胡家溪中华新米虾种群动态、周年生产量及营养基础分析

2006年4月至2007年3月间对清江流域二级河流-胡家溪大型底栖动物群落的优势种中华新米虾Neocaridina denticulata sinensis(Kemp)进行为期1周年的调查研究。结果表明,中华新米虾的生活史为1年2代,中华新米虾的种群密度峰值分别出现在7月(31ind/m2)、10月(35ind/m2)、12月(20ind/m2)和次年的2月(20ind/m2),生物量峰值则出现在4月(1.76g/m2)、7月(4.74g/m2)和次年2月(2.38g/m2)。采用体长频率法(Size-frequency method)测算的周年生产量和P/B分别为67.40g/m2(湿重)和4.7。通过对中华新米虾前肠内含物组成的分析测定了各类食物类型的比例及对生产量的贡献率,结果表明,无形态碎屑和动物组织为其主要食物类型,分别占前肠内含物的79.9%和12.5%,对生产力的贡献率分别为62.50%和34.18%。       

叹气沟河优势摇蚊种群动态、周年生产量及营养基础

2006年4月-2007年3月对清江流域二级河流叹气沟河大型底栖动物群落中摇蚊优势种进行了为期1周年的调查。结果表明：主要优势摇蚊斑特突摇蚊（Thienemanimyia lentiginosa）、波特真开氏摇蚊（Eukiefferiella potthasti）和拟长跗摇蚊（Paratanytarsus panhenogeneticu）的生活史均为1年2代;拟长跗摇蚊、斑特突摇蚊的种群密度6月、9月和翌年3月出现峰值,波特真开氏摇蚊则在5月和翌年1月出现峰值;采用龄期频率法（instar-fre-quency method）测算的周年生产量（湿质量）和生产量（P）／生物量（B）分别为斑特突摇蚊17．44g·m^-2、3．4,波特真开氏摇蚊1．66g·m^-2、2．3,拟长跗摇蚊3．3g·m^-2、6．4;3种摇蚊的生产量在时间动态上重叠程度较大,主要发生在春季;通过对3种摇蚊的前肠内含物分析,测算了各类食物的比例及其对生产量的贡献率,结果表明,无形态碎屑为主要食物类型,占前肠内含物的73．27％-86．89％,而斑特突摇蚊生产量则主要来源于动物性食物的贡献率（51．64％）。     

汉江流域黑竹冲河杂色特维摇蚊和波特真开氏摇蚊的生产量动态及营养基础分析

大型底栖动物在河流生态系统中发挥着重要作用,2003年6月至2004年6月间对汉江流域2级河流--黑竹冲河大型底栖动物群落优势种类的生产力进行为期1周年的调查研究,结果表明,主要优势种杂色特维摇蚊(Tvetenia discoloripes Goetghebuer)和波特真开氏摇蚊(Eukiefferiella potthasti Lehmann)的生活史均为1年1代.杂色特维摇蚊种群现存量在1年中出现1次峰值,波特真开氏摇蚊则出现3次.采用龄期频率法(1nstar-frequency method)测算的周年生产量分别为杂色特维摇蚊,120.3058g/(m2·a),P/B为10.5;波特真开氏摇蚊,17.7554g/(m2·a),P/B为11.4.两种摇蚊的生产量动态在时间上重叠程度较大,比例相似性系数达0.63,重叠现象主要发生在冬春季节.杂色特维摇蚊前肠内含物中,无形态碎屑、真菌和硅藻所占平均比例为95.81%,0.52%和3.67%;对生产量的贡献率分别为87.56%,2.38%和10.06%;波特真开氏摇蚊前肠内含物中,无形态碎屑、真菌和硅藻所占比例分别为93.48%,0.68%和5.84%,对生产量的贡献率分别为81.71%,2.97%和15.32%.     

胜利河连续系统中蜉蝣优势种的生产量动态和营养基础

大型底栖动物在河流生态系统中发挥着重要作用, 2009 年3月至2010 年3月间对长江中游支流巴河流域的胜利河大型底栖动物群落优势种类的生产力进行为期1 周年的调查研究, 结果表明, 主要蜉蝣优势种扁蜉、等蜉和红斑蜉的生活史为3代/年、3代/年和 2代/年。现存量呈现出1-3级河流增加,而4级又较3级有所下降的趋势。采用龄期频率法( instar-frequency method) 测算的平均周年生产量分别为扁蜉, 200.13 g/(m².a) , P/B 为23.69; 等蜉, 82.06 g/(m².a), P/B 为18.12;红斑蜉, 12.30 g/(m².a), P/B 为8.78。三种蜉蝣的生产量动态在时间上与现存量动态较一致,但彼此各不相同。扁蜉的日均产量于2009年3月在二级河流中达到最大(363.56 mg/m².d),等蜉于2010年3月在三级河流中到达最大(282.76 mg/m².d),而红斑蜉于2009年3月在一级河流中到达最大(33.36 mg/m².d)。生产量的营养基础分析结果表明,扁蜉前肠内含物中无形态碎屑、动物组织、植物纤维、丝状藻类、硅藻所占平均比例为74.37%,4.19%,17.11%,4.29%,0.04%,对生产量的贡献率分别为77.15%,11.27%,6.57%,4.95% ,0.04%;等蜉前肠内含物中无形态碎屑、动物组织、植物纤维、真菌、丝状藻类和硅藻所占平均比例为65.64%,6.17%,23.04%,0.54%,4.53%,对生产量的贡献率分别为: 68.16%,16.61%,8.86%,1.03%,5.23%,0.09%,0.10%;红斑蜉前肠内含物中,无形态碎屑、动物组织、植物纤维、真菌、丝状藻类和硅藻所占平均比例为41.14%,5.96%,38.04%,1.34%,11.21%,2.31%,对生产量的贡献率分别为46.67%,17.52%,15.98%,2.81%,14.13%,2.91%。这与我们在黑竹冲和叹气沟的研究结果存在一定差异,可能与这些溪流自身环境和地区分布有关。     

池鹭繁殖种群数量、活动规律和生物生产量的研究

本文报道池鹭种群数量变动,种群活动,雏鸟生长和生物生产量。种群活动可划分为适到期,运情期,繁殖期,同鸟活动期,集群活动和迁离期。１９９０,１９９１二年繁殖前种群密度分别为１３００只／ｈｍ＾２和１４０１只／ｈｍ＾２,繁殖后增加密度为２０８７只／ｈｍ＾２和２２４８只／ｈｍ＾２。雏鸟体重增长曲线议程为：Ｗ＝２８６／１＋ｅ＾－０．４０９（ｔ－１２．６）１９９０,１９９１年繁殖种群的生物生产量分别为１９７．     

两种稻田摇蚊采集方法的比较

本文介绍了一种较为简便和节省人工的稻田摇蚊田间取样方法:笼罩法,并将笼罩法得到的稻田摇蚊群落结构和发生动态和吸虫器法得到的结果进行了比较。研究结果表明:在水稻的4个生育期中,笼罩法和吸虫器法均采集到了中华摇蚊Chironomus sinicus Kiknadze,Wang,Istomina&Gunderina;台湾长跗摇蚊Tanytarsus formosanus Kieffer;云集多足摇蚊Polypedilum nubifer Skuse和刺铗长足摇蚊Tanypus puncitpennis Meigen,而吸虫器法还采集到微小沼摇蚊Limnophyes minimus Meigen。其中中华摇蚊和台湾长跗摇蚊为优势类群,笼罩法取样得到的两种优势种种群密度均高于吸虫器法的,例如在拔节期时笼罩法取样得到台湾长跗摇蚊的种群密度是吸虫器法的22倍。通过取样变异系数的比较发现,两种方法精确性都并不理想,在今后的试验中可以通过增加取样的样点量或取样面积来提高精确度。相比较而言吸虫器法操作复杂,而且较为耗时,在实际操作中往往受到一定条件的限制,而笼罩法则具有操作简便、准确度高等优点,试验安排可以进行高频率取样,能够更准确地反映田间摇蚊的种群动态。因此,笼罩法为以后研究与摇蚊生活习性相似的稻田节肢动物类群(如蚊科昆虫)提供了一种新的取样方案。     

环境条件对伸展摇蚊实验种群繁育的影响

以伸展摇蚊为研究对象,重点考察了温度、光强对各生命阶段存活率和发育速率、成虫性别比和繁殖力以及种群动态的综合影响。通过F检验不同温度相同光照条件下摇蚊卵、幼虫和蛹的存活率的回归方程和和回归系数,发现了在相同的光强(800 lx或2000 lx)条件下,15—35℃温度范围内,摇蚊幼虫和蛹两种形态存活率与温度之间均呈显著相关,而幼虫期摇蚊的存活率比蛹期更易受温度影响,但是,温度变化并没有显著影响卵的存活率;且15℃和35℃两个极端温度不适合摇蚊的生存和繁育。其次通过正交试验,对在2个温度(15℃和30℃)和2种光强(800 lx和2000 lx)两种因素组合作用下的摇蚊存活率和发育速率进行极差分析和双因素方差分析,得到伸展摇蚊种群繁育的最佳条件为25℃,800 lx的结论,且两种因素对于摇蚊成虫的雌雄比影响并不显著,但是温度对三者(存活率、发育速率和雌雄比)的影响远大于光强。最后通过单因素方差分析关于不同光照和温度下对成虫繁殖力的结果,以及相同光照和温度下不同湿度(45%、65%、85%和95%)对成虫繁殖力的结果,总结出在25—30℃,800 lx光强下伸展摇蚊维持良好生命活力、顺利完成繁殖发育过程,85%—95%的相对湿度可以使羽化成虫保持较高的产卵水平。并根据所观察的种群生殖力资料计算得到相应温度(25℃和30℃)和光照条件(800 lx和2000 lx)组合下的实验种群繁殖特征生命表。结果表明在800 lx光强、25—30℃条件下,摇蚊能维持较高的种群净增殖率(R_0)与内禀增长率(r_m)。综上所述,25℃温度,800 lx光强和85%的湿度的条件更适合伸展摇蚊种群繁育。此结果为建立伸展摇蚊室内繁育的标准化条件及相应的种群发展规律和构建本土摇蚊种的毒性测试方法奠定了基础。     

中华鳖卵孵化过程中物质和能量的动态

在温,温度分别为30℃,－220kPa条件下孵化中华鳖（Pelodiscus sinensis)卵,以检测孵化过程中胚胎生长及对物质和能量的利用,孵化过程中,每隔7天测定卵重,孵化第10天始,每隔5天解剖15枚卵,分离为胚胎,卵黄和卵壳,初生幼体称重后冰冻处死,随后解剖分离为躯干,剩余卵黄和脂肪体,所有样品65℃恒温干燥,用索氏抽提仪测定脂肪含量,氧弹式热量计测定能量含量,马福炉测定无机物含量,本研究中华鳖卵的平均孵化期为45．5天,卵重量在孵化过程中基本维持恒定,表明中华鳖镦与环境的水分交换不明显,孵化第0－20天,20－30,30－40天和40－45天,胚胎分别利用新生孵内总能量的6％,24％,59％和4％,0－30天,胎生长缓慢,30－40天,胚胎生长最迅速,孵化末期胚胎生长减缓,胎发育所需的无机物来自卵黄和卵壳,卵壳提供的无机物约占初生幼体无机物总量的13．5％,孵化过程中,干物质,脂肪和能量的转化率分别为79．6％,58．7％和66．5％,初生幼体的能组成为：躯干占71．8％,脂肪体占19．4％,剩余卵黄占8．8％。     

三种农药对红裸须摇蚊毒力和羧酸酯酶活性的影响

摇蚊是一种世界性分布的水生昆虫,常作为监测水环境污染指示生物。以红裸须摇蚊为对象,测定了氧化乐果、毒死蜱和三氟氯氰菊酯对红裸须摇蚊4龄幼虫毒力和体内羧酸酯酶活性的影响。结果表明,氧化乐果、毒死蜱和三氟氯氰菊酯12 h 致死中浓度LC₅₀分别为12.508、2.478和0.046 μg/L。低浓度(0.05 μg/L)氧化乐果处理3 h和12 h以及各浓度(除8 μg/L)氧化乐果处理48 h,摇蚊体内羧酸酯酶活性均高于对照,表现为诱导作用,其余各浓度各处理时间均表现为抑制减少。除0.125 μg/L和0.25 μg/L毒死蜱处理12 h对羧酸酯酶有诱导作用外,毒死蜱均抑制羧酸酯酶活性;而三氟氯氰菊酯也均抑制羧酸酯酶活性。因此,摇蚊羧酸酯酶可作为一种监测农药污染的生物化学标志物加以利用。     

Nostoc verrucosum (cyanobacteria) colonized by a chironomid larva in a mediterranean stream (Note)†

Colonization of Nostoc verrucosum Vaucher by chironomid larvae (Cricotopus sp.) has been observed in a mountain stream in northeastern Spain. Colonies containing the midge were globose, 1.4 mm thick, 3.1 mm long, and 2.4 mm wide. The form of the pads was slightly compressed, arranged in parallel to or slightly oblique to the stream flow. The midge–Nostoc association shows a more globose growth form than that described for N. parmelioides Kütz. (ear‐like forms). Inhabited pads were usually located in the upper part of the colonies, and the midge did not contact the substratum. The midge was therefore unable to secure the colony to the substratum. The morphology and dimensions of the Nostoc cells in pads with Cricotopus were very similar to those without the midge. The globose growth form of the colonized pads does not suggest any special advantage with respect to chironomid‐free N. verrucosum concerning flow preferences and light exposure in the stream habitat.     

Temporal dynamics of production and ingestion of the dominant mayflies in a subtropical stream in China

We investigated temporal dynamics of secondary production and trophic basis for four dominant mayfly species in a second-order river of the Hanjiang River basin in Middle China from June 2003 to June 2004. The secondary production of the dominant four mayfly species, comprising nearly 90% of the total density of mayflies, was 14.45 g m⁻²  per year for Ephemera sp., 9.15 g m⁻²  per year for E. sinensis, 7.23 g m⁻²  per year for Leptophlebia sp. and 1.55 g m⁻² per year for C. nigropunctata. C. nigropunctata and Ephemera sp. had most of their production in winter (from January to March), while E. sinensis and Leptophlebia sp. produced in two intervals, from June to September (summer) and from December of the first year to March of the next year (winter). Overlap in temporal distribution of production among the four mayflies was generally high (>0.60), especially those of C. nigropunctata, Ephemera sp. and Leptophlebia sp. Overlap of Leptophlebia sp. and Ephemera sp. was >0.85. Patterns of the four food types (amorphous detritus, vascular plant detritus, fungi, and diatoms) for each mayfly varied significantly (P < 0.01) over time, and patterns of food ingestion between the four mayflies were also significantly different (P < 0.05–0.01). Among the four main food types, all mayflies used amorphous detritus the most, which constituted 53–96% of their diets and contributed 54–97% to their production. Thus, temporal changes in the food web for mayflies in Heizhuchong stream are quantitative rather than qualitative.     

新薛河溪流生境底栖动物群落结构季节动态

明确底栖动物在时空尺度上的自然变化规律对有效评估和保护水生态系统十分重要。基于2012年季节调查数据,对新薛河典型生境底栖动物群落季节动态进行了研究。共鉴定底栖动物108种,隶属5门10纲74属。短脉纹石蛾、长钝直突摇蚊、拟长跗摇蚊、Neozarelia sp.为研究区域优势分类单元,相对丰度分别为25.1%、9.8%、9.0%、8.6%;各季节间优势分类单元组成差异较大,3个季度共同优势物种仅短脉纹石蛾1种。密度、物种丰度、香农指数表现为4月和12月显著高于10月;均匀度指数10月份最高。非度量多维标度排序表明,不同季节底栖动物群落结构差异显著;对照河段(D河段)群落结构季节间差异相对较小。指示物种法分离出了新薛河及各河段代表性物种41种,但B河段未分离出指示物种;双向聚类分析进一步明确了指示物种的指示属性(特有或者相对丰度最高)。     

Resource dynamics and detritivore production in an acid stream

1. Life history patterns and production of eight shredder‐detritivore species were studied in relation to the detritus dynamics of a small acidic stream in England. Mean annual detritus inputs (direct and lateral sources combined) were approximately 400 g m^?2 year^?1 and showed significant seasonal and annual variation. 2. Detritus standing stock did not increase significantly during times of high input, reflecting low retention efficiency. However, the mean detritus standing stock was relatively large (108 g m^?2) reflecting a slow decomposition rate typical of acid streams. 3. Four species were univoltine with highly synchronous patterns of emergence and recruitment (Leuctra inermis, Leuctra hippopus, Capnia vidua and Amphinemura sulcicollis). Two species were univoltine with extended patterns of emergence and recruitment (Nemoura cinerea, Potamophylax cingulatus). Leuctra nigra was apparently semivoltine, while Protonemura meyeri showed two successive cohorts in the second year of the study, suggesting either bivoltinism or cohort splitting. 3. Secondary production of the dominant shredders was 1.67 g m^?2 year^?1 in 1997 and 1.99 g m^?2 year^?1 in 1998, which is low compared with other small European streams. This was probably because of an impoverished invertebrate community and poor food quality associated with acid conditions. Food availability probably did not account for the low production as the detritus standing stock far exceeded the estimated shredder ingestion of 42–50 g m^?2 year^?1. 4. Despite low overall shredder production, species‐specific production was high, possibly because of competitive release in this species‐poor acid stream. Periods of high production and growth showed no relationship with detritus availability but were closely related to life history.     

苎麻田灯下金龟子种类组成及优势种群发生动态研究

为了调查苎麻田金龟子的种类及发生规律,于2013年4~9月,在湖北省咸宁市咸安区苎麻科技示范园进行了频振式杀虫灯诱虫试验,系统诱集金龟子并鉴定种类,分析灯下不同金龟子种群动态。结果表明：频振式杀虫灯在苎麻田诱集金龟子类4科10种,以铜绿丽金龟Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky和暗黑鳃金龟Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky为绝对优势种类。金龟子从4月末至9月初均灯下可见,5月中旬至6月上旬为铜绿丽金龟诱集高峰,6月上旬至7月中旬为暗黑腮金龟诱集高峰期。     

Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of herbivorous chironomid larvae in Lake Balaton

The oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of a herbivorous midge larva,Chironomus sp., inhabiting Lake Balaton was measured at two different temperatures. The loss of energy through respiration and that through ammonia excretion were calculated. The daily respiratory energy loss amounted to 655.5 ± 123.8 J g^–1 at 17 °C and to 1 160.0 ± 168.4 J g^–1 (dry weight) at 25 °C. Mean energy loss through ammonia excretion was about 40% less than through respiration.     

长白山源头溪流底栖动物群落结构季节动态

源头溪流是河流生态系统物质循环和能量流动的重要区域,对底栖动物的生物多样性维持具有重要意义。目前,针对我国源头溪流底栖动物群落结构的研究薄弱,对长白山源头溪流底栖动物季节动态的研究尚未见报道。采用野外原位定量取样的方法,力图阐释长白山源头溪流底栖动物群落结构的季节动态特征及其主要环境驱动因子。研究结果表明:(1)共计采集底栖动物90个分类单元,隶属于3纲9目38科。其中,水生昆虫85属,占绝对优势。底栖动物群落结构的季节动态明显,底栖动物密度及多样性在夏、秋季显著高于冬季和春季,并在冬季达到最低值。(2)底栖动物功能摄食类群以收集者占优势,其次为撕食者、捕食者和刮食者,滤食者相对丰度最低。不同功能摄食类群的季节动态不一致,但密度和物种丰富度整体表现为秋季最高。(3)水温、凋落叶分布和流速是长白山源头溪流底栖动物群落结构季节动态的主要环境驱动因子。本研究可为长白山源头溪流后续相关研究及长白山松花江水系生态修复提供基础数据支持及参考。     

Biology and production of mass chironomid species in the Rybinsk Reservoir

The biology, distribution and production of the following four mass species of chironomids from the shallow zone of the Rybinsk Reservoir are studied: Chironomus agilis Shobanov et Djomin, Ch. muratensis Ryser et al., Lipiniella araenicola Shilova, and Stictochironomus crassiforceps (Kieffer). Although these species differ greatly in life cycles, production, trophic states of habitats, duration, and rate of growth, their average P/B _aver coefficient values vary inconsiderably from 2.9 to 3.4; P/B _max varies from 1.4 to 1.6. Mean values of P/B _aver of 3.0 and of P/B _max of 1.5 are recommended for calculating the production of monocyclic chironomid species in fresh waters while determining the fish productivity of a waterbody or assessing losses associated with dredging.     

陕西杨凌地区黑光灯下金龟甲种类组成及优势种群发生动态

2011年5～9月,在陕西省杨凌区西北农林科技大学植物保护学院试验站设置黑光灯,系统诱集金龟甲并鉴定种类,分析金龟甲种群的发生动态。结果表明,陕西杨凌地区黑光灯可诱到金龟甲3科17种,从5月上旬至9月上旬均可发生,以6月下旬至7月中旬为发生盛期;优势种类为铜绿丽金龟、赤绒鳃金龟、华北大黑鳃金龟和暗黑鳃金龟,发生盛期分别为6月下旬至7月下旬、7月下旬至8月上旬、7月上旬和6月下旬至7月下旬。