GISH-based comparative genomic analysis in Urochloa P. Beauv.

The genus Urochloa P. Beauv. [syn. Brachiaria (Trin.) Griseb.] comprises species of great economic relevance as forages. The genomic constitution for the allotetraploid species Urochloa brizantha (cv. Marandu) and Urochloa decumbens (cv. Basilisk) and the diploid Urochloa ruziziensis was previously proposed as BBB¹B¹, B¹B¹B²B² and B²B², respectively. Evidence indicates U. ruziziensis as the ancestral donor of genome B² in U. decumbens allotetraploidy, but the origin of the genomes B and B¹ is still unknown. There are diploid genotypes of U. brizantha and U. decumbens that may be potential ancestors of the tetraploids. The aim of this study was to determine the genomic constitution and relationships between genotypes of U. brizantha (2x and 4x), U. decumbens (2x and 4x) and U. ruziziensis (2x) via genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). Additionally, chromosome number and genome size were verified for the diploid genotypes. The diploids U. brizantha and U. decumbens presented 2n?=?2x?=?18 chromosomes and DNA content of 1.79 and 1.44 pg, respectively. The GISH analysis revealed high homology between the diploids U. brizantha and U. decumbens, which suggests relatively short divergence time. The GISH using genomic probes from the diploid accessions on the tetraploid accessions’ chromosomes presented similar patterns, highlighting the genome B¹ present in both of the tetraploids. Based on GISH results, the genomic constitution was proposed for the diploid genotypes of U. brizantha (B¹B¹) and U. decumbens (B¹′B¹′) and both were pointed as donors of genome B¹ (or B¹′), present in the allotetraploid genotypes.

     

Seed-protein Electrophoretic Pattern in Brachypodium P. Beauv. Species

The seed-protein band patterns of seven species, four variantsand plants of intermediate morphology between different pairspecies of Brachypodium have been analysed The data provideuseful information for the identification of the taxa, theirrelationship, and the delimitation of their taxonomic status Brachypodium P Beauv, seed-protein, electrophoretic pattern     

毛尖紫萼藓总RNA的提取方法研究

介绍一种提取苔藓植物毛尖紫萼藓(Grimmia pilifera P.Beauv)总RNA的方法。以新鲜的紫萼藓为材料,采用改良的SDS的方法,以氯化锂为沉淀试剂,成功地提取了该植物的总RNA。并与其他方法作了对比,结果发现该方法获得的RNA条带清晰、完整性好、纯度高、DNA污染小。可满足反转录及RT-PCR等实验要求。     

A note on the moss genus Codriophorus P. Beauv.

The moss genus Codriophorus P. Beauv., established by Palisot de Beauvois in 1822, consisted of two species, namely C. acicularis (Hedw.) P. Beauv. and C. pulvinatus (Hedw.) P. Beauv., neither of which were designated as the type. The nomenclatural history of this generic name is briefly outlined and C. acicularis (Hedw.) P. Beauv. is here chosen as its lectotype. Accordingly Codriophorus must be considered synonymous with Racomitrium Brid. and specifically with Racomitrium sect. Stenotrichum (Chevall.) Bednarek-Ochyra and subsect. Papillosa (Kindb.) Bednarek-Ochyra. Codonophorus P. Beauv. ex Desv. of 1824 is an orthographic variant of Codriophorus.     

Studies on the Ribosomal RNA Cistrons in Interspecific Drosophila Hybrids. II. Heterochromatic Regions Mediating Nucleolar Dominance

Interspecific hybrids of D. melanogaster and D. simulans normally exhibit a secondary constriction only at the D. melanogaster nucleolus organizer (NO). This phenomenon, termed nucleolar dominance, occurs only when the NO-bearing sex chromosomes of both species are present in conjunction. Experiments were initiated to localize regions on the sex chromosomes of D. melanogaster involved in mediating this suppression. Sex chromosome heterochromatic rearrangements and deficiencies were introduced into F₁ hybrids and their corresponding effect on simulans NO constriction formation was examined in hybrid mitotic neuroblast tissue. Sex chromosomes deficient for both the D. melanogaster NO and adjacent heterochromatin were unable to restrict the formation of a constriction at the D. simulans NO. The presence of a D. melanogaster NO, however, was not sufficient for the establishment of nucleolar dominance. Results from an array of NO-bearing X and Y chromosome rearrangements and deficiencies indicate that at least one heterochromatic region, proximal to the NO on the D. melanogaster X and distal to the NO on the D. melanogaster Y, affects the induction of this interchromosomal phenomenon.     

Regeneration from the Leaf of Atrichum undulatum (Hedw.) P. Beauv.

Abstract

Regeneration of new plants from the leaves of Atrichum undulatum will take place after 6 weeks if they are placed with the abaxial surface in contact with damp filter-paper in a saturated atmosphere.

The new plants arise from the surface cells of the midrib area of the leaf where there is a discontinuity of the photosynthetic filaments. This occurs mainly in the distal third of the leaf.

As the leaf ages it loses it capacity for regeneration. There are two regeneration processes, one which occurs when the leaf is separated from the stem and the only wound is at the point of attachment to the stem, and the second when other wounds are inflicted on the leaf. Regeneration due to wounding is greatest in the distal half of the leaf, mutilations near the base of the leaf having less effect on the percentage of regenerated plants.

There seems to be a potential for regeneration (both normal and as a result of wounding) which is greatest in the distal third of the leaf and decreases towards the base of the leaf of A. undulatum. This is compared with the leaf of Physcomitrium turbinatum, and the greater complexity of the process in the former is considered to be the result of greater differentiation of the leaf.     

Analgesic activity of leaf extracts of Culcasia scandens P. Beauv

Analgesic activity of methanol leaf extract of C. scandens obtained by column chromatography and its graded solvent fractions, was evaluated in mice using acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing and formalin-induced paw licking. The extract and fractions significantly inhibited abdominal writhing and two phases of formalin-induced paw licking in mice, indicating that antinociceptive activity may involve inhibition of pain by peripheral and central mechanisms.     

基于ISSR数据探讨卷叶凤尾藓(Fissidens dubius P.Beauv.)遗传多样性

卷叶凤尾藓(Fissidens dubius P.Beauv.)是凤尾藓科凤尾藓属植物,该种分布广泛,形态变异强烈。为了解其遗传多样性及种群遗传结构特点,本研究利用ISSR分子标记对采集于浙江、福建、广西、四川、辽宁5个省区的卷叶凤尾藓14个自然种群的遗传多样性进行了评价。结果显示:筛选出的12对引物共扩增出259条清晰、重复性高的条带,其中多态性位点有248个,多态位点百分率为95.75%;种群总的Nei's基因多样性指数为0.2327,Shannon's信息指数为0.3701,说明卷叶凤尾藓遗传多样性水平较高;14个种群的遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.7078,种群间的基因流(Nm)为0.1864,表明大部分遗传变异(72.01%)存在于种群间,27.99%的遗传变异存在于种群内,即卷叶凤尾藓种群间遗传分化明显。基于ISSR数据的聚类分析表明,在遗传距离50为分组阈值处,14个种群可被分为6组(G1~G6):G1为来自于浙江省不同采集地点的8个种群(JHBS除外);G2由浙江金华北山种群(JHBS)组成;G3包括福建武夷山(WYS)和天宝岩种群(TBY);G4、G5、G6分别由广西龙胜县花坪种群(GX)、四川龙池种群(LC)、辽宁白石砬子保护区种群(BSLZ)组成,表明卷叶凤尾藓种群间的遗传分化主要由地理距离造成,种群内的遗传分化可能与其生境的异质性有关。     

Inheritance of some marker genes in Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.

Summary A study on a series of genetic markers was run on five hybrids of foxtail millet, Setaria italica, and on one interspecific hybrid S. viridisxS. italica (S. viridis is the wild relative of S. italica). Seven enzymatic systems were investigated using starch gel electrophoresis (esterase, alcohol dehydrogenase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, acid phosphatase, malate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, cathodic peroxidase). This genetic analysis of the 6 F2 has allowed us to define 12 polymorphic loci: Est-1, -2 and -3, Adh-1, Got-1 and -2, Acph-1, Mdh-1 and -2, Pgd-1 and -2, and Pox-1. All of them behaved like dimers, except Est-1 and Est-2 which showed monomeric structures. Two other markers were examined: waxy endosperm, which appeared to be controlled by one locus, and anthocyanic pigmentation of the collar, for which at least two loci are responsible. Studies of linkage carried out on three F2 showed two linkage groups: Mdh-1, Pox-1, Wx, Est-3, and a locus for collar colour, and Est-2, and one or two other loci of colouring.     

Genetic variability of foxtail millet (Setaria italica P. Beauv.)

Summary The genetic diversity of a world collection of foxtail millet strains (Setaria italica) and some samples of wild populations (Setaria viridis) was studied by means of electrophoresis on five enzymes (10 loci) Est, Acph, Got, Mdh, Pgd. In spite of an overall limited polymorphism, the diversity appeared to be clearly regionalized. The wild populations collected in France and China introduced new genetic variability to the cultivated forms. However, the interregional diversity within both species was greater than the between species (S. viridis/S. italica) diversity.     

Comparative morphometry as a diagnostic tool applied to species delimitation in the genus Gastridium P. Beauv. (Poaceae)

Based on critical examination of both fresh and dried specimens and a morphometric analysis of herbarium specimens we performed a comparative study of the three closely related Gastridium (Poaceae, Tribe: Poeae, Subtribe: Agrostidinae) species G. ventricosum, G. phleoides and G. scabrum collected in Italy. The study aimed to provide new diagnostic tools to improve the taxonomy of the genus and confirm species delimitation. Variation in floral morphology in the three species was explored using seven quantitative and ten qualitative characters measured on 318 spikelets, both awned and unawned. Statistical methods, including principal components analysis (PCA) and non‐metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS), were used. Numerical analyses showed a general distinctness of spikelets and florets, consistent with the three studied species, and revealed among and within species variation patterns in both spikelet types. Accordingly, the most informative quantitative characters appeared to be the width and length of glumes and the length of awns, useful to distinguish G. phleoides which has the narrowest glumes and longer awns than the other species, while G. scabrum has the widest glumes. The most informative qualitative characters appeared to be the presence/absence of thick hairs or minute tubercles on the upper side of the lemma. The autonomy of the three studied species was confirmed. The taxonomic significance of the results is briefly discussed, and notes on the species distribution are included. Some nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on G. scabrum, of which literature still showed evidence of a general unawareness, are provided.     

Partial purification and initial characterization of phytochrome from the mossAtrichum undulatum P. Beauv. grown in the light

The extraction and partial purification of phytochrome from light-grownAtrichum undulatum P. Beauv., a chlorophyllous moss, is described. Polyethyleneimine and salt fractionation followed by hydroxyapatite and Affi-gel-blue chromatography were used to separate phytochrome from chlorophyll, and to purify the pigment. All steps were performed in the presence of Triton X-100 which improved the yield by a factor of about three. The protein has a molecular weight some-what larger than that ofAvena phytochrome (124 kDa), as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblot analysis. It cross-reacts with a monoclonal antibody against phytochrome from etiolated corn (Zea) and a polyclonal antibody against phytochrome from etiolated oat (Avena), and its photoreversibility is similar to that of phytochrome from greenAvena.Abbreviations EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid - FMN flavinmononucleotide - PMSF phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride - P_r(P_fr) red(far-red)-absorbing form of phytochrome - SDS-PAGE sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis     

In Search of Epigenetic Marks in Testes and Sperm Cells of Differentially Fed Boars

In search of transmittable epigenetic marks we investigated gene expression in testes and sperm cells of differentially fed F0 boars from a three generation pig feeding experiment that showed phenotypic differences in the F2 generation. RNA samples from 8 testes of boars that received either a diet enriched in methylating micronutrients or a control diet were analyzed by microarray analysis. We found moderate differential expression between testes of differentially fed boars with a high FDR of 0.82 indicating that most of the differentially expressed genes were false positives. Nevertheless, we performed a pathway analysis and found disparate pathway maps of development_A2B receptor: action via G-protein alpha s, cell adhesion_Tight junctions and cell adhesion_Endothelial cell contacts by junctional mechanisms which show inconclusive relation to epigenetic inheritance. Four RNA samples from sperm cells of these differentially fed boars were analyzed by RNA-Seq methodology. We found no differential gene expression in sperm cells of the two groups (adjusted P-value>0.05). Nevertheless, we also explored gene expression in sperm by a pathway analysis showing that genes were enriched for the pathway maps of bacterial infections in cystic fibrosis (CF) airways, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis p.3 and cell cycle_Initiation of mitosis. Again, these pathway maps are miscellaneous without an obvious relationship to epigenetic inheritance. It is concluded that the methylating micronutrients moderately if at all affects RNA expression in testes of differentially fed boars. Furthermore, gene expression in sperm cells is not significantly affected by extensive supplementation of methylating micronutrients and thus RNA molecules could not be established as the epigenetic mark in this feeding experiment.     

Molecular phylogeny of the grass genus Brachypodium P. Beauv. based on RFLP and RAPD analysis

Nuclear genome analysis using RFLPs and RAPDs has been assessed within different species of the genus Brachypodium P. Beauv. and representatives of other grasses in order to determine the characteristics of the Brachypodium genome and to establish its evolutionary position in relation to other Pooideae. Distinctive features of the Brachypodium genome are its small size, the low amount of repetitive DNA, the lack of restriction fragment length polymorphisms within the genus for the assayed probe/enzyme combinations, and the genomic variability demonstrated at species level by random DNA amplification. These molecular studies confirm Brachypodium as an isolated ancient genus best placed in its own tribe (Brachypodieae). Its relationships to other tribes Bromeae, Triticeae, Poeae are resolved, Brachypodieae being the earliest tribe to diverge from this core of pooids. Within the genus two major Old World clades are distinguishable: an annual clade, represented only by B. distachyon; and a perennial clade, represented by all the other species studied (except B. mexicanum). The perennial American species B. mexicanum appears equally attached to these two clades. RFLP data were found to be useful in obtaining phylogenies at generic and higher rank levels, whereas the highly variable RAPD data were more suitable for resolving interspecific and intraspecific evolutionary pathways.     

A Conspectus and Phytogeography of the Genus Carex Subgen. Vignea (P. Beauv.) Kirsch. in China

In spite of different views on the classification of the genus Carex, the subgenus Vignea (P. Beauv.) Kirsch. in it is relatively natural subgroup adopted by most modern caricologists. The total number of species in this subgenus is about 330, particularly abundant in the subarctic and temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. (Fig. 1. Tab. 1.). The conspectus of Chinese subgenus Vignea, consisting of 48 species, 7 subspecies and 1 variety, is given in this article. These 54 taxa (with species, subspecies and variety treated equally at the same rank and with one widely distributed species and one uncertain species excluded for floristic analysis here) can be grouped into 4 types of floristic elements according to the floristic regions of the world suggested by Takhtajan (1986). 1. The elements of the Circumboreal Region (Fig. 2.): Carex diandra, C. vulpina, C. stipata, C. otrubae, C. curaica, C. disperma, C. bohemica, C. angustior, C. loliacea, C. tenuiflora and C. lachenalii. They constitute 20.4% of the total and are principally distributed in the Eurasian Forest Subkingdom of China. Wu's scheme (1979) for the Chinese floristic division is adopted here. 2. The elements of the Eastern Asiatic Region (Figs. 3, 4, 5): Carex echinochloaeformis, C. enervis subsp. chuanxibeiensis, C. rochebruni subsp. remotispicula, C. ovatispiculata, C. neurocarpa, C. nubigena subsp. pseudo-arenicola, C. nubigena subsp. albata, C. paxii, C. leiorhynchya, C. laevissima, C. pseudocuraica, C. pallida, C. yamatsutana, C. lithophyla, C. kobomugi, C. gibba, C. remotiuscula, C. rocheruni subsp. rochebruni, C. rochebruni subsp. reptans, C. alta, C. maackii, C. omiana, C. pallida var. angustifolia, C. earistata, C. thompsonii, C. laricetorum, C. maorshanica, C. dailingensis, C. unisexualis C. heilongjingensis. They constitute 55.5% of the total taxa. Wu (1979) considers that the Eastern Asiatic Region is better divided into the Sino-Himalayan Forest Subkingdom and the Sino-Japan Forest Subkingdom. Among the taxa mentioned above, only the first four species occur in the Sino-Himalayan Forest Subkingdom and the remaining ones are of the Sino-Japanese Forest Subkingdom. In fact, the elements of the Sino-Japanese Forest Subkingdom constitute 48.1% of the total, obviously higher than in the other regions. Moreover, of these taxa the latter eight are endemic to SinoJapanese Subkingdom and constitute 61.5% of the endemics of China. It comes to a conclusion that speciation of Chinese subgenus Vignea is more rapid here than elsewhere. 3. The elements of the Irano-Turanian Region (Fig. 6.): Carex duriuscula subsp, duriuscula, C. duriuscula subsp, rigescens, C. duriuscula subsp, stenophylloides, C. reptabunda, C. pycnostachya, C. enervis, C. pseudofoetida, C. sagaensis and C. physodes. They constitute 16.7% of the total and are mainly distributed in Asiatic Desert Subkingdom, Eurasian Steppe Subkingdom and Qinghai-Xizang (Ching-Tibet) Plateau Subkingdom of China. 4. The elements of the Indo-Chinese Region and the elements of Indian Region (Fig. 7.): Carex thomsonii, C. fluviatilis, C. craspedotricha and C. nubigena. They constitute 7.4% of the total taxa and mostly occur in the Malaysian Subkingdom of China. Of these taxa C. thomsonii with higher culm-nodes and C. nubigena with inflorescence of basal compound branch. are regarded by us as primitive ones in the subgenus Vignea. It is interesting to note at this point that in the Indo-Malaysian Region not only is the Indocaricoid group, a primitive one of Carex, more concentrated, but also the primitive ones of the subgenus Vignea, the most advanced group of Carex, are present. The fact supports Nelmes' view (1951) that the genus Carex had its origin in Indo-Malysian region. Decontaminated thianthrene disproportion. 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Gibberellic-acid causes flowering in the short-day plants Panicum miliaceum L., P. miliare lamk., and Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.

Treatment with gibberellic acid (GA₃) causes formation of flowers in Panicum ciliaceum and Panicum miliare, two short-day plants, under long days (continuous light), and hastens the emergence of ears in Setaria italica, a quantitative short-day plant, under both inductive and non-inductive photoperiods. The GA₃-induced inflorescences, however, remain short and bear only few spikelets; in the two Panicum species, the spikelets also remain sterile.     

Construction of RFLP-based maps of foxtail millet, Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.

 An RFLP-based map consisting of 160 loci was constructed in an intervarietal cross of foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.], Longgu 25×Pagoda Flower Green. The map comprises nine linkage groups, which were aligned with the nine foxtail millet chromosomes using trisomic lines, and spans 964 cM. The intraspecific map was compared to an interspecific map, constructed in a S. italica×S. viridis cross. Both the order of the markers and the genetic distances between the loci were highly conserved. Deviations from the expected 1 : 2 : 1 Mendelian segregation ratios were observed in both the intra- and inter-specific populations. The segregation data indicate that chromosome VIII in the Longgu 25×Pagoda Flower Green cross carries a gene that strongly affects gamete fertility. Received: 18 December 1996 / Accepted: 4 August 1997