Epigenetics

Emerging evidence is shedding light on a large and complex network of epigenetic modifications at play in human stem cells. This “epigenetic landscape” governs the fine-tuning and precision of gene expression programs that define the molecular basis of stem cell pluripotency, differentiation and reprogramming. This review will focus on recent progress in our understanding of the processes that govern this landscape in stem cells, such as histone modification, DNA methylation, alterations of chromatin structure due to chromatin remodeling and non-coding RNA activity. Further investigation into stem cell epigenetics promises to provide novel advances in the diagnosis and treatment of a wide array of human diseases.     

纤毛虫分子系统发育学的研究进展

在回顾纤毛虫分子系统发育学产生发展历史的基础上,介绍了随着20年中RFLP、RAPD和DNA序列分析等分子生物学技术作为该学科的主要研究方法在种群遗传多样性与进化、种上阶元系统发育学两方面取得的研究成果和近期研究进展,最后在探讨纤毛虫分子系统发育学存在的一些问题和解决方法的同时,预测了纤毛虫分子系统发育学今后将极大地推动真核生物的起源与进化,内共生等重要生物进化问题的研究。     

Chemical Signaling in Ciliates

ABSTRACT. For long, our knowledge of the biology of ciliate pheromones has long relied solely upon the study of the two structurally unrelated "gamones" identified in culture filtrates of a Blepharisma species. However, the characterization of a number of polypeptide pheromones secreted by Euplotes raikovi and E. octocarinatus has now established that structural relationships of homology usually link these molecules, which is consistent with the genetic basis of the mating type systems evolved by these species. In this context, our growing appreciation of the conserved and variable elements of the pheromone architecture should foster progress in the understanding of pheromone-receptor interactions and thus, provide important clues into pheromone mechanisms of action.     

Epigenetics of asthma

Asthma is caused by both heritable and environmental factors. It has become clear that genetic studies do not adequately explain the heritability and susceptibility to asthma. The study of epigenetics, heritable non-coding changes to DNA may help to explain the heritable component of asthma. Additionally, epigenetic modifications can be influenced by the environment, including pollution and cigarette smoking, which are known asthma risk factors. These environmental trigger-induced epigenetic changes may be involved in skewing the immune system towards a Th2 phenotype following in utero exposure and thereby enhancing the risk of asthma. Alternatively, they may directly or indirectly modulate the immune and inflammatory processes in asthmatics via effects on treatment responsiveness. The study of epigenetics may therefore play an important role in our understanding and possible treatment of asthma and other allergic diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Biochemistry of Asthma.     

原生动物纤毛虫皮层细胞骨架的研究进展

总结了应用显微和亚显微技术、生化去膜和扫描电镜术、免疫荧光显微术等显示的原生动物纤毛虫皮层细胞骨架的基本结构,以及皮层细胞骨架结构组分中α-,β-和γ-微管蛋白、表质蛋白和联结蛋白、中心蛋白等的功能特征,并分析了未来研究的基本趋势。     

Ciliates in Extreme Environments

As eukaryotic microbial life, ciliated protozoan may be found actively growing in some extreme condition where there is a sufficient energy source to sustain it because they are exceedingly adaptable and not notably less adaptable than the prokaryotes. However, a crucial problem in the study of ciliates in extreme environments is the lack of reliable cultivation techniques. To our knowledge, only a tiny fraction of ciliates can be cultured in the laboratory, even for a very limited period, which can partly explain the paucity of our understanding about ciliates diversity in various extremes although the interest in the biodiversity of extremophiles increased significantly during the past three decades. This mini‐review aims to compile the knowledge of several groups of free‐living ciliates that can be microscopically observed in extreme environmental samples, although most habitats have not been sufficiently well explored for sound generalizations.     

Epigenetics of asthma

Asthma is caused by both heritable and environmental factors. It has become clear that genetic studies do not adequately explain the heritability and susceptibility to asthma. The study of epigenetics, heritable non-coding changes to DNA may help to explain the heritable component of asthma. Additionally, epigenetic modifications can be influenced by the environment, including pollution and cigarette smoking, which are known asthma risk factors. These environmental trigger-induced epigenetic changes may be involved in skewing the immune system towards a Th2 phenotype following in utero exposure and thereby enhancing the risk of asthma. Alternatively, they may directly or indirectly modulate the immune and inflammatory processes in asthmatics via effects on treatment responsiveness. The study of epigenetics may therefore play an important role in our understanding and possible treatment of asthma and other allergic diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Biochemistry of Asthma.     

Epigenetics and cancer

Epigenetics is defined as "the study of mitotically and/or meiotically heritable changes in gene expression that cannot be explained by changes in the DNA sequence". Setting up the epigenetic program is crucial for correct development and its stable inheritance throughout its lifespan is essential for the maintenance of the tissue- and cell-specific functions of the organism. For many years, the genetic causes of cancer have hold centre stage. However, the recent wealth of information about the molecular mechanisms which, by modulating the chromatin structure, can regulate gene expression has high-lighted the predominant role of epigenetic modifications in the initiation and progression of numerous pathologies, including cancer. The nucleosome is the major target of these epigenetic regulation mechanisms. They include a series of tightly interconnected steps which starting with the setting ("writing") of the epigenetic mark till its "reading" and interpretation will result in long-term gene regulation. The major epigenetic changes associated with tumorigenesis are aberrant DNA methylation of CpG islands located in the promoter region of tumor suppressor gene, global genomic hypomethylation and covalent modifications of histone N-terminal tails which are protruding out from the nucleosome core. In sharp contrast with genetic modifications, epigenetic modifications are highly dynamic and reversible. The characterization of specific inhibitors directed against some key epigenetic players has opened a new and promising therapeutic avenue, the epigenetic therapy, since some inhibitors are already used in clinical trials.     

胎盘发生中的表观遗传学

胚外组织尤其是胎盘的正常发生对于维持哺乳动物胎儿在子宫中的发育和生长是必须的。胎盘发生是一个复杂的基因表达调控的过程,近年来的研究表明表观遗传在该过程中也起着重要作用。表观遗传调控在胎盘发生过程的几个主要事件中发挥作用,包括表观遗传对滋养层细胞分化和发育的调控、印记基因对胎盘发生和营养转运的调控、胎盘中的X染色体失活,以及胎盘表观遗传调控异常所导致的妊娠相关疾病。