Cell Treatment for Stroke in Type Two Diabetic Rats Improves Vascular Permeability Measured by MRI

Treatment of stroke with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) significantly enhances brain remodeling and improves neurological function in non-diabetic stroke rats. Diabetes is a major risk factor for stroke and induces neurovascular changes which may impact stroke therapy. Thus, it is necessary to test our hypothesis that the treatment of stroke with BMSC has therapeutic efficacy in the most common form of diabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM was induced in adult male Wistar rats by administration of a high fat diet in combination with a single intraperitoneal injection (35mg/kg) of streptozotocin. These rats were then subjected to 2h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). T2DM rats received BMSC (5x10⁶, n = 8) or an equal volume of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (n = 8) via tail-vein injection at 3 days after MCAo. MRI was performed one day and then weekly for 5 weeks post MCAo for all rats. Compared with vehicle treated control T2DM rats, BMSC treatment of stroke in T2DM rats significantly (p<0.05) decreased blood-brain barrier disruption starting at 1 week post stroke measured using contrast enhanced T₁-weighted imaging with gadopentetate, and reduced cerebral hemorrhagic spots starting at 3 weeks post stroke measured using susceptibility weighted imaging, although BMSC treatment did not reduce the ischemic lesion volumes as demarcated by T₂ maps. These MRI measurements were consistent with histological data. Thus, BMSC treatment of stroke in T2DM rats initiated at 3 days after stroke significantly reduced ischemic vascular damage, although BMSC treatment did not change infarction volume in T2DM rats, measured by MRI.     

骨髓基质细胞在细胞移植与基因治疗中的应用

骨髓基质细胞是研究最广泛的成体干细胞,用于临床细胞移植与基因治疗有诸多优点,论述了具有多向分化潜能的骨髓基质细胞,应用于细胞移植与基因治疗中的研究现状及发展前景 。     

罗非鱼鱼皮酶解液对体外培养大鼠骨髓基质细胞的影响

目的:观察两种罗非鱼鱼皮酶解液对大鼠骨髓基质细胞的影响。方法:用密度梯度离心和贴壁筛选的方法获得骨髓基质细胞,用碱性磷酸酶染色法观察是否成功诱导骨髓基质细胞向成骨细胞分化,并分别采用MTT法和PNPP法测定两种酶解液对骨髓基质细胞增殖和碱性磷酸酶活性的影响。结果:密度梯度离心和贴壁筛选可得到较为均一的骨髓基质细胞。这些骨髓基质细胞诱导后可以向成骨细胞分化。两种酶解液作用于骨髓基质细胞时,在浓度0.1mg·ml~(-1)均可以促进骨髓基质细胞增殖,在浓度0.1mg·ml~(-1)1,0.01mg·ml~(-1)均可以提高骨髓基质细胞碱性磷酸酶活力。实验用两种酶解液的三个浓度与成骨诱导液协同作用于骨髓基质细胞时,均没有促进细胞增殖和提高碱性磷酸酶活性的显著作用。结论:两种酶解液可以促进骨髓基质细胞增殖,提高细胞碱性磷酸酶活力;与成骨诱导液协同作用于骨髓基质细胞时,对细胞增殖和碱性磷酸酶活性没有显著促进及提高作用。     

Retinal Electrophysiological Effects of Intravitreal Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats

Diabetic retinopathy is the most common cause of legal blindness in developed countries at middle age adults. In this study diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) in male Wistar albino rats. After 3 months of diabetes, rights eye were injected intravitreally with green fluorescein protein (GFP) labelled bone marrow derived stem cells (BMSC) and left eyes with balanced salt solution (Sham). Animals were grouped as Baseline (n = 51), Diabetic (n = 45), Diabetic+BMSC (n = 45 eyes), Diabetic+Sham (n = 45 eyes), Healthy+BMSC (n = 6 eyes), Healthy+Sham (n = 6 eyes). Immunohistology analysis showed an increased retinal gliosis in the Diabetic group, compared to Baseline group, which was assessed with GFAP and vimentin expression. In the immunofluorescence analysis BMSC were observed to integrate mostly into the inner retina and expressing GFP. Diabetic group had prominently lower oscillatory potential wave amplitudes than the Baseline group. Three weeks after intravitreal injection Diabetic+BMSC group had significantly better amplitudes than the Diabetic+Sham group. Taken together intravitreal BMSC were thought to improve visual function.     

Neurotrophins Regulate Bone Marrow Stromal Cell IL-6 Expression through the MAPK Pathway

Background

The host''s response to infection is characterized by altered levels of neurotrophins and an influx of inflammatory cells to sites of injured tissue. Progenitor cells that give rise to the differentiated cellular mediators of inflammation are derived from bone marrow progenitor cells where their development is regulated, in part, by cues from bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC). As such, alteration of BMSC function in response to elevated systemic mediators has the potential to alter their function in biologically relevant ways, including downstream alteration of cytokine production that influences hematopoietic development.

Methodology/Principal Findings

In the current study we investigated BMSC neurotrophin receptor expression by flow cytometric analysis to determine differences in expression as well as potential to respond to NGF or BDNF. Intracellular signaling subsequent to neurotrophin stimulation of BMSC was analyzed by western blot, microarray analysis, confocal microscopy and real-time PCR. Analysis of BMSC Interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression was completed using ELISA and real-time PCR.

Conclusion

BMSC established from different individuals had distinct expression profiles of the neurotrophin receptors, TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, and p75^NTR. These receptors were functional, demonstrated by an increase in Akt-phosphorylation following BMSC exposure to recombinant NGF or BDNF. Neurotrophin stimulation of BMSC resulted in increased IL-6 gene and protein expression which required activation of ERK and p38 MAPK signaling, but was not mediated by the NFκB pathway. BMSC response to neurotrophins, including the up-regulation of IL-6, may alter their support of hematopoiesis and regulate the availability of inflammatory cells for migration to sites of injury or infection. As such, these studies are relevant to the growing appreciation of the interplay between neurotropic mediators and the regulation of hematopoiesis.     

阿司匹林对骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗缺血性脑卒中的影响研究进展

阿司匹林是缺血性脑卒中患者急性期治疗药物及卒中再发的二级预防常用药物,骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)移植是治疗缺血性脑血管疾病的新的新兴技术。已证实阿司匹林可抑制骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖及影响骨髓间充质干细胞的分化。本文就阿司匹林对骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗缺血性脑卒中的影响等进行综述。     

Pluripotency of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells and Perspectives of Their Use in Cell Therapy

The possibility of differentiation of insulin-producing cells and neural and glial elements was demonstrated in the culture of bone marrow stromal cells. The perspectives of use of the bone marrow stromal cells in clinical medicine are considered.     

High-Fat Diet/Low-Dose Streptozotocin-Induced Type 2 Diabetes in Rats Impacts Osteogenesis and Wnt Signaling in Bone Marrow Stromal Cells

Bone regeneration disorders are a significant problem in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) are recognized as ideal seed cells for tissue engineering because they can stimulate osteogenesis during bone regeneration. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the osteogenic potential of BMSCs derived from type 2 diabetic rats and the pathogenic characteristics of dysfunctional BMSCs that affect osteogenesis. BMSCs were isolated from normal and high-fat diet+streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats. Cell metabolic activity, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, mineralization and osteogenic gene expression were reduced in the type 2 diabetic rat BMSCs. The expression levels of Wnt signaling genes, such as β-catenin, cyclin D1 and c-myc, were also significantly decreased in the type 2 diabetic rat BMSCs, but the expression of GSK3β remained unchanged. The derived BMSCs were cultured on calcium phosphate cement (CPC) scaffolds and placed subcutaneously into nude mice for eight weeks; they were detected at a low level in newly formed bone. The osteogenic potential of the type 2 diabetic rat BMSCs was not impaired by the culture environment, but it was impaired by inhibition of the Wnt signaling pathway, likely due to an insufficient accumulation of β-catenin rather than because of GSK3β stimulation. Using BMSCs derived from diabetic subjects could offer an alternative method of regenerating bone together with the use of supplementary growth factors to stimulate the Wnt signaling pathway.     

小鼠胎肝基质细胞体外扩增骨髓来源的LTC-IC

基质细胞是胎肝造血微环境的主要成分,参与造血干/祖细胞的自我更新、增殖分化的调控。为了研究小鼠胎肝基质细胞在造血微环境中的功能,采用转染SV40大T抗原基因的方法建立了小鼠胚胎期第12.5天（Embryonic-day 12.5, E12.5d）胎肝基质细胞系A4、B3,并进一步鉴定基质细胞系的一般细胞生物学特性和造血支持功能。结果：A4、B3为细胞形态、生长行为以及表面分子表达不同细胞系,二者均可维持骨髓源长期培养启动细胞（Longterm cultureinitiating cell,LTC-IC）至少4周并且有不同程度的扩增LTC-IC能力,其中B3扩增LTC-IC的能力是A4的83倍。外源性细胞因子组合SCF+IL-3+IL6+Epo在本实验体系中不影响LTC-IC数量的维持和扩增。暗示E12.5d胎肝造血微环境中基质细胞的功能是不同的,其机制有待进一步研究。     

Hypoxic Preconditioning Augments the Therapeutic Efficacy of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells in a Rat Ischemic Stroke Model

Transplantation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) is a promising therapy for ischemic stroke, but the poor oxygen environment in brain lesions limits the efficacy of cell-based therapies. Here, we tested whether hypoxic preconditioning (HP) could augment the efficacy of BMSC transplantation in a rat ischemic stroke model and investigated the underlying mechanism of the effect of HP. In vitro, BMSCs were divided into five passage (P0, P1, P2, P3, and P4) groups, and HP was applied to the groups by incubating the cells with 1% oxygen for 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h, respectively. We demonstrated that the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) was increased in the HP-treated BMSCs, while their viability was unchanged. We also found that HP decreased the apoptosis of BMSCs during subsequent simulated ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury, especially in the 8-h HP group. In vivo, a rat transient focal cerebral ischemia model was established. These rats were administered normal cultured BMSCs (N-BMSCs), HP-treated BMSCs (H-BMSCs), or DMEM cell culture medium (control) at 24 h after the ischemic insult. Compared with the DMEM control group, the two BMSC-transplanted groups exhibited significantly improved functional recovery and reduced infarct volume, especially the H-BMSC group. Moreover, HP decreased neuronal apoptosis and enhanced the expression of BDNF and VEGF in the ischemic brain. Survival and differentiation of transplanted BMSCs were also increased by HP, and the quantity of engrafted BMSCs was significantly correlated with neurological function improvement. These results suggest that HP may enhance the therapeutic efficacy of BMSCs in an ischemic stroke model. The underlying mechanism likely involves the inhibition of caspase-3 activation and an increasing expression of HIF-1α, which promotes angiogenesis and neurogenesis and thereby reduces neuronal death and improves neurological function.     

二甲双胍调控糖尿病大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖和分化

虽然二甲双胍广泛用于治疗2型糖尿病,但是其对骨骼的潜在影响知之甚少。因此,本研究评估了二甲双胍对培养的大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)和脂肪细胞两者的分化以及增殖的影响。首先随机组形成对照实验,其中对照组为在不经二甲双胍处理培养基中培养MSCs细胞21 d,而二甲双胍组则在用100μmol/L二甲双胍处理培养基中培养MSCs 21 d。结果表明,二甲双胍增强了大鼠MSCs的成骨细胞分化细胞中ALP的活性,抑制了培养中MSCs脂肪形成分化的过程,但是增强了MSCs细胞的增殖能力。     

Dimethyloxaloylglycine Improves Angiogenic Activity of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells in the Tissue-Engineered Bone

One of the big challenges in tissue engineering for treating large bone defects is to promote the angiogenesis of the tissue-engineered bone. Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) plays an important role in angiogenesis-osteogenesis coupling during bone regeneration, and can activate a broad array of angiogenic factors. Dimethyloxaloylglycine (DMOG) can activate HIF-1α expression in cells at normal oxygen tension. In this study, we explored the effect of DMOG on the angiogenic activity of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in the tissue-engineered bone. The effect of different concentrations of DMOG on HIF-1a expression in BMSCs was detected with western blotting, and the mRNA expression and secretion of related angiogenic factors in DMOG-treated BMSCs were respectively analyzed using qRT-PCR and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The tissue-engineered bone constructed with β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and DMOG-treated BMSCs were implanted into the critical-sized calvarial defects to test the effectiveness of DMOG in improving the angiogenic activity of BMSCs in the tissue-engineered bone. The results showed DMOG significantly enhanced the mRNA expression and secretion of related angiogenic factors in BMSCs by activating the expression of HIF-1α. More newly formed blood vessels were observed in the group treated with β-TCP and DMOG-treated BMSCs than in other groups. And there were also more bone regeneration in the group treated with β-TCP and DMOG-treated BMSCs. Therefore, we believed DMOG could enhance the angiogenic activity of BMSCs by activating the expression of HIF-1α, thereby improve the angiogenesis of the tissue-engineered bone and its bone healing capacity.     

阿司匹林对体外培养骨髓基质细胞成骨性分化的影响

目的：探讨阿司匹林对骨髓基质细胞成骨性分化的影响。方法：培养SD大鼠骨髓基质细胞（BMSCs）,传代3次后进行成骨诱导分化,诱导培养基中加入不同浓度阿司匹林（0.5、1、2、5、10mmol/L）,同时设立对照组。采用cck-8法分析细胞增殖情况。比较阿司匹林组与对照组在细胞碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性、骨钙素（OC）分泌量、钙结节染色等方面的成骨性差异。结果：阿司匹林无促进细胞增殖活性,而高浓度阿司匹林能够强烈抑制细胞增殖。0.5、1、2mmol/L浓度阿司匹林可促进BMSCs的成骨性分化,中低浓度组碱性磷酸酶含量、骨钙素分泌量在不同阶段显著高于对照组。14天茜素红染色可见中低浓度组钙结节数量高于对照组。结论：中低浓度阿司匹林作用于骨髓基质细胞可促进其成骨细胞特性表达,这表明阿司匹林有促进骨代谢合成的作用。     

阿司匹林对体外培养骨髓基质细胞成骨性分化的影响

目的:探讨阿司匹林对骨髓基质细胞成骨性分化的影响。方法:培养SD大鼠骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs),传代3次后进行成骨诱导分化,诱导培养基中加入不同浓度阿司匹林(0.5、1、2、5、10mmol/L),同时设立对照组。采用cck-8法分析细胞增殖情况。比较阿司匹林组与对照组在细胞碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性、骨钙素(OC)分泌量、钙结节染色等方面的成骨性差异。结果:阿司匹林无促进细胞增殖活性,而高浓度阿司匹林能够强烈抑制细胞增殖。0.5、1、2mmol/L浓度阿司匹林可促进BMSCs的成骨性分化,中低浓度组碱性磷酸酶含量、骨钙素分泌量在不同阶段显著高于对照组。14天茜素红染色可见中低浓度组钙结节数量高于对照组。结论:中低浓度阿司匹林作用于骨髓基质细胞可促进其成骨细胞特性表达,这表明阿司匹林有促进骨代谢合成的作用。     

2型糖尿病模型GK大鼠骨形态学和生物力学特点观察

目的观察2型糖尿病模型GK大鼠的骨代谢特点以及骨密度和骨生物力学特性的变化。方法采用雄性6月龄GK大鼠10只,以月龄、性别匹配的健康Wistar大鼠作为正常对照。颈静脉取血检测与骨代谢有关的生化指标。DXA法测定股骨和腰椎骨密度,并行股骨三点弯曲实验和腰椎压缩实验。甲基丙烯酸甲酯包埋胫骨干骺端以制备不脱钙骨切片。应用多媒体病理图像分析软件进行骨组织形态计量学分析。结果GK大鼠体重明显低于健康对照Wistar大鼠（P〈0.01）。与对照组相比,GK大鼠血清骨钙素水平明显降低[（4.97±0.49,6.75±0.71）μg/mL,P〈0.01],而抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶活性明显升高[（17.92±5.23,8.31±2.69）U/L,P〈0.01],但血钙和血磷无明显变化（P〉0.05）;股骨和腰椎骨密度显著降低[（0.16±0.01,0.22±0.02;0.12±0.01,0.16±0.02）g/cm2,P〈0.01];骨强度和腰椎的弹性模量明显降低（P〈0.01）。骨形态学分析显示GK大鼠股骨长度和第五腰椎高度分别降低10.3%和9.5%（P〈0.01）,股骨和腰椎横截面积无明显变化（P〉0.05）。骨组织形态计量学分析显示,GK大鼠骨小梁体积、骨小梁厚度、类骨质表面和厚度明显降低[（15.72±1.18,19.13±1.13）%,（61.91±4.54,74.43±3.63）μm,（18.18±1.25,19.63±1.07）%,（3.68±0.48,4.34±0.35）μm,P〈0.01或0.05],动态参数如矿化表面、矿化沉积率和骨形成率也明显降低[（17.77±1.54,19.56±2.07）%,（1.07±0.22,1.35±0.16;0.20±0.03,0.26±0.04）μm/day,P〈0.05或0.01],而矿化延迟时间显著延长（2.66±0.56,2.12±0.35,P〈0.05）。结论非肥胖的GK大鼠表现有骨量减少和骨折危险性增加;2型糖尿病本身可干扰成骨细胞功能和活性而导致骨重建失衡。     

Haemopoietic Inductive Capacity of Irradiated Stromal Cell Layers In Human Micro Long-Term Bone Marrow Cultures

Abstract. In a micro long-term bone marrow culture (LTBMC) system the effects of irradiation on confluent stromal cell layers were studied. In order to individually analyse the number of granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells (GM-CFC) per LTBMC a miniaturized human GM-CFC assay was established. the normalized GM-CFC numbers in the micro-assay compared well with data by the conventional GM-CFC assay. Pre-formed stromal cell layers were irradiated with doses up to 20 Gy and subsequently recharged with allogeneic bone marrow cells (BMC). Immediately before recharge the BMC were stromal cell-depleted by nylon wool filtration. When stromal cell-depleted BMC were inoculated on empty culture dishes, in vitro haemopoiesis rapidly declined. Sustained GM-CFC production, however, was seen when these cells were used as a second inoculum. It is concluded that irradiation doses of up to 20 Gy do not cause alteration of the haemopoietic inductive capacity of confluent stromal cell layers.     

Autologous Bone Marrow Cell Therapy and Metabolic Intervention in Ischemia-Induced Angiogenesis in the Diabetic Mouse Hindlimb

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a major health problem especially when associated to diabetes. Administration of autologous bone marrow cells (BMC) is emerging as a novel intervention to induce therapeutic angiogenesis in experimental ischemic limb models and in patients with PAD. Since tissue ischemia and diabetes are associated with an overwhelming generation of oxygen radicals and detrimental effects due to formation of glycosylation end-products, metabolic intervention with antioxidants and L-arginine can confer beneficial effects beyond those achieved by BMC alone. The effects of cotreatment with intravenous BMCs and metabolic vascular protection (1.0% vitamin E, 0.05% vitamin C, and 6% L-arginine) were examined in the ischemic hindlimb of diabetic and non diabetic mice. BMC therapy increased blood flow and capillary densities and Ki67 proliferative marker, and decreased interstitial fibrosis. This effect was amplified by metabolic cotreatment, an intervention inducing vascular protection, at least in part, through the nitric oxide pathway, reduction of systemic oxidative stress, and macrophage activation.