CpG ODN对破骨细胞分化调控作用的研究进展

CpG ODN（CpG oligodeoxynucleotides）是一类可模拟细菌DNA免疫活性效应的寡脱氧核苷酸,其生物学功能受自身结构特征影响。特定序列的CpG ODN可通过与破骨细胞前体、前破骨细胞、成骨细胞表面的TLR9结合,调节RANKL、M-CSF、TNF-α、IL-12、TREM-2等细胞因子的表达水平,促进或抑制破骨细胞的形成与分化。本文就CpG ODN对破骨细胞（osteoclast,OC）分化调控作用的研究进展加以综述。     

机械应力对破骨细胞影响的研究进展

破骨细胞是骨组织成分的一种,由多核巨细胞组成,是人体内唯一行使分解吸收骨质功能的细胞。它与成骨细胞在功能上相对应,在维持骨细胞动态平衡中具有重要作用。机械应力具有促进成骨细胞的增殖与分化、减少骨细胞凋亡并提高骨细胞的生存能力等作用。已有研究表明,机械应力作用于破骨细胞能够降低破骨细胞活性、抑制骨吸收。破骨前体细胞与未成熟的破骨细胞在机械应力刺激下分化为成熟破骨细胞的能力有所不同,机械应力强度与作用时间对破骨细胞的活化能力影响与有差异。该文就常见的微重力、压应力、牵张力与流体剪切力对破骨细胞分化能力的影响进行综述。     

CpG寡核苷酸联合热固化瘤苗对肝癌细胞Hca-F荷瘤小鼠的免疫治疗研究

目的探讨CpG寡核苷酸(ODN)联合热固化瘤苗的抗肿瘤作用。方法剥取肿瘤．称重并计算抑瘤率;MTT法测免疫小鼠CTL、Mψ和CTL细胞的体外杀伤活性;ELISA法测免疫小鼠血清中IL-10、IL-12水平。结果联合使用CpG ODN和热固化瘤苗可以诱导荷瘤小鼠的抑瘤作用,其抑瘤率与单独使用瘤苗或CpG ODN比较差异有显著性;联合使用CpG ODN和热固化瘤苗可以提高荷瘤小鼠NK、Mψ和CTL细胞的体外杀伤活性,与单独使用瘤苗组相比较,差异具有显著性,但与单独使用CpG ODN组相比较,NK、Mψ细胞的体外杀伤活性差异无显著性;联合使用CpG ODN和热固化瘤苗可以提高荷瘤小鼠血清中IL-12水平并降低血清中IL-10水平,与二者单独使用组比较差异都具有显著性。结论联合使用CpG ODN和热固化瘤苗能显著提高机体的免疫功能,尤其是特异性细胞免疫功能。     

一类潜在的新型佐剂--含CpG基序的寡核苷酸

DNA是生命的遗传物质,已是不可争论的事实,可是DNA作为信号分子的观点就不容易被理解.相继有文献报道了细菌DNA,而非脊椎动物DNA,具有免疫激活的效果[1-4].含有CpG基序的寡核苷酸(ODN)具有以下免疫效果:诱导B细胞增殖、分化,免疫球蛋白诱生和分泌,抗诱生的细胞凋亡[5,6];诱导单核细胞分泌IL-12以及其他的细胞因子[7,8];并且活化自然杀伤(NK)细胞的裂解活性和干扰素(IFN-γ)分泌[2,4,9-11].研究人员推测:针对CpG ODN所产生的迅速的免疫激活反应,可能是由于宿主识别微生物分子特异的结构模式,而唤醒了机体先天性的免疫保护机制.由于CpG ODN特异的免疫激活机制,引起了研究人员的极大兴趣,取得了许多新的研究进展,显示出CpG ODN作为一类新型的免疫佐剂的潜在可能性.     

CpG壳聚糖纳米颗粒对小鼠乙型肝炎疫苗免疫应答的影响

为探索高效安全的分子免疫增强剂,本实验设计合成含11个CpG基序的寡聚核苷酸(CpG ODN),制备壳聚糖纳米颗粒包裹CpG ODN,研究新型CpG ODN壳聚糖纳米颗粒(CpG-CNP)对人乙型肝炎疫苗的免疫佐剂效应.在肌注乙型肝炎疫苗免疫6周龄昆明小鼠的同时,肌注接种裸CpG ODN 30 pmol/只(A1组)和CpG-CNP 5 pmol/只(A2组),口服CpG-CNP 30 pmol/只(B组),并设生理盐水空白疫苗对照组(C组).在接种后每周采血,Sandwich ELISA检测实验小鼠IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IgG、IgA和IgM水平以及特异性抗体(HbsAb)含量和免疫细胞数量的变化.结果 发现各实验组小鼠的白细胞介素、血清免疫球蛋白、乙肝特异抗体和外周血免疫细胞均较对照组显著增多(P<0.05);CpG-CNP肌注组小鼠血液的免疫球蛋白、特异性乙肝表面抗体和白细胞介素含量、淋巴细胞和单核细胞数量较A1组和B组显著增加(P<0.05).CpG-CNP口服组与裸CpG肌肉注射组无显著差异(P＞0.05).这些表明CpG-CNP不仅能高效诱导小鼠对乙肝疫苗的体液免疫应答,同时也显著增强其细胞免疫应答;CNP包裹可提高CpG的免疫刺激效应,减少CpG剂量,提示新CpG-CNP肌注或口服可用于HBV的免疫预防.     

MiR-216b通过靶向ABCG1促进破骨细胞形成并减少胆固醇流出

目的 研究miR-216b在破骨细胞分化中的功能和靶基因,探讨其对破骨细胞胆固醇外流的影响.方法 建立RANKL刺激诱导RAW 264.7破骨细胞前体细胞分化的细胞模型.进行抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)染色测定以评估破骨细胞分化.通过生物信息学分析和双荧光素酶报告基因预测和分析miR-216b与其靶基因ABCG13'...     

小鼠破骨细胞诱导及成纤维生长因子受体表达检测

目的:检测成纤维生长因子受体(fibroblast growth factor receptors,FGFRs)在小鼠破骨细胞中的表达情况,为探讨FGFRs时破骨细胞的直接调控作用奠定基础.方法:采用巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(macrophage colony stimulating factor,M-CSF)和破骨细胞分化因子(receptor activator of nuclear factor-B ligand,RANKL)诱导小鼠骨髓单核细胞分化为破骨细胞.提取细胞总RNA后经逆转录获得小鼠破骨细胞cDNA,根据FGFRs基因编码区序列设计的引物进行PCR扩增并对PCR扩增产物进行测序.为进一步验证转录水平的结果,提取细胞总蛋白电泳后进行免疫印迹实验.结果:诱导5d后可见TRAP( )多核细胞出现,小鼠破骨细胞在转录水平和翻译水平均只可检测到FGFR1和FGFR3基因的表达产物.结论:M=CSF和RANKL可成功诱导出小鼠破骨细胞,FGFR1和FGFR3基因在小鼠破骨细胞中均有表达.     

重组HBsAg疫苗辅以CpG ODN对转基因小鼠的免疫治疗效果

目的利用免疫耐受的乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)转基因(Transgenic mice,Tg)小鼠模型,研究重组HBsAg疫苗辅以CpG ODN的免疫治疗效果,为HBV的临床免疫治疗提供思路和依据.方法重组HBsAg疫苗单独或辅以CpG ODN,同时设干扰素(IFN)药物组和生理盐水(NS)照组,多次免疫治疗HBV转基因小鼠,于免疫前和末次免疫后2周、4周眼球后静脉丛取血,动态观察各组小鼠血清中HBsAg量、HBsAg阴转率、Anti-HBs阳性率和HBVDNA拷贝数的变化.在治疗后应用HE染色观察各组小鼠肝组织病变活动度以及SP组化法观察活肝组织中HBsAg表达量的改变.结果在免疫治疗后2周,HBsAg疫苗组和HBsAg CpG组血清中的HBsAg量较免疫前和同期的IFN组、NS组均有明显降低(P＜0.05),并且到4周时降低作用依然很明显;免疫治疗后2周时两组100%出现Anti-HBs抗体;HBsAg CpG组治疗后2周血清HBsAg有1只转阴,4周时阴转数增加到3只.其他三组中均无阴转;免疫治疗后2周至4周HBsAg CpG组的小鼠HBV DNA的拷贝数可降低1～2个数量级,IFN组2周部分出现轻微降低但到4周时出现回升;HBsAg CpG组肝组织中HBsAg量的表达均出现不同程度的降低;病理学检测显示HBsAg CpG组肝组织中浸润大量淋巴细胞,可见恢复期的肝小叶.肝组织病变活动度情况为HBsAg CpG组＞HBsAg组＞IFN组、NS组.结论CpG ODN增强重组HBsAg疫苗对HBV转基因小鼠的免疫治疗效果.重组HBsAg疫苗辅以CpG ODN可作为临床上免疫治疗慢性HBV感染的可行性途经.     

CpG ODN增强rHBsAg疫苗对小鼠免疫应答影响的研究

通过CpG寡核苷酸(CpG ODN)与重组HBsAg蛋白疫苗(rHBsAg)联合免疫C57BL/6BL/6小鼠,观察CpG ODN对小鼠免疫状况的影响。试验分对照、乙肝疫苗以及用乙肝疫苗加CpG三组,MTT法分别进行HBsAg特异性刺激淋巴细胞转化试验、HBsAg特异性刺激细胞毒性T细胞杀伤试验、自然杀伤细胞非特异性杀伤试验,以及ConA刺激淋巴细胞转化试验;ELISA测定HBsAb、INF-γ、IL-12和IL-4结果中,疫苗加CpG组抗原特异性转化试验指数为4.05±0.31;疫苗加CpG组抗原特异性CTL率为82.27±22.64,在统计学上差异显著(P<0.05);而HBsAb、INF-γ、IL-12的结果分别为51.85±14.41、802.25±104.25和373.62±66.58,与对照组及疫苗组比较,差异显著(P<0.05)。CpG ODN能作为一种新的免疫佐剂更好地增强重组乙肝表面抗原蛋白疫苗诱导小鼠产生高效的体液和细胞免疫应答。     

CpG 寡核苷酸的安全性实验研究

目的研究CpG 寡核苷酸(CpG ODN)作为免疫佐剂应用可行性.方法按要求配制CpG ODN检测内毒素,采用昆明小鼠和豚鼠进行异常毒性试验和超敏试验;分别以10 μg /只、100 μg /只、300 μg /只3个剂量组CpG ODN进行小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验;以10 μg /只、30 μg/只、90 μg/只3个剂量组的CpG ODN分别交替于双侧后肢胫前肌肌肉注射Balb/c小鼠,每周2次,连续4周,进行血液学、血生化、病理组织学检查及抗核抗体、抗双链DNA抗体和肿瘤坏死因子检测.结果内毒素检测阴性,实验期内所有动物均未出现异常毒性反应和超敏反应,实验结束后所有动物全部健存且体重增加. CpG ODN小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验为阴性结果;实验期间各组动物未见异常表现,体重增加各组间差异无显著性,血液学、血生化和病理组织学检查未见明显异常.未检测到ANA、ds-DNA.各剂量组肿瘤坏死因子含量在与对照组之间比较差异均有显著性.结论所选用CpG ODN作为生物制品使用是安全的;在受试剂量下微核试验阴性;在小鼠亚急性毒性实验中未引起毒性损害,安全性良好.     

Serum alters the uptake and biologic activity of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Immunostimulatory CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) have a number of effects on B cells, including upregulation of immunogenic molecules, and, therefore, appear attractive as potential components of immunotherapy for B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). Previous in vitro studies investigating the effect of CpG ODN on B-CLL cells used serum-low conditions and did not account for the longer-half life of CpG ODN in vitro. The present study was designed to explore how the presence of serum and exposure time affect CpG ODN-mediated changes on B-CLL cells. The optimal concentration for CpG ODN-mediated effects in the presence of 100% serum or plasma was higher (10-20 microg/ml) than for serum-low conditions. Maximal CpG ODN-mediated effects required the presence of ODN for no longer than 3 hours. The inhibition of CpG ODN-mediated effects by serum correlated with lower uptake of ODN into B-CLL cells in the presence of serum. A threshold effect on biologic response was observed, with a given amount of ODN internalized, resulting in phenotypic changes. In conclusion, systemic short-term application of CpG ODN appears to be sufficient to induce phenotypic changes, but higher doses of CpG ODN than previously thought may be necessary because of inhibition of their uptake by serum.     

Phosphorothioate-modified CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN) induces apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells independent of TLR9

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed on cancer cells are closely associated with tumor development. In this study, we investigated the biological functions of the TLR9 ligand, CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN), on TLR9 expressed in the cytoplasm of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. In vitro, human HCC cell lines were transfected with phosphorothioate-modified oligodeoxynucleotides TLR9 agonist OND M362 and its negative control ODN M362 ctrl, which inhibited the proliferation of HCC cells by inducing apoptosis without altering the cell cycle. Interestingly, ODN M362 and ODN M362 Ctrl displayed a similar proapoptotic effect on HCC, possibly related to phosphorothioate modification of the structure of CpG ODN. Although both of them resulted in the upregulation of the TLR9 receptor, their effect on HCC apoptosis was independent of TLR9. They also upregulated inflammatory cytokines, but did not activate the NF-κB signaling pathway. Finally, the activities of ODN M362 and ODN M362 Ctrl were demonstrated in nude mice inoculated with HCC cells. These findings suggest that the phosphorothioate-modified TLR9 agonist ODN M362, and its control, elicit antitumor activity in HCC cells and may serve as a novel therapeutic target for HCC therapy.     

A C-type CpG ODN accelerates wound healing via regulating fibroblasts and immune response

Abolished or delayed wound healing is a serious problem in clinical surgery, therefore, the new therapy for wound healing is needed. Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing one or more CpG motifs (CpG ODN) has been reported to activate the immune system and improves skin wound healing. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of a new C-type CpG ODN in wound healing. We found that the CpG ODN promoted cell proliferation and collagen I production in human skin fibroblasts cells. Besides, we also investigated the effect of CpG ODN on the activation of immune cells. The macrophages and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) were incubated with CpG ODN. CpG ODN activated macrophage and pDCs via regulating TLR9/MyD88/NF-κB pathway and TLR9/MyD88/IRF7 pathway, respectively. To further evaluate the effect of CpG ODN on wound healing in vivo a wound healing model was established in mice. The results showed that CpG ODN treatment accelerated wound healing in mice. CpG ODN increased cytokines secretion in wound skin and elevated the ratio of CD4 ⁺ and CD8 ⁺ T cells in the spleen. Our results showed that CpG ODN accelerated wound healing, which was partly due to the regulation of fibroblasts and immune response. The findings suggested that the CpG ODN might be a proper medicament for the treatment of wound healing.     

CpG are efficient adjuvants for specific CTL induction against tumor antigen-derived peptide.

The identification of CTL-defined tumor-associated Ags has allowed the development of new strategies for cancer immunotherapy. To potentiate the CTL responses, peptide-based vaccines require the coadministration of adjuvants. Because oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing CpG motifs are strong immunostimulators, we analyzed the ability of CpG ODN to act as adjuvant of the CTL response against tumor-derived synthetic peptide in the absence or presence of IFA. Mice transgenic for a chimeric MHC class I molecule were immunized with a peptide analog of MART-1/Melan-A(26-35) in the presence of CpG ODN alone or CpG ODN emulsified in IFA. The CTL response was monitored ex vivo by tetramer staining of lymphocytes. In blood, spleen, and lymph nodes, peptide mixed with CpG ODN alone was able to elicit a stronger systemic CTL response as compared with peptide emulsified in IFA. Moreover, CpG ODN in combination with IFA further enhanced the CTL response in terms of the frequency of tetramer+CD8+ T cells ex vivo. The CTL induced in vivo against peptide analog in the presence of CpG ODN are functional, as they were able to recognize and kill melanoma cells in vitro. Overall, these results indicate that CpG ODN by itself is a good candidate adjuvant of CTL response and can also enhance the effect of classical adjuvant.     

CpG oligodeoxynucleotides directly induce CXCR3 chemokines in human B cells

CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) are known to elicit Th1 immune responses via TLR9. However, the precise mechanisms through which B cells are involved in this phenomenon are not fully understood. We investigated the effect of CpG ODN on the induction of Th1-chemoattractant CXCR3 chemokines, IP-10, Mig, and I-TAC, in B cells. Cells from the RPMI 8226 human B cell line and human peripheral B cells were stimulated with three distinct classes of CpG ODN. As a result, CXCR3 chemokines were strongly up-regulated by CpG-B and CpG-C, but only weakly by CpG-A. Though CXCR3 chemokines are known to be induced by IFNs, blocking mAbs against IFN receptors did not inhibit their induction by CpG-B. Induction of CXCR3 chemokines was blocked by two NF-kappaB inhibitors and a p38 inhibitor. These results strongly suggest that CXCR3 chemokines are directly induced by CpG ODN via NF-kappaB- and p38-dependent pathways in human B cells.     

Encapsulation in liposomal nanoparticles enhances the immunostimulatory,adjuvant and anti-tumor activity of subcutaneously administered CpG ODN

Immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing cytosine-guanine (CpG) motifs are powerful stimulators of innate as well as adaptive immune responses, exerting their activity through triggering of the Toll-like receptor 9. We have previously shown that encapsulation in liposomal nanoparticles (LN) enhances the immunostimulatory activity of CpG ODN (LN-CpG ODN) (Mui et al. in J Pharmacol Exp Ther 298:1185, 2001). In this work we investigate the effect of encapsulation on the immunopotency of subcutaneously (s.c.) administered CpG ODN with regard to activation of innate immune cells as well as its ability to act as a vaccine adjuvant with tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) to induce antigen (Ag)-specific, adaptive responses and anti-tumor activity in murine models. It is shown that encapsulation specifically targets CpG ODN for uptake by immune cells. This may provide the basis, at least in part, for the significantly enhanced immunostimulatory activity of LN-CpG ODN, inducing potent innate (as judged by immune cell activation and plasma cytokine/chemokine levels) and adaptive, Ag-specific (as judged by MHC tetramer positive T lymphocytes, IFN-γ secretion and cytotoxicity) immune responses. Finally, in efficacy studies, it is shown that liposomal encapsulation enhances the ability of CpG ODN to adjuvanate adaptive immune responses against co-administered TAAs after s.c. immunization, inducing effective anti-tumor activity against both model and syngeneic tumor Ags in murine tumor models of thymoma and melanoma.     

CpG oligodeoxynucleotides as vaccine adjuvants in primates

Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing unmethylated CpG motifs act as immune adjuvants in mice, boosting the humoral and cellular response to coadministered Ags. CpG ODN that stimulate human PBMC are only weakly active in mice. Thus, alternative animal models are needed to monitor the activity and safety of "human" CpG ODN in vivo. This work demonstrates that rhesus macaques recognize and respond to the same CpG motifs that trigger human immune cells. Coadministering CpG ODN with heat-killed Leishmania vaccine provided significantly increased protection of macaques against cutaneous Leishmania infection. These findings indicate that rhesus macaques provide a useful model for studying the in vivo activity of human CpG motifs, and that ODN expressing these motifs act as strong immune adjuvants.