗隆间骨折病人的临床资料及护理,根据老年人的生理和心理特点,有针对性地预防和控制并发症。结果:全部病人的合并症经术前处理相对稳定,全部平稳渡过手术期。结论:高龄病人手术风险较大,根据老年人的生理和心理特点有针对性地实施正规的术后护理是提高手术成功率、减少并发症和病死率的重要保证。     

老年患者全身麻醉术后认知功能障碍的影响因素分析

目的：探讨分析老年非心脏手术患者全身麻醉术后认知功能障碍(POCD)的影响因素。方法：选择我院80 例老年行非心脏手 术患者,所有患者均给予全身麻醉手术,于术前及术后1、3 d 分别使用简易智能状态检查法（MMSE）评估患者认知功能,同时记 录行不同手术种类患者POCD 发生率并分析其年龄、麻醉时间、术中出血量、并发症情况及受教育程度等指标与POCD发生的相 关性。结果：80 例患者POCD发生率为30.0%,且不同种类手术中的发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;POCD 组术后1d MMSE 评分为较术前分明显下降,比较差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05);POCD组术后3 d及非POCD 组术后1、3 d MMSE 评分与 术前比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;Logistic 回归分析显示,患者年龄、文化程度、麻醉持续时间≥ 3 h、术中出血量≥ 350 mL及 合并高血压与POCD的发生具有显著相关性（P＜0.05）。结论：行全麻手术患者术后POCD 发病率较高,且患者高龄、文化程度 低、高血压合并症及麻醉持续时间长等是引起POCD发生的重要影响因素。     

老年脊柱手术患者术后谵妄发生情况调查及相关影响因素分析

摘要 目的：调查老年脊柱手术患者术后谵妄发生情况,并分析其相关影响因素。方法：选取2018年7月~2021年5月我院收治的老年脊柱手术患者296例,统计其术后谵妄发生率,根据患者术后是否发生谵妄分为谵妄组和无谵妄组,采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析术后谵妄相关影响因素。结果：296例老年脊柱手术患者中有31例发生术后谵妄,术后谵妄发生率为10.47%。老年脊柱手术患者术后谵妄与手术时间、术前血红蛋白（Hb）水平、年龄、脑卒中病史、术中低氧血症、麻醉方式、手术部位、术前焦虑、苏醒时间、慢阻肺病史、术中低血压有关（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示：年龄≥70岁、手术时间≥120 min、术前Hb＜100 g/L、有慢阻肺病史、手术部位为颈椎、有术前焦虑、苏醒时间≥60 min、有术中低氧血症是老年脊柱手术患者术后发生谵妄的危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论：老年脊柱手术患者术后谵妄发生率较高,且受手术时间、年龄、术前Hb水平等多种因素影响,临床应结合相关因素制定针对性干预措施,以减少此类患者术后谵妄的发生几率。     

食管癌术后呼吸衰竭的临床诊治分析

目的:探讨食管癌术后发生呼吸衰竭(RF)的原因及防治疗措施。方法:将194例行食管癌手术的患者按术后是否发生呼衰分为观察组(36例)和对照组(158例),比较分析相关因素,对发生RF的患者行气管插管呼吸机辅助和气管切开的抢救。结果:36例RF均在术后24～72h发生,33例痊愈,死亡3例。结论:年龄、肺功能、手术时间、血清白蛋白含量、术后其它并发症及是否吸烟等都是诱发RF的重要因素,术前积极治疗肺部合并症、改善肺功能、缩短手术时间、防止染是预防和减少RF发生的主要措施。     

快速康复外科在老年结肠癌围手术期护理中的应用

目的:探讨快速康复外科(fast-track surgery,FTS)在老年结肠癌围手术期护理中应用的临床效果。方法:将92例年龄大于65岁的结肠癌患者随机分为FTS组与对照组,分别给予FTS护理措施和传统护理措施,比较2组患者术后恢复情况、营养状况、并发症发生情况等。结果:与传统护理措施相比较,FTS护理组术后患者胃肠道功能恢复时间明显缩短,术后营养状况恢复较快,术后并发症发生率明显降低。FTS护理组老年患者的住院时间和住院费用均较对照组显著降低。结论:FTS应用于老年患者结肠癌围手术期的护理是安全、有效的。其加快了老年患者的术后康复、减轻了患者的痛苦,降低术后并发症的发生,值得推广应用。     

Oral health care for frail elderly people: actual state and opinions of dentists towards a well-organised community approach

Objective: This study was undertaken to provide an analysis of the actual oral heath care for frail elderly people living in different settings and to explore opinions of dentists towards new concepts in developing a community approach. Method: Data were collected from a sample of 101 dentists (15%) in the county of Antwerp using a self‐administered 30‐item questionnaire including questions about age, gender, education, organisational aspects of dental surgery, questions concerning dentists’ own contribution to oral healthcare services for frail elderly people and statements concerning opinions and attitude toward the organisation of oral health care for frail elderly people. At the same time, qualitative data were collected from focus group sessions with all participating dentists. Non‐parametric analysis was used to explore possible relationships between opinion and possible explanatory variables. Results: Half of the dentists offered dental services to residential or nursing homes (mean number of treatments a year: 5.4) and at home (mean number of treatments a year: 2.4). Prosthetic treatments such as relieving denture pressure points, repairing, rebasing and making new dentures were carried out in 77.4% and 76.7% of the cases in residential or nursing homes and at home respectively. Extractions were carried out in 16% and 18.6% of the cases in both living situations respectively. The main reasons for dentists refusing domiciliary oral health care were the absence of dental equipment (63%), lack of time (19%), with 11% convincing the patients to be treated in their dental surgery. Analysis showed different opinions of dentists depending on age, gender and university of education; however, statistically significant differences were only found by age. Conclusion: The older the dentist, the greater the tendency to refuse domiciliary oral healthcare services. The younger dentists were reluctant to cooperate in the provision of oral health care in a structured community approach.     

循证护理在预防老年骨折术后患者便秘中的应用

目的：探讨循证护理（EBN）在预防老年骨折术后便秘中的应用效果。方法：将102例住院治疗的老年骨折患者随机分为对照组和观察组,对照组采用常规护理方法,观察组应用循证护理的方法及步骤进行护理：找出急需解决的护理问题,在查阅文献的基础上,结合相关调查,找出与老年骨折术后便秘的相关因素,最后在循证支持的基础上,将所获得的实证与临床专业知识和既往经验、患者需求相结合,制定出个性化的护理计划,并实施护理计划。比较两组患者术后便秘的发生率和住院时间等情况。结果：观察组术后便秘的发生率明显低于对照组,且住院时间比对照组明显缩短,两组间比较,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：循证护理不仅预防和减少了老年骨折患者的术后便秘,而且提高了护理质量,激发了护士对学习、科研、工作的兴趣。     

老年妇科手术患者的临床特点及处理探讨

目的:分析老年妇科手术患者的临床特点并探讨相应的处理方法.方法:选择55例老年妇科手术患者(年龄＞60岁)及同期60例非老年妇科手术患者(年龄＜50岁),比较两组患者病变性质、术前情况及术后情况,根据分析结果,探讨相应的处理方法.结果:老年组患者恶性肿瘤发生率显著多于非老年组患者(P＜0.01);老年组患者术前伴有基础性病变病例显著多于非老年组患者(P＜0.01,P＜0.05);老年组患者术后出现并发症的例数显著多于非老年组患者(P＜0.05).结论:对于老年妇科手术患者术前应加强检查,完善手术方案;积极控制老年患者的基础性病变,提高对手术及麻醉的耐受能力;术后给予减少并发症的措施,加强针对性护理,可有效减少老年妇科手术患者围手术死亡率.     

Cognitive and behavioural impairment among elderly people in institutions providing different levels of care.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence and degree of cognitive and behavioural impairment in elderly patients in institutions providing different levels of care. DESIGN: Prevalence study. SETTING: A nursing home, a home for the aged and psychogeriatric wards in a provincial psychiatric hospital. PATIENTS: Only subjects 65 years of age or older were eligible for inclusion. A random sample was selected comprising 25% of the residents in the nursing home and the home for the aged; of the 119 asked to participate 95 agreed (44 in the nursing home and 51 in the home for the aged). All 50 on the psychogeriatric wards agreed to participate. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Kingston Dementia Rating Scale (KDRS). RESULTS: An MMSE score of less than 24 (cognitive impairment) was given to 37 (84%) of the residents in the nursing home, 43 (84%) of those in the home for the aged and 48 (96%) of the patients in the psychiatric hospital; the corresponding numbers for a KDRS score of more than 0 (cognitive impairment) were 41 (93%), 48 (94%) and 50 (100%). The seven patients receiving the highest level of care at the home for the aged (special care) had more behavioural problems than those in the psychiatric hospital did (p less than 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive and behavioural impairment was widespread in the three institutions regardless of the level of care. When planning services and allocating resources government funding agencies should consider the degree and prevalence of such impairment among elderly people in institutions.     

热射病合并多器官功能障碍综合征持续静- 静脉血液滤过治疗的护理

目的:探讨热射病合并多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)持续静-静脉血液滤过(CVVH)的治疗作用并总结护理要点。方法:回顾分析2008年5月至2010年9月,我院收治的6例热射病合并MODS,及时运用CVVH并采取综合治疗措施,对治疗和护理进行总结。结果:6例患者5例痊愈,1例死亡。通过早期积极采用CVVH联合综合治疗措施,可快速降低患者体温,防止因高热引起的恶性循环。结论:CVVH是热射病合MODS有效治疗方法,其可早期纠正电解质及酸碱紊乱,且对代谢产物和炎症因子的清除也有重要作用。期间严密的观察与护理,以及配合治疗的连续性,是成功救治这类患者的关键。     

Application of fast track surgery in routine nursing for patient with colorectal cancer

Objective: To investigate the clinical effect of fast track surgery (FTS) in perioperative nursing of colorectal cancer surgery. Background: In recent years, many complicated surgery began to develop in the direction of low invasion and short hospital time, which provides an unprecedented opportunity for the development of fast track surgery (FTS). Methods: According to different nursing measures, 156 cases of colorectal cancer patients treated in our hospital were divided into FTS nursing group (86 cases) and traditional nursing group (70 cases). FTS nursing care and traditional nursing care were respectively employed to analyze and compare postoperative recovery and complications of the two groups. Results: FTS nursing group was significantly shorter than the traditional care group in terms of the first postoperative exhaust time, the first defecation time, the first eating time, ambulation time and postoperative hospital time, with statistical significance (P < .05); compared with the conventional nursing group, FTS group significantly had lower incidence of postoperative intestinal obstruction, lower limb vein thrombus formation and gastrointestinal discomfort, with statistical significance (P < .05); FTS group has less situations of nausea and vomiting, incision infection, pulmonary infection, urinary tract infection and anastomotic leakage compared to the conventional nursing group. Conclusion: FTS nursing can effectively promote the postoperative recovery of intestinal function for patients with colorectal cancer and reduce the occurrence of postoperative complications, which will relieve postoperative pain and shorten the length of stay, giving patients increased rehabilitation quality.     

经皮肾造瘘术治疗尿脓毒血症患者感染状态的监测与护理

目的探讨尿脓毒血症需行经皮肾造瘘术患者的护理要点。方法回顾性分析58例行经皮肾造瘘术治疗的尿脓毒血症患者,给予心理护理、及穿刺前后病情动态观察、体温监测、早期液体复苏及血管活性药物应用的护理、控制感染的护理以及经皮肾造瘘术后护理。结果57例患者成功行经皮肾造瘘术,1例患者因穿刺失败改行输尿管内支架管置入术;1例患者因并发DIC抢救无效死亡,3例患者因无法解除梗阻需长期留置引流管,余患者均解除梗阻后康复出院。结论经皮肾造瘘术治疗梗阻引起的尿脓毒血症安全有效,医护人员密切合作是挽救尿脓毒血症患者生命的基础。专科护理人员应熟知病情变化,缓解患者的紧张情绪,取得满意的治疗效果。