Salicylates and reversible hearing loss

Skin and soft tissue infections were studied in 21 seriously ill narcotic addicts who had been admitted to hospital. Subcutaneous abscesses were present in 14 patients; cellulitis was noted in 3, pyomyositis in 2 and necrotizing fasciitis in 2. In four patients there was septicemia. Infections in 14 patients (66.6 percent) were associated with anaerobic bacteria, which were the exclusive isolates in 6 patients. In seven patients (33.3 percent) isolates were exclusively aerobic bacteria and in eight both aerobes and anaerobes were present. The anaerobic isolates were clostridia (six), peptostreptococci (five), bacteroides (five), peptococci (three), and one of each of Veillonella, Propionibacterium, Eubacterium, Fusobacterium and Actinomyces. Staphylococcus aureus, generally thought to be the most common cause of subcutaneous infections in addicts, was found only in four (19 percent) patients. The other aerobic isolates were Klebsiella (five) and Enterobacter (four) species. When clinical features or the Gram stain of pus suggest that anaerobic bacteria may be present, antibiotic therapy should be directed against both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria until culture results are available.     

Physiological Diversity of Rhizoplane Diazotrophs of the Saltmeadow Cordgrass,Spartina patens: Implications for Host Specific Ecotypes

Diazotrophic bacteria are important contributors to salt marsh productivity, but the biotic and abiotic factors that influence their distributions and function and the extent of their diversity cannot be understood in the absence of physiological information. Here we examine the physiological diversity and distribution patterns of diazotrophic bacteria associated with the rhizoplane of the saltmeadow cordgrass, Spartina patens, in comparison with diazotrophs from other intertidal grasses (tall and short form Spartina alterniflora and Juncus roemerianus) from the same salt marsh. S. patens plants were collected from two distinct habitats, and a total of 115 strains (111 Gram negative and 4 Gram positive strains) were isolated into pure culture by stab inoculating roots and rhizomes into combined nitrogen-free semisolid media. Most strains were microaerophilic and approximately one-half were motile. API test strips were used to eliminate redundancy within the culture collection, resulting in 21 physiologically different API groups (17 Gram negative and 4 Gram positive groups). A representative strain from each API group was selected for dot blot hybridization with a nifH specific probe and 16 strains (13 Gram negative and 3 Gram positive) were scored as positive. The nifH positive API group representative strains were characterized further using BIOLOG test plates. Substrate utilization potentials defined two S. patens strain clusters, and only one S. patens strain was physiologically similar to any other strain from a different host plant origin. No distinctions could be made based on the different S. patens habitats, suggesting that the host plant may have a greater impact than abiotic environmental conditions on the distributions of the rhizoplane diazotrophs recovered.     

胸腹水培养中的病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解胸腹水培养中病原菌的分布和耐药情况,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法通过回顾性分析中山市第二人民医院住院部自2011年1月至2013年11月送检的胸腹水标本细菌培养及药敏资料。结果在494份胸腹水标本中共检出47株病原菌,总阳性率为9.5%;其中326例胸水分离出病原菌28例,阳性率为8.59%,胸水培养中革兰阳性菌占67.86%,革兰阴性菌占32.12%,菌种较为分散;168例腹水分离出病原菌19例,阳性率为11.31%,腹水培养中革兰阴性菌占73.68%,革兰阳性菌占26.32%。检出革兰阴性病原菌对氨苄西林和四环素耐药率较高,对阿米卡星、美罗培南和亚胺培南敏感。检出革兰阳性病原菌对氨苄西林、头孢西丁和红霉素耐药率高,对万古霉素、替考拉宁和吗啉噁酮敏感。结论应重视胸腹水标本的细菌学检查,依据药敏试验合理使用抗菌药物,减少细菌的耐药率。     

2-Arylbenzothiazole, benzoxazole and benzimidazole derivatives as fluorogenic substrates for the detection of nitroreductase and aminopeptidase activity in clinically important bacteria

A series of 2-(2-nitrophenyl)benzothiazole 7, 2-(2-nitrophenyl)benzoxazole 10 and 2-(2-nitrophenyl)benzimidazole 13 derivatives have been synthesised and assessed as indicators of nitroreductase activity across a range of clinically important Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. The majority of Gram negative bacteria produced strongly fluorescent colonies with substrates 7 and 10 whereas fluorescence production in Gram positive bacteria was less widespread. The l-alanine 16 and 19 and β-alanine 21 and 23 derivatives have been prepared from 2-(2-aminophenyl)benzothiazole 14 and 2-(2-aminophenyl)benzoxazole 17. These four compounds have been evaluated as indicators of aminopeptidase activity. The growth of Gram positive bacteria was generally inhibited by these substrates but fluorescent colonies were produced with the majority of Gram negative bacteria tested.     

The bacterial population of a blanket peat

The number of aerobic bacteria in a blanket peat decreased with depth from 26 times 10⁶/g dry peat in the surface layers to 0.5 times 10⁶/g dry peat at 30–40 cm down the profile, thereafter remaining roughly constant. Obligate psychrophiles comprised <2.5% of this population. Anaerobes were most numerous, 9 times 10⁶/g dry peat at 6–10 cm depth, decreasing to 0.5 times 10⁶/g at 20–30 cm. Calculations indicated that these counts, 10³–10⁴-fold lower than the direct counts, substantially underestimated the active microbial population. Gram negative rods, the predominant aerobes in the surface layers, were replaced by unidentified Bacillus strains at 10–20 cm depth but became increasingly more numerous further down the profile. The Gram negative rods were the most numerous organisms/m² but the Bacillus strains, one third of which were present as spores, made the largest contribution to the biomass/m². Gram positive cocci, Arthrobacter and, infrequently, Nocardia were also isolated. Actinomyces -like forms were the predominant obligate anaerobes and were approximately three times more numerous than clostridia and a curved Gram negative rod.     

Two unusual budding bacteria isolated from a swimming pool

Two unusual strains of budding bacteria were isolated on a Millipore Pseudomonas Count Water Tester during routine monitoring of Pseudomonas aeruginosa counts in a swimming pool. The first isolate has been identified as Blastobacter sp. It was a yellow-pigmented, Gram negative rod-shaped organism with a polar holdfast by which it attached to solid surfaces or other cells to form rosettes. The cells reproduced by asymmetric division or budding at the free pole of the cell, producing motile daughter cells with a single polar flagellum. The second isolate, which has not yet been identified, was a red-pigmented, Gram negative rod-shaped organism which produced one or more buds at each pole of the cell. Cell division appears to occur by both binary fission and by budding. Both organisms were strict aerobes, catalase and oxidase positive and did not produce acid from glucose in Hugh and Leifson medium.     

Two unusual budding bacteria isolated from a swimming pool

S ly , L.I. & H argreaves , M.H. 1984. Two unusual budding bacteria isolated from a swimming pool. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 56 , 479–486.
Two unusual strains of budding bacteria were isolated on a Millipore Pseudomonas Count Water Tester during routine monitoring of Pseudomonas aeruginosa counts in a swimming pool. The first isolate has been identified as Blastobacter sp. It was a yellow-pigmented, Gram negative rod-shaped organism with a polar holdfast by which it attached to solid surfaces or other cells to form rosettes. The cells reproduced by asymmetric division or budding at the free pole of the cell, producing motile daughter cells with a single polar flagellum. The second isolate, which has not yet been identified, was a red-pigmented, Gram negative rod-shaped organism which produced one or more buds at each pole of the cell. Cell division appears to occur by both binary fission and by budding. Both organisms were strict aerobes, catalase and oxidase positive and did not produce acid from glucose in Hugh and Leifson medium.     

Siderophore and chitinase producing isolates from the rhizosphere of Nicotiana glauca Graham enhance growth and induce systemic resistance in Solanum lycopersicum L.

A screening for Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) was carried out in the rhizosphere of wild populations of Nicotiana glauca Graham in south-eastern Spain. Nine hundred and sixty strains were isolated and grouped in four parataxonomic groups: Gram positive endospore forming bacilli, Gram positive non-endospore forming bacilli, Gram negative bacilli and others. Two groups were selected to continue the study: Gram negative bacilli since it was the most abundant, and Gram positive sporulated bacilli, seeking their sporulating capacity as an advantage for inoculants formulation. The ability of these to release siderophores and chitinases in vitro was evaluated. Ninety six isolates were siderophore producers, and 56 of them were also able to produce chitinases. Fifty percent of these were tested for growth promotion in tomato. The best results were obtained with 5 Gram negative bacilli and one Gram positive sporulated bacilli; 5 strains increased all growth parameters while one of them, N21.4, severely compromised plant growth. The ability of these 6 strains to induce systemic resistance against the leaf pathogen Xanthomonas campestris in tomato was evaluated. Five of them effectively reduced disease symptoms (up to 50%). The six strains were identified by 16s rDNA sequencing resulting in 3 Pseudomonas, 1 Bacillus and 2 Stenotrophomonas; it’s striking that 2 Pseudomonas protected up to 50% while the other increased disease incidence. This indicates that systemic induction is strain specific and not necessarily related to production of siderophores and chitinases.     

Some Morphological and Physiological Characteristics of Gram Negative Anaerobic Bacteria isolated from the Alimentary Tract of the Pig

S ummary . A collection of 100 strains of Gram negative anaerobic bacteria isolated from the alimentary tract of the pig has been divided into four groups on morphological and physiological grounds. The four groups resemble the genera Bacteroides, Sphaerophorus, Veillonella and Peptostreptococcus as described in Bergey's Manual (Breed, Murray & Smith, 1957).     

Inhibition of Swarming in Proteus spp. by Tannic Acid

Swarming in all 27 strains of Proteus spp. tested was inhibited by the presence of 0.02% (w/v) tannic acid in the nutrient medium. Cells from colonies on this medium were nearly all short forms but were motile and piliated. The swarm-inhibition effect was not reversed by the addition of calcium chloride. The growth of other bacterial species was inhibited to varying extents by tannic acid: Gram positive cocci ( Micrococcus, Sarcina , and Staphylococcus spp.) were particularly sensitive. The relative resistance of Gram negative bacteria and the swarm-inhibition of Proteus spp. could be due to binding of tannic acid to proteins in the outer membrane of the cell wall.     

Characterization of Bacteroides Species Isolated From Soft Tissue Infections in Cats

A total of 77 strains of Gram negative anaerobes belonging to the genus Bacteroides and isolated from 60 subcutaneous abscesses and 10 cases of pyothorax in cats, have been examined morphologically and biochemically. Colony pigmentation, gas chromatography and biochemical analysis placed them into two major categories-those which produced pigmented colonies (Group 1) and those which failed to produce pigmented colonies after 14 d on laked blood agar (Group 2). All 29 strains in Group 1 produced acetic, propionic, isobutyric, butyric, isovaleric and succinic acids but failed to ferment carbohydrates, and were classified as B. asaccharolyticus. All organisms in Group 2 produced acetic, propionic, isobutyric, isovaleric and succinic acids and were divided into four categories based on indole production and bile tolerance. Designation to species was then decided on the basis of phenylacetic acid production and sugar fermentation tests. This sequence of analysis of results enabled confident speciation of some groups of these organisms despite some biochemical variation of the cat strains when compared to human type strains.     

绍兴地区2型糖尿病尿路感染病原菌及其耐药性分析

摘要：目的 回顾分析本院2型糖尿病伴尿路感染患者的病原菌分布特点及其耐药性,为指导临床用药提供参考。方法 收集2013年1月至2014年1月2型糖尿病合并尿路感染患者186例,留取中段尿分离培养病原菌,用VITEK-2细菌鉴定仪鉴定,纸片扩散法（K-B）测定药物敏感性。结果 186例患者中段尿共培养出病原菌137株,其中革兰阴性菌102株（74.45%）,革兰阳性菌21株（15.33%）,真菌14株（10.22%）。革兰阴性菌以大肠埃希菌为主,检出79株占57.66%,对青霉素类,头孢菌素类,喹诺酮类抗菌药耐药率较高均＞50.00%,对头霉素类药物如头孢替坦、含酶抑制剂复合物如哌拉西林/他唑巴坦以及碳青霉烯类药物敏感率均达100.00%;革兰阳性球菌以无乳链球菌为主,检出10株占7.30%,对克林霉素及红霉素耐药率较高,耐药率＞50.00%,而对氯霉素、呋喃妥因、利奈唑烷、替加环素、万古霉素敏感率均达100.00%。除1株光滑假丝酵母菌对氟康唑和伊曲康唑中介,其余13株真菌对两性霉素B、5-氟胞嘧啶、伏立康唑、氟康唑、伊曲康唑这5种抗真菌药物均敏感。结论 2型糖尿病患者发生尿路感染的病原菌以大肠埃希菌为主,且有较高的耐药率。     

基于PLFA指纹图谱表征浓香型酒糟醅微生物群落结构

以9株白酒酿造过程中常见的菌株为对象,研究了不同种属菌株的细胞膜特征组分磷酸脂肪酸(PLFA)的特征,以及检出量与菌株生物量之间的关系.结果表明:供试细菌、放线菌、霉菌和酵母菌的PLFA指纹图谱存在显著差异,各菌株的PLFA指纹图谱可作为区别种属的依据.不同供试菌株生物量在一定范围内与检出的总PLFA量或16:0含量呈线性关系.将不同生物量的革兰氏阳性菌G+、革兰氏阴性菌G-和真菌分别加入糟醅后,检出的PLFA相对含量与对照差异显著.基于PLFA的指纹图谱能够定量或半定量地表征糟醅微生物群落结构特征及动态变化.经对多家酿酒企业糟醅PLFA组成的检测及微生物群落结构的剖析,该方法具有普适性.     

Growth and survival of lactic acid bacteria in lucerne silage

A rifampicin-resistant variant of two strains of Lactobacillus plantarum, one strain of Pediococcus acidilactici, and one strain of Enterococcus faecium were used for the experimental production of lucerne silage. Laboratory silage without inoculants served as a control. Counts of total anaerobes, total lactic acid bacteria (LAB), lactobacilli, pediococci, and enterococci were determined on days 14, 21, 30, 49, and 60 of lucerne fermentation. LAB dominated in silage microflora, reaching a percentage between 59 and 95 % of total anaerobes. Lactobacilli were found as a predominant group of LAB during the whole study. Lactobacilli reached numbers 8.74 log CFU/g in treated silage and 8.89 log CFU/g in the control at the first observation. Their counts decreased to 4.23 and 4.92 log CFU/g in treated silage and the control, respectively, on day 63 of fermentation. Similar decreases were observed in all bacterial groups. The treated silage samples possessed lower pH (4.2 vs. 4.5 in control samples) and contained more lactic acid compared to control silage. The identity of re-isolated rifampicin-resistant bacteria with those inoculated to the lucerne was evaluated by fingerprinting techniques. The fingerprint profiles of re-isolated bacteria corresponded to the profiles of strains used for the treatment. It could be concluded that supplemented LAB dominated in laboratory silage and overgrew naturally occurring LAB.     

广州儿童医院重症监护病房感染病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨儿科重症监护病房（PICU）感染病原菌的分布及耐药情况,为临床合理选用抗菌药提供参考。方法对广州市儿童医院PICU病房2003年11月-2005年10月各类感染标本所分离的病原菌的分布及耐药性进行回顾性分析。结果共检出295株病原菌,其中革兰阴性杆菌213株（72．2％）,主要为铜绿假单胞菌、不动杆菌等非发酵菌;革兰阳性球菌58株（19．7％）,主要为葡萄球菌;真菌24株（8．1％）。药敏结果提示铜绿假单胞菌及不动杆菌对亚胺培南、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、环丙沙星及阿米卡星较为敏感,铜绿假单胞菌对头孢噻肟耐药率较高,而不动杆菌对头孢哌酮、氨曲南、庆大霉素耐药严藿。肠杆菌科细菌对氨苄西林、氨苄西林／舒巴坦、哌拉西林及多种头孢菌素耐药率较高而对亚胺培南、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、阿米卡星等较敏感。葡萄球菌对青霉素、红霉素严重耐药,但对万古霉素、替考拉宁及阿米卡星敏感性高。结论铜绿假单胞菌等非发酵菌已成为PICU病房感染的主要病原菌。根据病原菌种类及药敏结果合理应用抗菌药是有效控制危重病患儿感染和减少耐药菌株产生的重要手段。     

A latent green fluorescent styrylcoumarin probe for the selective growth and detection of Gram negative bacteria

A novel, green fluorescent β-alanylstyrylcoumarin derivative was synthesized and evaluated for its performance as a fluorogenic enzyme substrate on a range of clinically relevant microorganisms. The substrate was selectively hydrolysed by β-alanyl aminopeptidase producing P. aeruginosa resulting in an on-to-off fluorescent signal. Growth inhibitory effect of the substrate was observed on Gram positive bacteria and yeasts. Meanwhile, Gram negative species, despite their extremely protective cell envelope, showed ready uptake and accumulation of the substrate within their healthy growing colonies displaying intense green fluorescence.     

Actinomycetes-antagonists isolated from bulgarian soils

A total of 1257 Actinomycetes strains, the majority of which of the albus, griseus and globisporus series, were isolated from 345 samples from the rhizosphere of various plants and soils. According to these observations the cultivation of the soil is not of paramount importance for the quantitative and species composition of the Actinomycetes. The determination of the antibacterial spectrum shows that 45% of the isolated strains have antagonistic properties with respect to Gram positive, Gram negative, acid fast bacteria, yeastlike fungi and moulds.     

The Antibacterial Activity of a New Chloroxylenol Preparation Containing Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid

A new chloroxylenol preparation (DC) containing ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). has been shown to be an effective bactericidal agent against various Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. It possessed significant and rapid activity against two strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as against chlorhexidine-and chloroxylenol-resistant derivatives of these strains. DC showed high activity at 20° and 30 °C, and (unlike chlorhexidine) when prepared in hard water or when used in the presence of organic matter. Repeated challenge testing at 20 °C of DC (but not of chloroxylenol) with Ps. aeuruginosa indicated that contamination of DC will not prove to be a problem in practice and that the activity of solutions will be retained during storage.     

407例老年肺癌下呼吸道感染患者病原菌分布及耐药分析

目的 分析老年肺癌下呼吸道感染患者痰培养物的病原菌分布及耐药状况.方法 回顾性分析407例老年肺癌下呼吸道感染患者痰标本细菌培养、鉴定及药敏结果.结果 共分离出病原菌238株,革兰阴性菌163株,占68.49％;革兰阳性菌33株,占13.87％;真菌42株,占17.65％.主要病原菌为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌.其中,肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌ESBLs阳性菌株的比例分别为36.73％、28.85％.结论 老年肺癌患者因长期使用抗生素,呼吸道菌群失调,不同病原菌对抗菌药耐药率均较高,以革兰阴性菌感染为主,肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌产ESBLs的菌株有较高比例,二重感染比例较高;革兰阳性菌均对万古霉素敏感,未发现耐药菌株.因此临床医生根据药敏结果合理选用抗生素,对于改善患者肺部微生态失衡,延长生存时间具有重要指导意义.     

近江牡蛎肠道细菌及其产酶能力的研究

从近江牡蛎(Jinjiang Ostrea vivularisGould)肠道中分离出21株菌,其中9株革兰氏阳性菌,12株革兰氏阴性菌。并检测其蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶的产酶能力。结果表明,13株菌(61.9%)能分泌蛋白酶,13株(61.9%)分泌淀粉酶;11株(52.4%)产脂肪酶;7株(33.3%)产纤维素酶。产4种酶的有5株,产3种酶的3株,产2种酶的5株,产1种酶的3株,不产酶的仅有5株。产酶菌株的比例高达76.2%(16/21),可见近江牡蛎肠道细菌对食饵消化有重要作用。