湿地碳排放及其影响因素

湿地生态系统在全球碳循环中起着重要作用.湿地独特的土壤、水文和植被条件,使得其在低氧环境下能不断累积碳,并同时释放大量温室气体——CH4和CO2,因此湿地的碳排放近年来成为全球气候变化研究关注的重点问题.湿地的土壤状况、水文条件及植被类型的不同导致湿地CH4和CO2的排放具有极强的时空变异性.土壤温度与CH4和CO2排放呈正相关关系;水位条件对湿地温室气体的排放有一定影响,在一定范围内,土壤的厌氧环境导致CH4排放量增大,CO2排放量减小;植被影响到温室气体产生、氧化和排放各个方面,因物种而异.     

DCD不同施用时间对水稻生长期CH4和N2O排放的影响

硝化抑制剂传统的施用方法是在作物移栽或播种前与基肥配合施用.通过温室盆栽试验研究相同施肥条件下,硝化抑制剂双氢胺(dicyandiamide, DCD)不同施用时间(与基肥混施、分孽肥后施入、穗肥后施入)对水稻生长期CH4和N2O排放的影响.结果表明,施入DCD能同时降低CH4和N2O排放量.就整个水稻生长期而言,与基肥混施DCD分别降低21.41%的CH4排放量和8.00%的N2O排放量;调节DCD施用时间至分孽肥后显著降低30.30%的N2O排放量,同时降低5.24%的CH4排放量.就施入DCD到水稻收获的特定生长阶段而言,缓施DCD分别降低32.65%的N2O排放量和11.18%的CH4排放量;晚施DCD对CH4和N2O排放的影响不大.CK、早施DCD、缓施DCD及晚施DCD处理CH4平均排放通量分别为0.95、0.75、0.87 mg/(m2 · h)及0.94 mg/(m2 · h),N2O平均排放通量为155.67、143.24、108.50 μg/(m2 · h)及153.24 μg/(m2 · h),缓施DCD显著降低CH4和N2O排放量(p＜0.01).土壤温度是影响N2O排放的主要因素,而CH4排放通量与土壤Eh呈显著负相关(p＜0.01).     

青藏高原高寒草甸非生长季温室气体排放特征及其年度贡献

高寒草甸是青藏高原地区的主要植被类型,目前对其温室气体研究多集中于生长季.本文利用静态箱-气相色谱法,对非生长季高寒草甸温室气体排放特征及其与主要环境因子的关系进行了研究.结果表明:非生长季高寒草甸表现为CO2和N2O的源、CH4的汇.其中非生长季CO2通量平均值为89.33 mg·m-2·h-1,累积排放通量为280.01g· m-2;CH4通量平均值为-11.35 μg·m-2·h-1,累积吸收通量为124.74 mg·m-2;N2O通量平均值为8.02 μg·m-2·h-1,累积排放通量为39.51 mg·m-2.非生长季CO2、CH4和N2O累积排放通量分别占全年的13.33％、53.47％和62.67％.冻融期(2012年4月)CH4累积吸收通量较小,只占非生长季的4.5％;而CO2和N2O累积排放通量较大,分别占非生长季的25.8％和20.8％.非生长季CO2通量与温度(气温、5和10 cm土壤温度)和5 cm土壤湿度均存在显著正相关关系,而CH4和N2O通量仅与5 cm土壤湿度存在显著正相关.研究表明,虽然冻融期CH4累积吸收通量在非生长季累积量中比重较小,但非生长季CH4和N2O累积排放量却占全年累积排放量的1/2以上,在温室气体累积通量评估中不容忽视.     

小兴安岭典型草丛沼泽湿地CO2、CH4和N2O的排放动态及其影响因素

2007年6～10月,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,同步研究了小兴安岭典型修氏苔草(Carex schmidtii)沼泽湿地CO2、CH4和N2O排放通量的季节动态及其与环境因子的关系,估算CO2、CH4和N2O的生长季排放量,探讨了沼泽湿地碳与氮的源汇关系.结果表明:草丛沼泽生长季节温室气体排放量以CO2占绝对优势(99.61%),CH4的排放量次之(0.39%),N2O的排放量最低(0.000 7%),且为碳、氮的吸收汇(分别为固定量的53.93%和0.04%);CO2、CH4和N2O生长季平均排放通量依次为487.89、1.88和0.004 mg·m-2·h-1,且具有明显的季节变化特征,CO2和N2O的最高排放量均出现在夏季(6月24日至8月14日和7月14日至8月14日),CH4的最高排放量出现在夏秋季(8月24日至9月24日),其中,CO2季节变化与空气温度和0～20 cm土壤温度具有显著相关性(p＜0.05),CH4与空气温度具有显著相关性(p<0.01),N2O与水位具有显著的负相关性(p＜0.05).     

玉渡山水库生长季温室气体排放特征及其影响因素

为了探讨温带水库温室气体排放规律,采用静态箱-色谱分析法,研究了温带地区库龄10年内的北京玉渡山水库生长季3种温室气体CO2、CH4及N2O排放特征,及其影响因子。结果表明:样地类型、测定月份与样地类型交互作用对3种温室气体通量影响极显著,5月消落带CO2通量(664.31mg·m-2·h-1)达到最大,显著高于入库口和浅水区;8月消落带CH4通量(0.87mg·m-2·h-1)及N2O通量(3.05mg·m-2·h-1)最大;8月,切除消落带样地地上植物后,3种温室气体通量均有所降低。CO2通量与地下5cm地温、氧化还原电位和水体总氮显著正相关,与地上生物量和水体pH显著负相关;CH4通量与地表温度、地上生物量、水体pH呈显著相关,与水体总氮和水体铵态氮显著负相关;N2O通量与水体总氮含量显著相关,与水体pH显著负相关。采取平均估值法初步推测,在生长季,水库消落带、入库口及浅水区CO2排放量依次为15960、2160、-70kg·hm-2;CH4排放量依次20.04、-7.05、14.8kg·hm-2;N2O排放量依次83.42、3.79、-1.54kg·hm-2;表明消落带3种温室气体的排放量均较高,为玉渡山水库3种温室气体排放的重点区域。     

鄱阳湖秋季水-气界面CH4排放通量的区域差异及影响因素

有限的观测点以及空间的异质性已经成为准确估算湖泊水-气界面CH4通量的挑战。鄱阳湖是我国最大的淡水湖,为了解秋季湖区水-气界面的CH4排放通量,2010年10月利用密闭静态箱-气象色谱法对星子、都昌、南矶山和吴城4个湖区水-气界面CH4排放通量及气象、底泥、水体等因素进行了测定。研究表明,都昌湖区CH4排放通量平均值为0.26mg·m-2·h-1,显著高于星子(0.15mg·m-2·h-1)、吴城(0.13mg·m-2·h-1)和南矶山(0.10mg·m-2·h-1)湖区。鄱阳湖水-气界面秋季CH4排放通量平均为0.17mg·m-2·h-1,变异系数为58.6%。相关分析表明,风速显著影响CH4排放通量(P<0.01)。在排除风速>5m·s-1的数据后,底泥有机碳以及水体铵态氮含量与CH4排放通量显著相关,而水体DOC含量与CH4排放通量呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。对鄱阳湖CH4排放量的精确估算,依赖于较广区域和较长时间的观测。     

互花米草入侵对沿海湿地甲烷排放的影响

采集互花米草不同入侵年限(8、11和15年)的原状土壤,采用盆栽试验,研究了土壤有机碳含量对沿海湿地CH4排放的影响。结果表明,土壤有机碳含量随着互花米草入侵年限的增加而增加。在植物生长季,互花米草入侵15年的土壤有机碳含量为12.97g·kg-1,土壤CH4排放通量为2.94mg·m-2·h-1,显著高于入侵年限为8和11a(有机碳含量为8.11和9·16g·kg-1)的土壤,其土壤CH4排放通量分别为1.95和2.34mg·m-2·h-1。这主要是由于随着土壤有机碳含量提高,不仅为产甲烷菌提供了更多底物,同时也促进了产甲烷菌数量增加,从而导致更多CH4排放。因此,在评价互花米草入侵的综合环境效应时,需要兼顾土壤固碳能力和温室气体排放。     

有机无机肥混施对水稻土CH4排放的影响

通过网室水稻盆栽试验 ,探讨几种有机无机肥混施方式对CH4排放的影响 .结果表明 ,水稻土CH4排放有明显的逐日变化 ,在水稻分蘖末期和抽穗前期出现CH4排放高峰 .不同有机无机肥混施方式对CH4排放的影响明显 ,最高和最低的CH4排放量分别为 8.1 2和 5.72 g·m- 2 ,两者相差 42 .0 % .粒状有机无机复肥的CH4排放量高 ,但稻谷产量也高 ,因而其单位稻谷产量的CH4排放量反而较低 .     

小兴安岭阔叶林沼泽土壤CO_2、CH_4和N_2O排放规律及其影响因子

采用野外静态箱-气相色谱法,研究了小兴安岭典型阔叶林沼泽生长季节土壤CO2、CH4和N2O排放季节变化规律、源/汇功能及主要影响因子。结果表明:①苔草沼泽、毛赤杨沼泽和白桦沼泽生长季节土壤CO2、CH4、N2O排放分别集中在夏季、夏秋季、春夏季,平均排放通量依次为487.89、382.27、514.63 mg.m-2.h-1,1.88、1.03、0.04 mg.m-2.h-1,3.70、58.61、11.73μg.m-2.h-1。②三者生长季节土壤CO2排放通量与气温和0-20 cm土壤温度均呈显著正相关;苔草沼泽CH4排放通量与30-40cm土壤温度呈显著正相关,毛赤杨沼泽CH4排放通量与地表温度呈显著负相关;白桦沼泽N2O排放通量与地表温度呈显著正相关。苔草沼泽N2O排放与水位呈显著负相关;毛赤杨沼泽CH4排放与水位呈显著正相关;白桦沼泽CO2排放与水位呈显著负相关。③三者生长季节土壤均为CO2、CH4、N2O排放源(17.56、13.76、18.53 t.hm-2;67.54、37.05、1.30 kg.hm-2;0.13、2.11、0.42 kg.hm-2),三者CO2排放量相近(5.5%-21.6%);苔草沼泽为CH4的强排放源,毛赤杨沼泽为中排放源,白桦沼泽为弱排放源;毛赤杨沼泽为N2O的强排放源,白桦沼泽为中排放源,苔草沼泽为弱排放源。     

UV-B辐射增强对抗除草剂转基因水稻 CH4排放的影响

在大田条件下,研究了UV-B(ultraviolet-B)辐射增强对抗除草剂转基因水稻及亲本常规水稻甲烷(CH4)排放的影响。UV-B辐射设2水平,即对照(CK,自然光),增强(Elevated,14.4 kJ·m-·2d-1),相当于南京地区大气臭氧耗损25%的辐射剂量。结果表明,UV-B辐射增强并没有改变稻田CH4排放通量的季节性变化规律。与对照相比,UV-B辐射增强显著提高CH4排放通量和累积排放量。水稻分蘖期CH4累积排放量最高,占全生育累积排放量的51.55%—61.01%;其次是拔节至孕穗期,占20.00%—26.64%。抗除草剂转基因水稻的CH4排放通量和累积排放量显著低于亲本常规水稻。研究说明,UV-B辐射增强下种植抗除草剂转基因水稻对于减缓稻田甲烷排放有积极意义。     

土壤有机质和外源有机物对甲烷产生的影响

对土壤有机质含量及组分、外源有机物和根系分泌对甲烷产生的影响作了综述。土壤产甲烷量和甲烷排放量随有机质含量增加而提高,与土壤中易矿化有机碳或沸水浸提有机碳含量呈显著相关。外源有机碳加入促进了土壤排放甲,刺激效果与外源有机碳的用量和组成有关。还原力强的有机物如纤维素和半纤维素较还原力弱的有机物如类脂和多糖能够产生更多的甲烷。甲醇、甲基化氨基酸等无其它微生物竞争利用的有机物能被产甲烷菌更多地转化成甲烷。植物根系分泌物也促进甲烷的产生,促进作用大小与植物种类及分泌物的数量和质量有关。外源有机物通过3种方式促进土壤甲烷产生;提高土壤的甲烷底物供应量,降低土壤氧化还原电位,刺激土壤原有有机碳的转化。     

三江平原生长季沼泽湿地CH4、N2O排放及其影响因素

 2003年6～9月采用静态箱_气相色谱法,对三江平原生长季不同淹水条件下沼泽湿地CH₄、N₂O的排放进行了同步对比研究,并探讨了影响气体排放的主要影响因素。结果表明, 生长季沼泽湿地CH₄和N₂O排放具有明显的时空变化特征。长期淹水的毛果苔草（Carex lasiocarpa）和漂筏苔草(Carex pseudocuraica)植物带CH₄的平均排放强度分别为259.2和273.6 mg•m^-2•d^-1,高于季节性淹水的小叶章(Deyeuxia angustifolia)植物带的排放强度(38.16 mg•m^-2•d^-1)（p<0.00 0 1）;而生长季N₂O的平均排放强度分别为0.969、0.932 和0.983 mg•m^-2•d^-1, 植物带间无显著差异（p=0.967）。相关分析表明,气温和5 cm深地温对沼泽湿地CH₄生长季排放通量的影响较大,而水位则是影响长期淹水沼泽N₂O排放通量的主要因素;不同类型湿地间CH₄平均排放强度的差异主要受水位的控制,而强烈的还原环境可能是导致不同类型湿地具有近似的N₂O排放强度的原因。     

The impact of dissolved organic carbon on the spatial variability of methanogenic archaea communities in natural wetland ecosystems across China

Significant spatial variation in CH(4) emissions is a well-established feature of natural wetland ecosystems. To understand the key factors affecting CH(4) production, the variation in community structure of methanogenic archaea, in relation to substrate and external environmental influences, was investigated in selected wetlands across China, using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Case study areas were the subtropical Poyang wetland, the warm-temperate Hongze wetland, the cold-temperate Sanjiang marshes, and the alpine Ruoergai peatland on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The topsoil layer in the Hongze wetland exhibited the highest population of methanogens; the lowest was found in the Poyang wetland. Maximum CH(4) production occurred in the topsoil layer of the Sanjiang Carex lasiocarpa marsh, the minimum was observed in the Ruoergai peatland. CH(4) production potential was significantly correlated with the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration but not with the abundance or diversity indices of methanogenic archaea. Phylogenetic analysis and DOC concentration indicated a shift in the dominant methanogen from the hydrogenotrophic Methanobacteriales in DOC-rich wetlands to Methanosarcinaceae with a low affinity in wetlands with relatively high DOC and then to the acetotrophic methanogen Methanosaetaceae with a high affinity in wetlands with low DOC, or with high DOC but rich sulfate-reducing bacteria. Therefore, it is proposed that the dominant methanogen type in wetlands is primarily influenced by available DOC concentration. In turn, the variation in CH(4) production potential in the wetlands of eastern China is attributable to differences in the DOC content and the dominant type of methanogen present.     

闽江河口潮汐湿地二氧化碳和甲烷排放化学计量比

为了阐明河口潮汐湿地碳源温室气体排放的化学计量比特征,对闽江河口潮汐湿地二氧化碳和甲烷排放进行了测定与分析。结果表明:芦苇湿地和短叶茳芏湿地二氧化碳与甲烷排放均呈现正相关;涨潮前、涨落潮过程和落潮后芦苇湿地和短叶茳芏湿地CO2∶CH4月平均值分别为55.4和185.0,96.3和305.5,68.7和648.6,3个过程芦苇湿地和短叶茳芏湿地CO2∶CH4差异均不显著(P>0.05),2种植物湿地CO2∶CH4对潮汐的响应并不一致,但均在涨潮前表现为最低;涨潮前、涨落潮过程和落潮后均表现为芦苇湿地CO2∶CH4低于短叶茳芏湿地(P<0.05);河口潮汐湿地CO2∶CH4为空间变异性>时间变异性,潮汐、植物和温度均对CO2∶CH4的变化具有一定的调节作用。     

温度对亚热带地区常见树种叶片甲烷排放的影响

以亚热带常见树种米槠、木荷、浙江桂、罗浮栲、杉木和柑橘为对象,利用控制试验研究了温度对树木叶片甲烷(CH₄)排放的影响.结果表明: 当温度在10 ℃时,供试的6种树木中,仅木荷、柑橘和罗浮栲的叶片排放CH₄;温度高于20 ℃时,所有树木叶片均可排放CH₄.温度高于30 ℃时,叶片排放CH₄的平均排放速率(1.010 ng CH₄·g^-1DM·h^-1)是10～30 ℃时平均排放速率(0.255 ng CH₄·g^-1DM·h^-1)的3.96倍.增温对柑橘和杉木CH₄排放速率的影响显著高于其他4种树木.培养时间对叶片排放CH₄速率有显著影响,温度胁迫对树木排放CH₄的影响受植物活性的控制.在低温或高温条件下,树木干叶均不能排放CH₄.高温胁迫对树木叶片排放CH₄有重要影响,全球变暖可能增加植物的CH₄排放.     

Biophysical Factors Influence Methane Fluxes in Subtropical Freshwater Wetlands Using Eddy Covariance Methods

Ecosystems - Wetlands are the largest natural source of methane (CH4); however, the contribution of subtropical wetlands to global CH4 budgets is still unclear due to difficulties in accurately...     

水稻植株对稻田甲烷排放的影响

稻田CH4排放是稻田土壤中CH4产生、氧化和传输不同过程的净效应,水稻植株强烈影响稻田CH4的产生、氧化和传输过程,是导致稻田CH4排放季节性变化规律的一个重要因素,本文综述了水稻植株对稻田CH4排放过程的不同影响,水稻植株根系分泌物和脱落物作为产甲烷前体促进稻田土壤中CH4的产生,在水稻生长后期,植株根系分泌物和脱落物被认为是稻田土壤甲烷产生的主要基质,是导致这一时期稻田CH4高排放通量的主要原因;水稻植株根系泌氧在根际环境形成一个微氧区域氧化稻田甲烷,整个水稻生长季稻田土壤中产生的CH4大约36％～90％在植株根际环境中被氧化;约80％甚至更多的稻田CH4通过水稻植株的通气组织进入大气圈,植株对稻田CH4的传输具有十分重要的意义。     

Estimation of the methane emission factor for the Italian Mediterranean buffalo

In order to contribute to the improvement of the national greenhouse gas emission inventory, this work aimed at estimating a country-specific enteric methane (CH4) emission factor for the Italian Mediterranean buffalo. For this purpose, national agriculture statistics, and information on animal production and farming conditions were analysed, and the emission factor was estimated using the Tier 2 model of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Country-specific CH4 emission factors for buffalo cows (630 kg body weight, BW) and other buffalo (313 kg BW) categories were estimated for the period 1990-2004. In 2004, the estimated enteric CH4 emission factor for the buffalo cows was 73 kg/head per year, whereas that for other buffalo categories it was 56 kg/head per year. Research in order to determine specific CH4 conversion rates at the predominant production system is suggested.     

Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations on soil microorganisms

Effects of elevated CO(2) on soil microorganisms are known to be mediated by various interactions with plants, for which such effects are relatively poorly documented. In this review, we summarize and synthesize results from studies assessing impacts of elevated CO(2) on soil ecosystems, focusing primarily on plants and a variety the of microbial processes. The processes considered include changes in microbial biomass of C and N, microbial number, respiration rates, organic matter decomposition, soil enzyme activities, microbial community composition, and functional groups of bacteria mediating trace gas emission such as methane and nitrous oxide. Elevated CO(2) in atmosphere may enhance certain microbial processes such as CH(4) emission from wetlands due to enhanced carbon supply from plants. However, responses of extracellular enzyme activities and microbial community structure are still controversy, because interferences with other factors such as the types of plants, nutrient availabilitial in soil, soil types, analysis methods, and types of CO(2) fumigation systems are not fully understood.     

Measurement of methane emission from sheep by the sulphur hexafluoride tracer technique and by the calorimetric chamber: failure and success

The aim of this study was to evaluate the sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer technique for methane (CH4) emission measurement in sheep. Ten cryptorchid Romney sheep were involved in two indoor trials (T1 and T2), where daily CH4 emissions were individually measured both by the SF6 tracer ('tracer CH4') and by the indirect calorimetry chamber ('chamber CH4') techniques while fed on lucerne hay at 1.2 times maintenance requirements. Separate sets of permeation tubes with pre-calibrated permeation rates ('pre-calibrated PRs') were used in the two trials (for tracer CH4) and at the time of T1 and T2 these tubes had been deployed in the rumen for 250 and 30 days, respectively. The tracer CH4 measurements were carried out for 2 (T1) and 5 (T2) days in digestibility crates housed within a building (T1) or a well-ventilated covered yard (T2). Sheep were transferred to calorimetry chambers for 3 days acclimatisation, followed by measurement of CH4 emission for 7 (T1) and 3 (T2) days. In T1 samples from the chamber, outflow and inflow (collected over ～22 h) were analysed for CH4 and SF6 concentrations using the tracer protocol. Thus, PRs of SF6 at the time of the trials ('calculated PRs') could be inferred and the corresponding CH4 emissions are then calculated using either the pre-calibrated PR or calculated PR. Permeation tubes were recovered at the end of the animal trials and their 'post-recovery PR' determined. In trial T1, the tracer CH4 estimates (based on the pre-calibrated PR) were much higher and more variable than the chamber CH4 values. In this trial, the calculated PR and the post-recovery PR were similar from each other but smaller than the pre-calibrated PR, and when the calculated PR was used in place of the pre-calibrated PR the CH4 emission estimates agreed well with the chamber CH4 values. This suggested that the discrepancy was due to a declining PR during the long deployment time of the tubes in T1, an observation reported elsewhere. When the long intra-ruminal deployment was avoided in T2, good agreement between the techniques for CH4 emission measurement was observed.