CpG ODN对破骨细胞分化调控作用的研究进展

CpG ODN（CpG oligodeoxynucleotides）是一类可模拟细菌DNA免疫活性效应的寡脱氧核苷酸,其生物学功能受自身结构特征影响。特定序列的CpG ODN可通过与破骨细胞前体、前破骨细胞、成骨细胞表面的TLR9结合,调节RANKL、M-CSF、TNF-α、IL-12、TREM-2等细胞因子的表达水平,促进或抑制破骨细胞的形成与分化。本文就CpG ODN对破骨细胞（osteoclast,OC）分化调控作用的研究进展加以综述。     

CpG DNA特异性识别的关键蛋白Toll样受体-9

Toll样受体在对抗外来病原微生物的天然免疫应答中发挥中心作用。新发现的一种分子识别模型受体Toll样受体-9（TLR9）,能特异性识别CpG DNA并起动信号转导级联反应,在不同种类中的TLR9具有对序列识别的特异性。本文概述国外在TLR9识别作用机制和生物学活性研究中已取得的进展,并提出了今后研究的发展方向。     

丹参素抑制RANKL诱导的破骨细胞分化

目的：研究丹参素对RANKL诱导的破骨细胞分化的影响。方法：运用冲洗法从股骨、胫骨中获得小鼠骨髓源性单核巨噬细 胞用于体外RANKL 诱导的破骨细胞分化,同时,施加不同剂量的丹参素干预,经TRAP染色法在形态学上观察观,蛋白印迹法检 测蛋白水平的变化,实时定量PCR 检测mRNA 水平变化来研究丹参素对RANKL诱导的骨髓源单核巨噬细胞破骨分化的影响。 结果：①不同剂量丹参素干预组与对照组相比,TRAP 阳性破骨细胞数量得到了明显抑制（P<0.05）。②不同剂量丹参素干预组与 对照组相比,磷酸化Akt的上调量被明显的降低。磷酸化p38 MAPK,JNK和ERK 的变化则不明显。③不同剂量丹参素干预组与 对照组相比,c-fos,TRAP,CTSK 等参与破骨细胞分化的重要基因表达减少,NFATc1 变化不明显。结论：丹参素通过下调磷酸化 Akt水平的途径抑制了RANKL诱导的破骨细胞分化。     

TOLL样受体9在动脉粥样硬化中的作用研究进展

动脉粥样硬化是一种慢性免疫炎症性疾病,它与自身的先天性免疫和适应性免疫密切相关。Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors,TLR)作为激活非特异性免疫的重要受体蛋白,可以识别病原微生物,激活免疫反应。Toll样受体9是TLR家族中的重要一员,是先天免疫系统中识别细菌和病毒Cp G DNA的重要受体,其与动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)的发生发展紧密相关。研究发现,TLR9与动脉粥样硬化的发生、发展(内皮受损和泡沫化细胞形成)密切相关,但也有研究发现TLR9在AS进程中具有潜在的保护效应。本文对Toll样受体9与动脉粥硬化疾病之间关系做一个简要的阐述,简明的总结了TLR9与树突细胞及自噬之间的联系,并为其作为靶点治疗动脉粥样硬化提供新的思路。     

CpG DNA 对鸡免疫增强作用的研究进展

新型免疫刺激剂CpG DNA在多数哺乳动物中展示了良好的免疫刺激效果。相应的研究在非哺乳类的家禽中也有广泛开展,并且表现出了与在哺乳类中有所不同的结果。该文将着重练述CpG DNA在家禽中的研究进展。为了更好地了解CpG DNA研究中需要进一步深入的问题,作者也将引用其它动物中的某些研究数据。     

miRNAs在破骨细胞中的研究进展

破骨细胞起源于造血干细胞,是体内一种负责骨吸收的骨特异性多核细胞,在骨代谢平衡的调控中起着重要作用。破骨细胞的分化形成及功能活性异常可引起一系列临床疾病,而其分化形成过程受到多种因子的调控,近年来越来越多研究聚焦于miRNAs对破骨细胞分化形成过程的调控作用。因此,本文主要对影响破骨细胞分化形成的相关miRNAs进行综述,为后续相关研究提供参考。     

破骨细胞在类风湿性关节炎骨破坏中的作用及其调控机制

类风湿性关节炎 (RA)是一种严重的慢性炎症性疾病 ,关节软骨及骨的破坏是患者致残的主要原因。近年大量相关研究表明 ,破骨细胞 (OC)在RA骨破坏的病理过程中起关键作用。多种细胞因子参与了对OC生成、活化的调控。其中起正调控作用的主要有IL 1、TNFα、RANKL、M CSF、IL 6、IL 8、IL 17、IL 7、IL 11、IL 15等 ,起负调控作用的有OPG、IL 4、IL 10、IL 12、IL 13、IL 18、IFN λ等。OC及其调控因子的研究为RA骨破坏的治疗提供了一些潜在的靶点 ,具有重要的理论意义和实用价值     

人Toll样受体9基因启动子区的生物信息学分析

目的:探讨人Toll样受体9(TLR9)基因启动子区序列特征。方法:利用生物信息学技术预测人TLR9基因启动子区域、转录因子结合位点和CpG岛分布。结果:人TLR9基因启动子区有1434个转录因子结合位点,人和小鼠保守区域内存在23个共同的转录因子结合位点,人TLR9基因启动子区包含长572 bp的CpG岛。结论:人TLR9基因启动子区相关生物信息学的研究,提高了针对启动子的研究效率,并为预测基因启动子的功能提供了重要信息。     

Toll样受体与新型佐剂—佐剂研究的新趋势

佐剂是疫苗开发的一部分。Toll样受体是一类重要的模式识别受体,能通过识别不同病原体的PAMP在连接固有免疫与特异性免疫的关键环节发挥着极为重要的作用。最早发现并作为佐剂使用的TLR配体是CpG。CpG通过TLR9介导对免疫系统的激活作用,从而发挥诱导Th1偏倚的Th1/Th2混合反应的佐剂效应,已经受到了广泛的关注和应用。近年来,研究发现一类具有免疫调节作用的抗病毒治疗的药物Imidazoquiline(咪唑并奎琳衍生物)是合成的TLR7/8的配体,也具有佐剂活性,但效果还存在争议。TLR配体作为佐剂的使用为佐剂的研发开拓出一条新的思路,带来了新的希望。     

lncRNAs调控破骨细胞分化的研究进展

长链非编码RNA (long noncoding RNAs, lncRNA)是一类长度大于200个核苷酸的非编码RNA,调控转录和转录后的基因表达,在各种生命活动过程中都起着重要的作用。破骨细胞是一种组织特异性的多核巨噬细胞,受多种信号因子和信号通路的调控,作为人体唯一的骨吸收细胞对维持骨代谢平衡具有非常重要的作用,当平衡被打破时则会引起一系列骨代谢疾病,如骨质疏松症、骨硬化症等。近些年研究发现,lncRNAs在破骨细胞分化过程中呈现差异化表达,且在其增殖、分化、凋亡过程中具有多重调控作用。该文就lncRNAs调控破骨细胞分化和功能的机制进行归纳总结,为破骨细胞功能异常所造成的骨代谢疾病提供新的研究靶点和诊疗思路。     

CpG ODN对呼吸道合胞病毒诱导的哮喘小鼠动物模型的免疫治疗作用

目的　探讨Cp G ODN对呼吸道合胞病毒诱导的哮喘小鼠动物模型的免疫治疗作用。方法　用紫外线灭活的呼吸道合胞病毒致敏30只BAL B/ c小鼠后,分别注射生理盐水、地塞米松和Cp G ODN,流式细胞仪检测小鼠的外周血T淋巴细胞亚群,EL ISA法检测小鼠的外周血IL - 4、IFN-γ和总Ig E的含量,并观察肺组织病理变化。结果　Cp G组CD4 +T细胞所占百分比为( 6 9.35±6 .15 ) % ,CD4 +/ CD8+的比值为2 .92±0 .35 ,与哮喘模型组相比显著降低( P<0 .0 5 )。Cp G组IL- 4的含量为( 88.96±9.89) pg/ ml,与哮喘模型组相比明显降低( P<0 .0 5 ) ;IFN-γ的含量为( 4 6 .83±8.84 ) pg/ ml,与哮喘模型组相比显著上升( P<0 .0 5 ) ;总Ig E的含量为( 3.72±0 .6 7) IU/ml,与哮喘模型组相比明显降低( P<0 .0 5 )。肺组织炎症反应明显减轻。结论　Cp G ODN对用紫外线灭活的呼吸道合胞病毒诱导的哮喘小鼠动物模型具有较好的免疫治疗作用     

The combination of stabilized plasmid lipid particles and lipid nanoparticle encapsulated CpG containing oligodeoxynucleotides as a systemic genetic vaccine

Background

DNA vaccines offer unique potential for generating protective and therapeutic immunity against infectious and malignant diseases. Unfortunately, rapid degradation and poor cellular uptake has significantly limited the efficacy of ‘naked’ plasmid DNA vaccines. We have previously described stabilized plasmid lipid particles (SPLP) as effective nonviral gene delivery vehicles for the transfection of tumours at distal sites following intravenous administration. Based on their low toxicity and favourable transfection profile following systemic administration, we investigate SPLP as gene delivery vehicles for the generation of a systemically administered genetic vaccine.

Methods

The uptake of SPLP and their ability to transfect splenic antigen presenting cells (APC) following systemic administration is assessed through fluorescently‐labelled SPLP in combination with phenotype markers and a very sensitive flow cytometry‐based assay for the detection of the transgene, beta‐galactosidase. The priming of antigen‐specific adaptive and humoural immune responses following vaccination with SPLP alone or in combination with liposomal nanoparticle encapsulated CpG‐ODN containing oligodeoxynucleotides (LN CpG‐ODN) is characterized through the use of antigen‐specific cytotoxicity assays, interferon‐γ secretion assays and enzyme‐linked immunosorbant assay.

Results

We demonstrate that SPLP are taken up by and transfect APC in the spleen following intravenous administration and that, in the presence of a strong immunostimulatory signal provided by LN CpG‐ODN, are able to prime transgene‐specific humoural and cellular immune responses.

Conclusions

SPLP represent an effective candidate for the nonviral delivery of a systemic genetic vaccine when combined with additional immune stimulation provided by LN CpG‐ODN. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Leucine-rich Repeat 11 of Toll-like Receptor 9 Can Tightly Bind to CpG-containing Oligodeoxynucleotides, and the Positively Charged Residues Are Critical for the High Affinity

TLR9 is a receptor for sensing bacterial DNA/CpG-containing oligonucleotides (CpG ODN). The extracellular domain (ECD) of human TLR9 (hTLR9) is composed of 25 leucine-rich repeats (LRR) contributing to the binding of CpG ODN. Herein, we showed that among LRR2, -5, -8, and -11, LRR11 of hTLR9 had the highest affinity for CpG ODN followed by LRR2 and -5, whereas LRR8 had almost no affinity. In vitro, preincubation with LRR11 more significantly decreased CpG ODN internalization, subsequent NF-κB activation, and cytokine release than with LRR2 and -5 in mouse peritoneal macrophages treated with CpG ODN. The LRR11 deletion mutant of hTLR9 conferred decreased cellular responses to CpG ODN. Single- or multiple-site mutants at five positively charged residues of LRR11 (LRR11m1-9), especially Arg-337 and Lys-367, were shown to contribute to hTLR9 binding of CpG ODN. LRR11m1-9 showed reduced inhibition of CpG ODN internalization and CpG ODN/TLR9 signaling, supporting the above findings. Prediction of whole hTLR9 ECD-CpG ODN interactions revealed that Arg-337 and Lys-338 directly contact CpG ODN through hydrogen bonding, whereas Lys-347, Arg-348, and His-353 contribute to stabilizing the shape of the ligand binding region. These findings suggested that although all five positively charged residues within LRR11 contributed to its high affinity, only Arg-337 and Lys-338 directly interacted with CpG ODN. In conclusion, the results suggested that LRR11 could strongly bind to CpG ODN, whereas mutations at the five positively charge residues reduced this high affinity. LRR11 may be further investigated as an antagonist of hTLR9.     

CpG DNA enhances macrophage cell spreading by promoting the Src-family kinase-mediated phosphorylation of paxillin

Macrophages are an important component of the innate immune response to infection by microbial pathogens. The activation of macrophages by pathogens is largely mediated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Bacterial DNA, which contains unmethylated CpG dinucleotide motifs, is specifically recognised by TLR9 and triggers the activation of a complex network of intracellular signalling pathways that orchestrates the ensuing inflammatory responses of macrophages to the pathogen. Here, we have established that CpG DNA promotes reorganisation of the actin cytoskeleton and enhances cell spreading by primary mouse bone marrow macrophages. CpG DNA stimulation resulted in an approximately 70% increase in cell size. Notably, CpG DNA-induced cell spreading was dependent on the activity of Src-family kinases. Tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins was increased in a Src-family kinase-dependent manner following CpG DNA stimulation of bone marrow macrophages, including the cytoskeletal protein paxillin. Paxillin was phosphorylated both in vitro and in vivo by the Src-family kinase Hck. Significantly, paxillin from CpG DNA-stimulated bone marrow macrophages had a greater capacity to bind the SH2 domain of the adapter protein Crk than did paxillin from unstimulated bone marrow macrophages. Furthermore, phosphorylation of paxillin by Hck created a binding site for Crk. We propose that the formation of paxillin-Crk complexes may mediate the cytoskeletal changes that underlie the increased cell spreading of macrophages following their activation by CpG DNA.     

比较NRP-1反义寡核苷酸与VEGFR-2反义寡核苷酸对人胃癌SGC7901细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的:研究比较神经纤毛蛋白1(NRP-1)反义寡核苷酸(ASODN)与血管内皮生长因子受体2(VEGFR-2)反义寡核苷酸(ASODN)对人胃癌SGC7901细胞增殖活性及凋亡水平的影响。 方法:分别及同时将不同浓度经硫代磷酸化修饰的NRP-1 ASODN 和 VEGFR-2 ASODN 转染入人胃癌SGC7901细胞,逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测NRP-1基因和VEGFR-2 基因mRNA的转录水平;MTT比色法测量细胞的增殖活性;流式细胞仪测量细胞的凋亡水平。 结果:转染NRP-1 ASODN和VEGFR-2 ASODN后,人胃癌SGC7901细胞NRP-1基因和VEGFR-2 基因mRNA的转录水平均出现降低;NRP-1 ASODN和VEGFR-2 ASODN对SGC7901细胞有明显抑制增殖和促进凋亡的作用,且随着ASODN浓度升高而增强;分别转染时其作用无显著差别,联合转染时其作用明显增强。结论:NRP-1 ASODN和VEGFR-2 ASODN可抑制人胃癌SGC7901细胞 NRP-1基因和VEGFR-2 基因mRNA的转录水平及细胞增殖活性,促进细胞凋亡;与分别转染相比,两者联合转染作用明显增强。     

Enhanced inhibitory effects of a novel CpG motif on osteoclast differentiation via TREM-2 down-regulation

Recognition of oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG-ODNs) by toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis from precursors. This inhibitory effect suggests the possibility of using this strategy to block pathological bone loss. However, the enhancing effect of CpG-ODNs on OC formation from RANKL-primed pre-osteoclasts (pOCs) has hampered their clinical use. In this report, we developed a CpG-KSK13 oligonucleotide with an alternative CpG motif, and tested its effect on osteoclastogenesis in comparison with previously used murine CpG motif (CpG-1826) or human CpG motif (CpG-2006) oligonucleotides. Murine CpG-1826 inhibited RANKL-induced OC formation from BMMs but not from RANKL-primed pOCs, while CpG-KSK13 treatment strongly inhibited OC formation from both BMM and primed pOC cells. CpG-KSK13 also showed a potent inhibitory effect on human OC differentiation using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), which was in contrast to the species-specific response of murine CpG-1826 or human CpG-2006. Moreover, CpG-KSK13 effectively inhibited NFATc1 activity, but not NF-κB or AP-1 activity, and decreased TREM-2 promoter activity and subsequent surface expression of the TREM-2 protein induced by M-CSF and RANKL. These results demonstrate that the recognition of CpG-KSK13 via TLR9 inhibits osteoclastogenesis by down-regulating TREM-2 expression. Thus, our findings provide evidence for the potential use of CpG-KSK13 as an anti-osteoclastogenic agent for human and for pre-clinical animals.     

树突细胞上Toll样受体的介导作用

树突状细胞是体内最重要的抗原提呈细胞,它表面表达多种Toll样受体。Toll样受体可通过多条途径来激活树突细胞,介导树突细胞对抗原的摄取,递呈及生存与凋亡,促进T细胞增值和分化并参与免疫反应。