鸡粪堆肥的微生物变化规律研究

目的：研究鸡粪堆肥中细菌、放线菌和真菌数量的变化规律,为有机堆肥提供技术参数。方法：采取稀释倒平板法和涂布法对堆肥样品进行计数。结果：在发酵过程中,菌数量变化在肥料表面上基本是呈先下降后上升最后达到稳定状态。其中细菌在30cm和60cm深处趋于平稳,真菌在30cm和60cm深处先上升再下降再上升,在第12d后有个急速下降的过程。放线菌在30cm和60cm深处数量比较少。而在后熟发酵过程中,3种菌数的变化规律比较平稳。结论：细菌和真菌的生长和繁殖都会抑制放线茵的生长,其中细菌作用大,真菌次之。     

葡萄籽对猪粪秸秆高温堆肥中微生物群落与碳氮含量的影响

以猪粪与秸秆(鲜质量10.5∶1)为基础,在自制的强制通风静态堆肥反应箱中进行堆肥化试验,研究添加8％葡萄籽对猪粪秸秆高温堆肥中微生物群落演替和碳氮转化的影响.在堆肥化的30 d里,分7次采集不同时期的堆肥样品,测定堆肥中微生物区系、微生物生理群的数量及堆肥碳氮含量.结果表明:添加葡萄籽使堆肥中细菌数量略高、放线菌数量显著增加、真菌数量明显降低,细菌/放线菌下降;氨化细菌和反硝化细菌数量降低;而硝化细菌、固氮菌和纤维素分解菌数量增多;铵态氮和有机碳含量下降,而硝态氮含量明显提高.堆肥中硝态氮含量与放线菌数量呈极显著正相关关系.添加葡萄籽使堆体升温快且高温期稳定,堆肥含水率波动较小,从而使堆肥高温期放线菌和亚硝化细菌的波动较小,数量较高,有利于堆肥中硝态氮含量的增加.     

有机垃圾发酵过程中的微生物研究

采用最大概率法和平板计数法[1] 测定城市有机垃圾堆肥过程中主要微生物类群的变化。实验表明 :中、高温好氧细菌在前 7d呈上升趋势 ,在第 7d达其最大值为 1.32× 10 13 /g干垃圾 ;随后 ,其数量随着氧含量的降低而逐渐下降。厌氧菌在前 10d呈上升趋势 ,到第 10d达到最大值 7.5 1× 10 5/ g干垃圾 ;随后随着营养物质的减少而减少。停止通气后 ,好氧菌中的兼性厌氧菌逐渐增多 ,严格好氧菌逐渐减少 ;厌氧菌中的兼性厌氧菌逐渐减少 ,而严格厌氧菌逐渐增多。高温放线菌 ,中温好、厌氧纤维素菌和高温好氧纤维素菌在发酵的前 4d均呈上升趋势 ,随即逐渐下降。中温放线菌和真菌只在发酵之初存在 ,其数量随着温度的上升和氧含量的下降而迅速下降至零。高温厌氧纤维素菌的数量一直在慢慢上升     

葡萄籽对猪粪秸秆高温堆肥中微生物群落与碳氮含量的影响

以猪粪与秸秆(鲜质量10.5∶1)为基础,在自制的强制通风静态堆肥反应箱中进行堆肥化试验,研究添加8%葡萄籽对猪粪秸秆高温堆肥中微生物群落演替和碳氮转化的影响.在堆肥化的30 d里,分7次采集不同时期的堆肥样品,测定堆肥中微生物区系、微生物生理群的数量及堆肥碳氮含量.结果表明：添加葡萄籽使堆肥中细菌数量略高、放线菌数量显著增加、真菌数量明显降低,细菌/放线菌下降;氨化细菌和反硝化细菌数量降低;而硝化细菌、固氮菌和纤维素分解菌数量增多;铵态氮和有机碳含量下降,而硝态氮含量明显提高.堆肥中硝态氮含量与放线菌数量呈极显著正相关关系.添加葡萄籽使堆体升温快且高温期稳定,堆肥含水率波动较小,从而使堆肥高温期放线菌和亚硝化细菌的波动较小,数量较高,有利于堆肥中硝态氮含量的增加.     

鸡粪堆肥发酵过程微生物数量与温度及酶变化的相关性研究

为研究鸡粪堆肥发酵不同阶段微生物菌数和堆体温度及多种酶活之间的关系,从而进一步了解堆肥发酵中微生物的作用,通过测定鸡粪堆肥发酵过程中微生物菌数和堆体温度及部分酶活性的变化趋势,并利用SPSS软件进行Pearson相关性和显著性分析,结果表明,细菌、真菌数量与堆体温度呈正相关关系（P<0.05）,放线菌菌数与堆体温度无显著相关性;纤维素酶和总菌数呈正相关关系（P<0.05）;过氧化氢酶与细菌菌数呈强正相关关系（P<0.01）;脲酶和蛋白酶与菌数无显著相关性。     

毛乌素沙地南缘沙丘生物结皮中微生物分布特征

为探明半干旱沙区生物结皮中微生物分布特征,对毛乌素沙地南缘沙丘生物结皮中微生物数量进行了测定。结果表明:微生物总数从丘顶到丘间地呈递增趋势,除丘顶与迎风坡、迎风坡与背风坡结皮层微生物总数差异不显著外,其他各地貌部位结皮层微生物数量之间差异显著。同一地貌部位结皮层、0～5和5～10cm土层微生物垂直分布有变化,其变化规律为:除迎风坡放线菌数量呈先增加后递减、迎风坡微生物总数、细菌、真菌和丘顶真菌数量随剖面的加深呈递减外,其他各地貌部位微生物数量均呈先降低,后增加的趋势。微生物类群的组成表现为细菌最多,放线菌次之,真菌最少。在丘间地细菌所占微生物总数的比例与丘顶相比有所增加,而放线菌和真菌的比例有所减少。结皮下0～5和5～10cm土层微生物分布与土壤含水量的变化同步,说明土壤水分可能是影响微生物垂直分布的重要因子。     

畜禽粪便堆肥过程中酶活性及微生物数量的变化研究

实验选取鸡粪和猪粪进行好氧堆肥发酵,研究畜禽粪便腐熟过程中酶活性和微生物的变化趋势以及相互联系。结果表明:过氧化氢酶活性和纤维素酶活性在堆肥初期较高,随后迅速降低,最终过氧化氢酶维持在9~12ml/g之间,纤维素酶维持在12.37~15.07mg/(kg·h)之间,而脲酶活性变化趋势为"升高-降低-升高"。细菌数量变化趋势为"低-高-低";放线菌为"高-低";真菌为"高-低-高"。通过相关分析发现,放线菌可能是影响堆肥中过氧化氢酶和纤维素酶的关键因素。鸡粪中放线菌与过氧化氢酶呈极显著正相关;猪粪中放线菌与过氧化氢酶和纤维素酶呈显著正相关;鸡粪+猪粪中放线菌与过氧化氢酶和纤维素酶呈极显著正相关。     

转基因银中杨对根际土壤微生物的影响

本研究应用土壤稀释涂布平板法对转基因银中杨(S13系列)根际土壤五大微生物数量进行了测定,并进一步分析了土层深度与土壤微生物数量间的关系。研究表明:0~30 cm与30~60 cm土样中,五大根际土壤微生物(细菌,真菌,放线菌,芽孢杆菌,固氮菌)分布比例一致,均为细菌占主体,其次为固氮菌、放线菌、芽孢杆菌,真菌最少;30~60 cm土样中,转基因银中杨与对照组银中杨根际土壤中真菌数量有显著差异(p=0.032);转基因银中杨对其根际土壤微生物主要类群的数量影响不显著,芽孢杆菌除外(p=0.036)。从整体上看,该试验林地内的转基因银中杨并未影响其根际土壤微生物的数量。     

黄土丘陵区植被恢复过程中土壤微生物数量演变特征

对黄土丘陵区不同植被恢复模式下土壤理化性状及微生物数量研究表明:植被恢复30年后土壤理化性状和微生物数量都得到明显改善,土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾含量以及微生物数量显著增加;人工刺槐恢复林细菌与真菌数量,随种植年限增长呈现为先增加后减少,到40年时再增加的变化规律;放线菌数量变化规律不明显。相关性分析显示细菌数量和有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾相关性显著,真菌数量和有机质、全氮相关性显著,而放线菌数量与土壤肥力指标相关性不显著。主成分分析揭示出微生物数量可作为评价植被改善土壤质量的指标。     

双孢蘑菇培养料发酵过程中细菌群落动态变化

双孢蘑菇产量的最主要影响因素是培养料的堆肥发酵过程,而微生物是其中的主要推动力。为了揭示工厂化生产双孢蘑菇堆肥发酵过程中的微生物群落结构变化及演替规律,深入了解细菌在堆肥发酵过程中作用,文章以工厂化生产双孢蘑菇堆肥为研究对象,采用16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术分析堆肥前、一次发酵、二次发酵过程中细菌群落特征。共产生有效操作分类单元(OTUs) 854个,涵盖了19门259属的细菌。堆肥前优势类群为Proteobacteria,一次发酵优势类群为Firmicutes、Deinococcus-Thermus等,二次发酵时绿弯菌门Chloroflexi为主要类群。研究结果表明:微生物种类和数量随堆肥过程不断升高,并在二次发酵后降低,且微生物群落结构呈现连续变化的规律。高通量测序还发现了很多未分类细菌,说明双孢蘑菇培养料堆肥样品中还蕴含着大量未知的微生物种类。     

Microbiological and chemical properties of soil associated with macropores at different depths in a red-duplex soil in NSW Australia

Some agricultural soils in South Eastern Australia with duplex profiles have subsoils with high bulk density, which may limit root penetration, water uptake and crop yield. In these soils, a large proportion (up to 80%) of plant roots maybe preferentially located within the macropores or in the soil within 1–10 mm of the macropores, a zone defined as the macropore sheath (MPS). The chemical and microbiological properties of MPS soil manually dissected from a 1–3 mm wide region surrounding the macropores was compared with that of adjacent bulk soil (>10 mm from macropores) at 4 soil depths (0–20 cm, 20–40 cm, 40–60 cm and 60–80 cm). Compared to the bulk soil, the MPS soil had higher organic C, total N, bicarbonate-extractable P, Ca⁺, Cu, Fe and Mn and supported higher populations of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp., cellulolytic bacteria, cellulolytic fungi, nitrifying bacteria and the root pathogen Pythium.In addition, analysis of carbon substrate utilization patterns showed the microbial community associated with the MPS soil to have higher metabolic activity and greater functional diversity than the microbial community associated with the bulk soil at all soil depths. Phospholipid fatty acids associated with bacteria and fungi were also shown to be present in higher relative amounts in the MPS soil compared to the bulk soil. Whilst populations of microbial functional groups in the MPS and the bulk soil declined with increasing soil depth, the differentiation between the two soils in microbiological properties occurred at all soil depths. Soil aggregates (< 0.5 mm diameter) associated with plant roots located within macropores were found to support a microbial community that was quantitatively and functionally different to that in the MPS soil and the bulk soil at all soil depths. The microbial community associated with these soil aggregates thus represented a third recognizable environment for plant roots and microorganisms in the subsoil.     

On-farm production of AM fungus inoculum in mixtures of compost and vermiculite

On-farm production of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus inoculum can reduce the cost of the inoculum and increase utilization of this symbiosis in plant production. Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) seedlings, colonized by AM fungi, were transplanted into raised bed enclosures. Media within the enclosures was vermiculite mixed with either field soil or yard clippings compost in Experiment I and vermiculite mixed with yard clippings compost or dairy manure/leaf compost in Experiment II. Compost and vermiculite mixtures yielded more propagules of AM fungi than soil-based mixtures in Experiment I. Growth of plants in a 1:4 (v/v) mixture of yard clippings compost and vermiculite produced more inoculum (503 propagules cm(-3)) than growth in 1:9 and 1:99 (v/v) mixtures (240 and 42 propagules cm(-3), respectively). Water, inorganic nutrient solution minus P, and fish protein digest were added to inoculum production enclosures in Experiment II. Results indicated that supplemental nutrient addition was unnecessary. This method produces a concentrated inoculum of AM fungi in a form readily used as an amendment to horticultural potting media for the production of vegetable seedlings.     

Relative Numbers of Certain Microbial Groups Present in Compost Used for Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) Propagation

The relative numbers of microorganisms associated with compost during mushroom production were studied by the dilution plate method. Thermophilic actinomycetes and fungi were isolated with a very high frequency early in the growing season. Although numbers of thermophilic bacteria diminished slowly during the season, the thermophilic fungi and actinomycetes diminished rapidly with the latter disappearing after 6 weeks. Mesophilic fungi other than Agaricus or Trichoderma remained relatively stable throughout the growing period. Agaricus could be isolated between the first and third break. Trichoderma became dominant after the fourth break. The mesophilic bacterial counts diminished during the most productive portion of the mushroom cropping season and then increased to much higher numbers toward the end of the season.     

Composting of palm press fibre

The effects of composting palm press fibre alone, palm press fibre supplemented with poultry layer deep-litter and urea, and palm press fibre supplemented with poultry broiler floor-litter and urea were studied. The initial C:N ratios of the three mixtures were 40:1, 33:1 and 26:1, respectively. After 8 weeks of composting the C:N ratios of the mixtures were 26:1, 17:1 and 16:1, respectively. The temperature in the heaps rose to 60–70°C in the first 3 weeks of composting but stabilized at between 30 and 40°C after 8 weeks. The ratio of thermophilic to mesophilic fungi increased during composting, and even after the compost had cooled the thermophilic fungal counts remained high. The mesophilic bacteria were not influenced by temperature fluctuation in the heaps and bacterial numbers remained high even during the peak heating phase. Decreases in cellulose and carbon corresponding with increases in nitrogen, lignin and ash were evident after composting. Preliminary studies indicate that the compost mixed in sand and loam may enhance crop production.     

桂北不同林龄桉树人工林土壤微生物数量和酶活性特征研究

为探讨桉树不同林龄土壤微生物活性的响应特征,该研究采用时空互代法,选择广西北部低山丘陵地区1～5年生桉树人工林为研究对象,分析了土壤微生物、酶活性在不同土层和季节的变化规律。结果表明:(1)土壤微生物和酶活性在土层中有明显的垂直分布特征,均随土层加深而趋于降低,且各土层间差异显著。(2)细菌、放线菌数量随季节的大小顺序为秋季>夏季>春季>冬季,真菌的变化规律为春季>夏季>秋季>冬季,而酶活性随季节变化表现为夏季、秋季活性较高,春季、冬季活性较低。(3)细菌、真菌、脲酶、过氧化氢酶随林龄增大表现出先减小后增大的趋势,放线菌则呈现先减小后增大再减小的趋势,而蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶随林龄的增大趋于增大。(4)林地土壤中三大类群微生物与四种土壤酶之间存在极显著正相关关系,说明土壤微生物与土壤酶活性相互影响,两者之间关系密切,共同影响土壤的质量。综上可知,不同土层土壤微生物和酶活性的季节响应特征差异较大,总体在冬季最低,主要与气温、水分条件、凋落物养分的归还等有关。不同季节、土层、林龄之间的交互作用对土壤微生物和酶活性有显著影响。     

Depth-Dependent Survival of Escherichia coli and Enterococci in Soil after Manure Application and Simulated Rainfall

Once released, manure-borne bacteria can enter runoff via interaction with the thin mixing layer near the soil surface. The objectives of this work were to document temporal changes in profile distributions of manure-borne Escherichia coli and enterococci in the near-surface soil layers after simulated rainfalls and to examine differences in survival of the two fecal indicator bacteria. Rainfall simulations were performed in triplicate on soil-filled boxes with grass cover and solid manure application for 1 h with rainfall depths of 30, 60, and 90 mm. Soil samples were collected weekly from depth ranges of 0 to 1, 1 to 2, 2 to 5, and 5 to 10 cm for 1 month. Rainfall intensity was found to have a significant impact on the initial concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria in the soil. While total numbers of enterococci rapidly declined over time, E. coli populations experienced initial growth with concentration increases of 4, 10, and 25 times the initial levels at rainfall treatment depths of 30, 60, and 90 mm, respectively. E. coli populations grew to the approximately the same level in all treatments. The 0- to 1-cm layer contained more indicator bacteria than the layers beneath it, and survival of indicator bacteria was better in this layer, with decimation times between 12 and 18 days after the first week of growth. The proportion of bacteria in the 0- to 1-cm layer grew with time as the total number of bacteria in the 0- to 10-cm layer declined. The results of this work indicate the need to revisit the bacterial survival patterns that are assumed in water quality models.     

Responses of Soil Microbial Communities to Experimental Warming in Alpine Grasslands on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Global surface temperature is predicted to increase by at least 1.5°C by the end of this century. However, the response of soil microbial communities to global warming is still poorly understood, especially in high-elevation grasslands. We therefore conducted an experiment on three types of alpine grasslands on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to study the effect of experimental warming on abundance and composition of soil microbial communities at 0–10 and 10–20 cm depths. Plots were passively warmed for 3 years using open-top chambers and compared to adjacent control plots at ambient temperature. Soil microbial communities were assessed using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. We found that 3 years of experimental warming consistently and significantly increased microbial biomass at the 0–10 cm soil depth of alpine swamp meadow (ASM) and alpine steppe (AS) grasslands, and at both the 0–10 and 10–20 cm soil depths of alpine meadow (AM) grasslands, due primarily to the changes in soil temperature, moisture, and plant coverage. Soil microbial community composition was also significantly affected by warming at the 0–10 cm soil depth of ASM and AM and at the 10–20 cm soil depth of AM. Warming significantly decreased the ratio of fungi to bacteria and thus induced a community shift towards bacteria at the 0–10 cm soil depth of ASM and AM. While the ratio of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to saprotrophic fungi (AMF/SF) was significantly decreased by warming at the 0–10 cm soil depth of ASM, it was increased at the 0–10 cm soil depth of AM. These results indicate that warming had a strong influence on soil microbial communities in the studied high-elevation grasslands and that the effect was dependent on grassland type.     

蘑菇培养料堆制过程中微生物的演替及作用

蘑菇培养料堆制的完成依赖于微生物群落共同作用来实现。综述了堆制阶段培养料中细菌、放线菌、真菌三大类型菌群出现、发展的规律 ,各自作用特点以及它们之间的相关性、拮抗性 ,同时从呼吸途径、酶学角度阐述了嗜热真菌对料选择性的形成和蘑菇菌丝生长的积极意义。     

长白山阔叶红松林不同深度土壤水分特征曲线

采用露点水势仪对长白山阔叶红松林不同深度（0～10 cm的壤土、20～30 cm的白浆土、50～60 cm的黄土）土壤水分特征曲线进行分析.结果表明：不同土层土壤水分特征曲线整体趋势均表现为快速下降-缓慢下降-基本平稳;用Gardner等提出的幂函数方程可较好地反映该区土壤含水量与土壤水势之间的数量关系,拟合方程的相关系数在0.9239～0.9400;不同土层土壤的持水能力大小依次为黄土>壤土>白浆土,土壤含水量随土壤水势降低而减小的速度依次为壤土>白浆土>黄土.不同土层脱湿过程的土壤水分特征曲线位于吸湿过程之下,说明土壤水分存在滞后现象,且滞后时效依次为壤土>黄土>白浆土.