人工microRNAs对拟南芥At1g13770和At2g23470基因的特异沉默

DUF647(Domain of unknown function 647)蛋白家族是在真核生物中广泛存在的、高度保守的蛋白家族。拟南芥中该基因家族共有6个成员,迄今为止拟南芥DUF647家族中4个成员的功能尚不清楚。文章以拟南芥内源MIR319a前体为骨架,构建了敲减DUF647家族中2个基因At1g13770和At2g23470表达的人工microRNAs(Artifical microRNAs,amiRNAs)。利用WMD(Web microRNA designer)平台设计分别靶向At1g13770和At2g23470基因的amiRNAs序列,通过重叠PCR置换拟南芥MIR319a前体序列。构建融合amiRNAs前体的植物表达载体pCHF3-amiRNAs,在农杆菌介导下转化拟南芥。RT-PCR分析表明,amiRNAs能够显著抑制At1g13770和At2g23470基因的表达,获得了抑制效果明显的转基因株系。At2g23470-amiRNA转基因植株At2g23470转录水平的下调导致育性严重下降。文章为进一步研究这两个基因的功能奠定了良好的基础。     

人工microRNAs对拟南芥At1g13770和At2g23470基因的特异沉默

DUF647 (Domain of unknown function 647) 蛋白家族是在真核生物中广泛存在的、高度保守的蛋白家族。拟南芥中该基因家族共有6个成员, 迄今为止拟南芥DUF647家族中4个成员的功能尚不清楚。文章以拟南芥内源MIR319a前体为骨架, 构建了敲减DUF647家族中2个基因At1g13770和At2g23470表达的人工microRNAs(Artifical microRNAs, amiRNAs)。利用WMD(Web microRNA designer)平台设计分别靶向At1g13770和At2g23470基因的amiRNAs序列, 通过重叠PCR置换拟南芥MIR319a前体序列。构建融合amiRNAs前体的植物表达载体pCHF3-amiRNAs, 在农杆菌介导下转化拟南芥。RT-PCR分析表明, amiRNAs能够显著抑制At1g13770和At2g23470基因的表达, 获得了抑制效果明显的转基因株系。At2g23470-amiRNA转基因植株At2g23470转录水平的下调导致育性严重下降。文章为进一步研究这两个基因的功能奠定了良好的基础。     

The Commelina Yellow Mottle Virus Promoter Is a Strong Promoter in Vascular Tissue of Transgenic Gossypium hirsutum Plants

Explants of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Jingmian 7) were transformed with Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith et Townsend ) Conn LBA4404 harboring an expression cassette composed of CoYMV (Commelina Yellow Mottle Virus) promoter-gus-nos terminator on the plant expression vector pBcopd2. Transgenic plants were regenerated and selected on a medium containing kanamycin. GUS (β-glucuronidase) activity assays and Southern blot analysis confirmed that the chimerical gus gene was integrated into and expressed in the regenerated cotton plants. Plant expression vector pBI121 was also transferred into the same cotton variety and the regenerated transgenic plants were used as a positive control in GUS activity analysis. Evidences from histochemical analysis of GUS activity demonstrated that under the control of a 597 bp CoYMV promoter the gus gene was highly expressed in the vascular tissues of leaves, petioles, stems, roots, hypocotyls, bracteal leaves and most of the flower parts while GUS activity could not be detected in stigma, anther sac and developing cotton fibers of the transgenic cotton plants. GUS specific activity in various organs and tissues from transgenic cotton lines was determined and the results indicated that the CoYMV promoter-gus activities were at the same level or higher than that of CaMV 35S promoter-gus in leaf veins and roots where the vascular tissues occupy a relatively larger part of the organs, but in other organs like leaves, cotyledons and hypocotyls where the vascular tissues occupy a smaller part of the organs the CoYMV promoter-gus activity was only 1/3-1/5 of the CaMV 35S promoter-gus activity. The GUS activity ratio between veins and leaves was averaged 0.5 for 35S-GUS plants and about 2.0 for CoYMV promoter-gus transgenic plants. These results further demonstrated the vascular specific property of the promoter in transgenic cotton plants. An increasing trend of GUS activity in leaf vascular tissues of transgenic cotton plants developing from young to older was observed.     

拟南芥冷诱导型启动子CBF 3的克隆及活性检测

目的：构建冷诱导型启动子CBF3基因的植物表达载体,并将其转入烟草。方法：以拟南芥基因组DNA为模板,通过特异PCR扩增,克隆冷诱导表达启动子CBF3（C-repeat binding factor）。用CBF3启动子替换pBI121载体上的35S启动子构建新的载体pBC-GUS,通过农杆菌介导的叶盘法转化烟草。结果：获得了转基因烟草,转基因烟草的GUS组织化学染色及PCR分析结果表明,在低温诱导下,CBF3启动子可增强GUS基因表达。结论：CBF3启动子可应用于植物抗冷基因工程研究。     

Activation of a Bean Chitinase Promoter in Transgenic Tobacco Plants by Phytopathogenic Fungi

The temporal and spatial expression of a bean chitinase promoter has been investigated in response to fungal attack. Analysis of transgenic tobacco plants containing a chimeric gene composed of a 1.7-kilobase fragment carrying the chitinase 5B gene promoter fused to the coding region of the gus A gene indicated that the chitinase promoter is activated during attack by the fungal pathogens Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani, and Sclerotium rolfsii. Although induction of [beta]-glucuronidase activity was observed in tissues that had not been exposed to these phytopathogens, the greatest induction occurred in and around the site of fungal infection. The increase in [beta]-glucuronidase activity closely paralleled the increase in endogenous tobacco chitinase activity produced in response to fungal infection. Thus, the chitinase 5B-gus A fusion gene may be used to analyze the cellular and molecular details of the activation of the host defense system during pathogen attack.     

Isolation and Functional Validation of Salinity and Osmotic Stress Inducible Promoter from the Maize Type-II H+-Pyrophosphatase Gene by Deletion Analysis in Transgenic Tobacco Plants

Salinity and drought severely affect both plant growth and productivity, making the isolation and characterization of salinity- or drought-inducible promoters suitable for genetic improvement of crop resistance highly desirable. In this study, a 1468-bp sequence upstream of the translation initiation codon ATG of the promoter for ZmGAPP (maize Type-II H⁺-pyrophosphatase gene) was cloned. Nine 5´ deletion fragments (D1–D9) of different lengths of the ZmGAPP promoter were fused with the GUS reporter and translocated into tobacco. The deletion analysis showed that fragments D1–D8 responded well to NaCl and PEG stresses, whereas fragment D9 and CaMV 35S did not. The D8 segment (219 bp; -219 to -1 bp) exhibited the highest promoter activity of all tissues, with the exception of petals among the D1–D9 transgenic tobacco, which corresponds to about 10% and 25% of CaMV 35S under normal and NaCl or PEG stress conditions, respectively. As such, the D8 segment may confer strong gene expression in a salinity and osmotic stress inducible manner. A 71-bp segment (-219 to -148 bp) was considered as the key region regulating ZmGAPP response to NaCl or PEG stress, as transient transformation assays demonstrated that the 71-bp sequence was sufficient for the salinity or osmotic stress response. These results enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating ZmGAPP expression, and that the D8 promoter would be an ideal candidate for moderating expression of drought and salinity response genes in transgenic plants.     

拟南芥未知功能基因At4g22890 编码蛋白的叶绿体定位

蛋白质的亚细胞定位信息对于深入了解该蛋白质的功能具有重要意义。本文对一个预测的拟南芥叶绿体未知功能基因At4g22890 编码蛋白进行了叶绿体定位研究。我们克隆了该基因5′端长208 bp 的DNA 片段, 与绿色荧光蛋白(GFP) 基因构建重组表达载体pMON530-cTP-GFP, 经农杆菌介导转化拟南芥。转基因植株经激光共聚焦显微镜观察, GFP 荧光仅在叶绿体中观察到, 表明所克隆的DNA 序列编码的多肽能够将At4g22890 编码蛋白质引导进入叶绿体, 由此推测该蛋白质为叶绿体蛋白质。     

拟南芥未知功能基因At4g22890编码蛋白的叶绿体定位

蛋白质的亚细胞定位信息对于深入了解该蛋白质的功能具有重要意义。本文对一个预测的拟南芥叶绿体未知功能基因At4g22890编码蛋白进行了叶绿体定位研究。我们克隆了该基因5′端长208bp的DNA片段,与绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因构建重组表达载体pMON530-cTP-GFP,经农杆菌介导转化拟南芥。转基因植株经激光共聚焦显微镜观察,GFP荧光仅在叶绿体中观察到,表明所克隆的DNA序列编码的多肽能够将At4g22890编码蛋白质引导进入叶绿体,由此推测该蛋白质为叶绿体蛋白质。     

An Isopentyl Transferase Gene Driven by the Stress-Inducible rd29A Promoter Improves Salinity Stress Tolerance in Transgenic Tobacco

Soil salinity is a serious worldwide problem. To improve the salt tolerance of plants, an increasing number of genes related to abiotic stress have been recently expressed by genetic engineers. In the present study, the successful introduction into tobacco of isopentenyl transferase (IPT) from Agrobacterium tumefaciens via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is reported. A stress-inducible genetic construct was cloned using IPT under the control of the stress-inducible promoter rd29A from Arabidopsis thaliana. A total of 40 putative transgenic plant lines were obtained from independent Kan-resistant shoots. IPT integration into the tobacco genome was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blot analyses. Four positive transgenic lines each with a single T-DNA insertion were obtained. Real-time PCR confirmed a marked increase in IPT expression in young tobacco plants harboring rd29A-IPT after short-term exposure to salt. Ectopic IPT overexpression IPT under the control of the stress-inducible rd29A promoter resulted in significantly enhanced tolerance to salt stress. No obvious adverse effect on growth and development was observed in transgenic plants. Two IPT transgenic lines, T10 and T25, were chosen for further physiological analyses. The leaves of transgenic tobacco plants showed significantly prolonged chlorophyll retention times under a 2-week salt-stress treatment (150?mmol?L^?1). In contrast, the leaves of the non-transformed plants (wild type) gradually senesced under the same condition. After re-watering for 2?weeks, chlorophyll in transgenic plants increased to a level comparable with that in the unstressed plants. On the other hand, the level in the non-transgenic control still remained low. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased in both transgenic plants and the control after salt stress. However, the MDA levels only mildly increased in transgenic plants, and dramatically increased in the control. After re-watering for 7?days, MDA in transgenic plants returned to normal, whereas the level in the control remained high. Superoxide dismutase activity also similarly increased in transgenic plants during salt stress, and returned to normal after re-watering. These results indicate that enhanced reactive oxygen species scavenging capability may play a significant role in acquiring tolerance to abiotic stress.     

Analysis of Arabidopsis PsbQ A Gene Expression in Transgenic Tobacco Reveals Differential Role of Its Promoter and Transcribed Region in Organ-specific and Light-mediated Regulation

Arabidopsis PsbQ, encoding a 16 kDa protein of the oxygen-evolving complex, is regulated by light and is expressed preferentially in leaf tissues. To analyze the components required for light-regulated and organ-specific expression of PsbQA, several promoter constructs were generated and expressed in tobacco. The 2.2 kb promoter could confer organ-specific expression of the reporter gene, whereas regulatory elements for light-dependent induction could not be located within this promoter and the transcribed region extending up to a second exon, represented by a genomic fragment encompassing the gene. The genomic fragment representing the transcribed region, however, could confer light regulation even on a constitutive promoter, as observed by steady-state mRNA analysis in T0 and T1 tobacco plants. The results obtained have led to the conclusion that regulatory elements for organ-specificity mainly reside in the promoter region whereas the transcribed region of the gene has an important role in light regulation.     

The Promoter of the Gene for Plastidic Glutamine Synthetase (GS2) fromRice Is Developmentally Regulated and Exhibits Substrate-Induced Expression in Transgenic Tobacco Plants

A 1.3-kb fragment from the 5'-flanking region of the RGS-38gene, which encodes the plastidic glutamine synthetase in Oryzasativa L., was fused to a ß-glucuronidase (GUS) reportergene and introduced into Nicotiana tabacum by Agrobacterium-mediatedtransformation. The promoter directed GUS expression, both inleaves and in roots, and the expression of GUS was regulatedby light. The GUS activity was high in the mature leaves ofthe transgenic tobacco plants, in marked contrast to the activityof the GS1 promoter. The GS2 promoter also responded to externallyapplied ammonia, as is the case for the GS1 promoter. Theseresults suggest that the cis-acting regulatory elements thatcontrol the response to ammonia, a substrate for glutamine synthetase,are located within a 1.3-kb region of the promoter. (Received October 1, 1991; Accepted January 20, 1992)     

Prevention of aggregation after refolding by balanced stabilization-destabilization: production of the Arabidopsis thaliana protein APG8a (At4g21980) for NMR structure determination

The gene coding for APG8a (At4g21980), a protein from Arabidopsis thaliana, is involved in the autophagy process. The protein is an interesting candidate for structure determination by NMR spectroscopy. Toward this end, APG8a fused to an N-terminal His-tag has been expressed in Escherichia coli under a T7 expression system, refolded in vitro, and kept soluble by slight destabilization. The expressed protein appeared in both the soluble and the insoluble fractions. The whole-cell lysate was denatured by the addition of guanidinium chloride. The protein was immobilized on nickel-agarose resin and refolded by stepwise decrement of the denaturant. The elution buffer was 20 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.0, with 1% glycerol, 0.5 M urea, 300 mM NaCl, and 1 M imidazole. After the removal of imidazole by ultrafiltration, the His-tag was cleaved with biotinylated thrombin. The protein product was kept in 20 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.0, with 1% glycerol, 0.5 M urea, and 300 mM NaCl. The protein was found to aggregate extensively over time if any one of the three ingredients (sodium chloride, urea, or glycerol) was omitted. The yield of the protein was around 20 mg/L Luria-Bertani culture medium. The (1)H-(15)N NMR correlation spectrum of (15)N-labeled APG8a showed the characteristic signature of a folded protein; thus, the solutes appear to have no deleterious effect on the sample. These solution conditions kept the protein soluble and unaggregated for at least 2 days (enough time for NMR data collection). This approach of balanced stabilization-destabilization may offer a general approach for structural investigations of proteins that tend to aggregate.     

干旱诱导性启动子驱动的海藻糖－6－磷酸合酶基因载体的构建及转基因烟草的耐旱性

The trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene (TPS) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen and the drought-responsive promoter from Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. have been cloned by PCR procedure. A plant expression vector with TPS under control of Prd29A has been constructed and used for the genetic transformation of tobacco. The transgenic tobacco with Prd29A/TSP demonstrated TPS expression with increased drought tolerance under drought stress. Some obvious morphological changes including dwarf and fine shoot, lancet-shaped leaves and vigorous auxiliary buds have been observed in a few transformed plants.     

Erratum to: Enhanced Tolerance to Water Deficit and Salinity Stress in Transgenic Lycium barbarum L. Plants Ectopically Expressing ATHK1, an Arabidopsis thaliana Histidine Kinase Gene

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