Phylogeny and cladistic classification of terrestrial nemerteans: the genera Pantinonemertes Moore & Gibson and Geonemertes Semper

Evolutionary relationships among seven species from two genera ( Pantinonemertes and Geonemertes ) of terrestrial nemerteans (phylum Nemertea) were estimated by a Wagner analysis of 27 morphological, ecological and life history characters. Pantinonemertes was found to be a paraphyletic taxon, and it is suggested that this genus should be combined with Geonemertes to form a monophyletic group. A previous hypothesis for how terrestrial nemerteans evolved is discussed and compared to the results of the cladistic analysis. This suggests that terrestrial and semi-terrestrial species evolved from a marine ancestor; the upper littoral and marine environments have been recolonized by descendants from a terrestrial ancestor.     

Nemerteans of the Great Barrier Reef 5. Enopla Hoplonemertea (Monostilifera)

Three new species of monostiliferous hoplonemerteans from the Great Barrier Reef province of Australia are described and illustrated. These are, with their families indicated in parentheses, Poseidonemertes bothwellae sp. nov. (Amphiporidae), Nemertes hermaphroditicus sp. nov. (Emplectonematidae) and Pantinonemertes mooreae sp. nov. (Prosorhochmidae).     

The Geonemertes problem (Nemertea)

A new genus of monostiliferous hoplonemerteans, Pantinonemertes gen. nov., provides evidence for the separate evolution of terrestrial nemerteans. The genus is established for two new species found in Australia, P. enalios sp. nov., an intertidal form, and P. winsori sp. nov., which lives in fallen timber in the supralittoral brackish water regions of mangrove swamps. One only of the known species of land nemerteans, Geonemertes agricola from Bermuda, closely resembles these two species morphologically and is transferred to the new genus as Pantinonemertes agricola .
A re-examination of all the known species of Geonemertes has shown that two major groups can be distinguished on the basis of morphological characters. In one group the rhynchocoel musculature is in two distinct layers, a frontal organ is present, the mid-dorsal blood vessel has a single vascular plug, and the flame cells are binucleate and reinforced with cuticular support bars. It comprises the genus Pantinonemertes gen, nov, and the Pelaensis or Indopacific group of terrestrial nemerteans, for which the generic name Geonemertes is retained. In the second major group the rhynchocoel musculature is composed of interwoven longitudinal and circular fibres, there is no frontal organ, the mid-dorsal blood vessel bears two vascular plugs, and the flame cells are mononucleate and lack support bars. Five genera, three of which are new, are distinguished in this group. Australian species are united in the genus Argonemertes gen. nov., and New Zealand forms comprise the genus Antiponemertes gen. nov., while Acteonemertes bathamae from New Zealand and the Auckland and Ocean Islands remains in a separate genus. Geonemertes nightingaleensis is transferred to a new genus, Katechonemertes gen. nov., and for Geonemertes chalicophora a previously used generic name, Leptonemertes , is adopted.
A key to the terrestrial, brackish-water and marine nemertean species described in the present paper is provided.     

Terrestrial nemerteans thirty years on

The present paper records changes in the reported distribution and abundance of terrestrial nemerteans during the last 30 years. New records are reported from the Isles of Scilly, Bermuda and New Zealand of species previously only known elsewhere. Human activity, especially the increased importation and exportation of plants between countries, has probably led to terrestrial nemerteans, as well as other organisms, becoming introduced into many new localities. However, the conservation outlook is not hopeful because of a global loss of appropriate habitat, particularly forests. Today three species (Geonemertes rodericana Gulliver, 1879, Pantinonemertes agricola Willemoes-Suhm, 1874 and Antiponemertes allisonae Moore, 1973) are feared to be extinct, and none of the extant species seem to be as abundant as they once were. Behavioural changes in Antiponemertes pantini (Southgate, 1954) under arid conditions may be associated with heavy gregarine infestations.     

Aspects of the biology of Pantinonemertes californiensis,a high intertidal nemertean

I studied the distribution, feeding biology, and reproductive biology of Pantinonemertes californiensis, described as a semi-terrestrial nemertean, along the central California coast. At the sites used in this study, maximal tidal height is about 2 m, and P. californiensis typically occurred under boulders between 1.3 and 1.7 m tidal height. Worms fed primarily on the semi-terrestrial amphipod Traskorchestia traskiana. Distribution of nemerteans was similar to that of the prey, although prey extended higher on the beach than did the worms. Nemerteans were largest and most abundant at the site with highest abundance of T. traskiana and smallest and least abundant at the lowest prey abundance site. In laboratory feeding trials, nemerteans from the site with lowest prey abundance fed most readily. Non-reproductive nemerteans lived for at least a week when submerged in sea water; some prey died within a week of being submerged. Nemerteans only lived minutes when submerged in fresh water; 50% of prey lived 4.5 h. Eggs are approximately 90–100 μm in diameter and hundreds to thousands are shed per female. Larvae are planktonic and apparently planktotrophic, and are morphologically similar to other marine hoplonemertean larvae. At the sites studied life history characteristics of P. californiensis provided little evidence of adaptations to terrestrial life in these worms and were not helpful in elucidating the role of semi-terrestrial nemerteans in the evolution of terrestrial nemerteans.     

A new mangrove-dwelling nemertean from China

Nemertean specimens were collected from the mangrove zone in the estuary of Jiulong Jiang River. Histological studies revealed that they belong to genus Pantinonemertes but differed from the known taxa of the genus. In the present paper they are described as a new species, Pantinonemertes fujianensis sp. nov. The immature specimens, with the body rounded anteriorly and somewhat dorso-ventrally flattened in intestinal region, measured about 85–120 mm long and 1.5–2.0 mm wide. Dark pigment is concentrated along the mid-dorsal line to form a longitudinal stripe that extends for most of the body length. The head possesses a pair of horizontal longitudinal furrows, a pair of oblique lateral furrows and four eyes. A precerebral septum is absent. The proboscis is well developed and possesses 19 large proboscis nerves. The frontal organ is a well-developed tubular structure, with the epithelium regionally differentiated. Cephalic glands are extensive, consisting of faintly stained small glands that open into the frontal organ, large blocks of clear gland and orange-staining glands (stained with Mallory triple method) that open through the ducts penetrating the body wall. The excretory system consists of numerous binucleate flame cells especially in the anterior body region, each flame cell possesses 7–9 transverse cuticular support rings. Excretory tubules either open to exterior via the efferent ducts penetrating the body wall or open into the frontal organ. Lateral nerve cords are without accessory lateral nerves.     

The fine structure of the protonephridial system in the land nemertean Pantinonemertes californiensis (Rhynchocoela,Enopla, Hoplonemertini)

Summary The protonephridial terminal organ in the nemertean Pantinonemertes californiensis is composed of two cells that are similar in size and shape and are mirror images of each other. Basally in the organ the two cells combine to form a binucleate cytoplasmic mass. Apically they are intimately joined to form a subcylindrical thin-walled weir apparatus; this part is supported by two opposed cytoplasmic columns running the length of the weir region, one originating from each of the two cells, and by a number of regularly spaced circular bars that arise from the two columns. The ciliary flame consists of 94–114 cilia that originate in the bases of the two cells, and it is surrounded by a palisade of incomplete circlets of long, straight microvilli. The convoluted protonephridial tubule is rich in structures that indicate intensive reabsorption from the primary urine. It is argued that the terminal organs in Pantinonemertes and Geonemertes are fundamentally similar and differ only in the amount of microtubules present in the longitudinal supports.Abbreviations BL basal lamina - CF ciliary flame - CT connective tissue - CV coated vesicle - E endocytotic pit - FM filtration membrane - G Golgi complex - LC longitudinal cytoplasmic column - M mitochondrion - MT microtubules - MV microvilli - N nucleus - NPC nucleus of protonephridial capillary cell - PC protonephridial capillary cell - R rootlets - TB transverse bar - TC terminal cell - WE weir, exterior of fenestrated wall - WI weir, interior of same     

Effect of natural amino acids and sugars on cyclase activities in infusoria Tetrahymena pyriformis and Dileptus anser

Natural amino acids and sugars in intracellular eukaryotes are known to regulate adenylyl cyclase (AC) and guanylyl cyclase (GC) systems that control the most important cell processes. The goal of the present work consisted in study of effects of natural amino acids and sugars and some of their derivatives on AC and GC activities of infusoria Tetrahymena pyriformis and Dileptus anser. Methionine, arginine, lysine, and tryptamine stimulated basic AC activity of T. pyriformis, whereas alanine, thyrosine, and cysteine decreased it. Methionine, glycine, alanine, thyrosine, arginine, and to the lesser degree tryptamine and histidine stimulated AC of D. anser. The GC activity of T. pyriformis are increased in the presence of tryptamine, tryptophane, histidine, arginine, and lysine, whereas glycine and aspartic acid, on the contrary, decreased it. Tryptamine, tryptophan, leucine, glutamic acid, serine, histidine, and alanine stimulated the GC activity of D. anser. Glucose, fructose, and sucrose stimulated the basal AC activity of both infusorians and GC of T. pyriformis, with glucose and sucrose increasing AC of T. pyriformis twice, while that of D. anser 4.5 times. Lactose stimulated AC and GC of T. pyriformis and was inefficient with respect to the D. anser cyclases, whereas mannose and galactose did not affect the enzyme activities in both infusorians. The study of the chemotactic response of infusorians to amino acids and sugars indicates that involved in realization of this response can be signaling pathways both dependent on and independent of cyclic nucleotides. Thus, it has been established for the first time that several amino acids and sugars affect functional activity of enzymes with cyclase activity of the infusorians T. pyriformis and D. anser. This confirms the hypothesis that at early stages of evolution the large spectrum of comparatively simple natural molecules has a hormone-like action.     

暴马丁香不同种源种子和幼苗的表型性状变异及其与地理-气候因子的相关性

为探究不同产地暴马丁香﹝Syringa reticulata subsp. amurensis ( Rupr.) P. S. Green et M. C. Chang〕种子和幼苗的表型性状变异规律及其与地理-气候因子的关系,以来源于黑龙江、河北、北京、内蒙古、青海和山西的10个种源(包括6个野生种源和4个栽培种源)的种子和幼苗为实验材料,对种子长和宽、种翅长和宽、百粒质量、发芽率、叶长和宽、叶长与叶宽的比值、叶柄长、株高和地径12个表型性状进行测量;在此基础上,进行了方差分析、变异系数分析、主成分分析、聚类分析及相关性分析。结果显示：暴马丁香不同种源间种子和幼苗的表型性状均有极显著差异(P=0.01),差异较大的表型性状为发芽率、百粒质量、种翅长和种翅宽。种源内和种源间各表型性状的变异系数(CV)均差异较大,种源内CV值为1.39%~45.56%,种源间CV值为6.45%~42.76%;其中,种源内种翅长和种翅宽的CV平均值较大,发芽率和百粒质量的CV平均值均较小,而种源间发芽率和百粒质量的CV值则较大。主成分分析结果表明：暴马丁香表型性状间的差异主要体现在种子长、种子宽和叶长,其次为株高、发芽率、地径、叶宽和种翅宽。根据聚类分析结果,供试的10个种源被划分为4类,其中,来源于北京和内蒙古及3个来源于河北的种源聚为Ⅰ类,来源于黑龙江哈尔滨的2个种源聚为Ⅱ类,来源于山西的2个种源聚为Ⅲ类,来源于青海的1个种源单独聚为Ⅳ类,聚类结果与各种源的地理分布有关。相关性分析结果表明：各表型性状间及表型性状与地理-气候因子间均存在不同的相关性,其中,种子发芽率与种子的其他5个表型性状均无显著相关性;经度和纬度与各表型性状均无显著相关性,而海拔、年均温和无霜期则是影响表型性状变异的主要因子。综合分析结果显示：暴马丁香各种源间存在明显的地理遗传分化,地理隔离和生态因子的大幅变化导致其种子和幼苗的表型性状变异丰富。根据研究结果,对暴马丁香的保护和利用提出了一些建议。     

浙江油茶产地土壤和果实金属元素含量特征

为探讨油茶(Camellia oleifera)产地土壤和油茶果实中金属元素分布和富集特征,在油茶果实成熟期,对浙江5个油茶产地土壤及油茶果实中金属元素进行污染分析和富集能力评价.结果表明,浙江油茶产地土壤中Pb、Cr、Cd、As、Hg、Ni、Cu和Zn含量低于农用地土壤污染风险筛选值,综合污染等级为安全.个别产区常山...     

略论棕榈科与新分出的省藤科的系统分类、演化、区系地理及主要的经济用途

棕榈科原省藤亚科因其子房壁及外果皮被倒生、螺旋状排列的鳞片所覆盖,而区别于其他亚科,因而独立分出成一新科--省藤科。作者讨论了棕榈科的祖先种可能在石炭纪时,自原始裸子植物开以顿目在分化、衍生出苏铁目祖先种的进化干上,于白垩纪时分化出的一个分支。在棕榈科的祖先种出现不久后,在其进化的分支上,于白垩纪后期又分化出一旁支,成为棕榈科的姊妹科--省藤科的祖先种。从两祖先种分别再分化、衍生出现今分布地球上该二科的属与种。两科、尤其前者是被子植物、尤其是单子叶植物中最原始的类群之一。作者还提出棕榈科象牙椰亚科与贝叶棕亚科是该科最原始或较原始的两类群;槟榔亚科和腊材榈亚科是较进化的两类群;而水椰亚科祖先种可能源于象牙椰亚科的祖先种,但又演化为该科最进化与特化的类群。省藤科省藤亚科略比鳞果榈亚科原始。作者讨论了两科为泛热带分布的科,指出两科的"现代分布区"在南北两半球热带地区,少数种还延伸分布到两半球暖亚热带、甚至达中亚热带地区,分布区边缘最北达日本中部、中国长江流域及黄河下游的南部,美国加利佛尼亚州与佛罗里达州和地中海北部;最南达智利中部和新西兰南部;而"现代分布中心"在热带与暖亚热带的亚洲,中、南美洲,大洋洲及非洲的东、南、西部;但分布区的"密集中心"则在热带亚洲、热带中及南美洲、南太平洋群岛及非洲东南部。作者还介绍了近50年我国南方引种驯化成功的两科植物近400种(见^*图谱),其中少数为耐寒的种类,有的种已引种到长江流域或更北的地区。引种的大部分种都有其重要的经济用途,包括:1. 食用,如淀粉和树液可制"西米"或制糖,酿酒、醋或作饮料;果或种子榨油,供食用或工业用;某些种的嫩芽作蔬菜,甚至种子代咖啡饮用;2. 药用,有消炎、止血、活血、驱虫、抗癌等用;3. 建筑、工艺与日用品,包括不少种的树干供建普通房子、桥梁、小船;少数种可提制工业用蜡;许多种的纤维制高级缆绳和编织品;还制工艺品与日用品等;4. 代表热带景观的园林工程、绿化及美化环境的观赏树和人行道树及建造园林景观生态类型的树种等。     

不同菊花品种根系、地上部和叶片相关指标分析及抗逆性评价

采用盆栽法对6个菊花(Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)品种幼苗的根系和地上部相关指标及叶片光合和气体交换参数进行了比较和相关性分析;并基于叶片相对含水量、相对电导率、丙二醛含量和可溶性糖含量4个生理生化指标,采用隶属函数法对不同菊花品种幼苗的抗旱性和耐热性进行了评价.结果表明:不同菊花品种间幼苗的根系和地上部相关指标及叶片光合和气体交换参数存在一定差异.相关性分析结果表明:根系的大多数相关指标与株高呈显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)正相关,但与茎粗和单株叶数却没有显著相关性;并且,单株的根体积、根鲜质量和干质量与单株地上部鲜质量呈极显著正相关(相关系数分别为0.598、0.642和0.599),与单株地上部干质量呈极显著或显著正相关(相关系数分别为0.736、0.606和0.553).主根长与净光合速率和蒸腾速率,平均根长与水分利用效率及单株根鲜质量与蒸腾速率呈显著正相关(相关系数分别为0.475、0.517、0.570和0.477);单株根干质量与蒸腾速率及根系活力与净光合速率和水分利用效率呈极显著正相关(相关系数分别为0.641、0.877和0.814).抗逆性评价结果表明:品种'南农红霞'('Nannong Hongxia')、'大白托桂'('Qx073')和'天使'('Angelina')的平均隶属函数值分别为0.93、0.93和0.72,据此判断这3个菊花品种的抗旱性最强;品种'馒头菊'('Cayman')和'南农红霞'的平均隶属函数值分别为0.82和0.70,据此判断这2个菊花品种的耐热性最强.综上所述,不同菊花品种幼苗的根系相关指标差异明显,并且根系生长状况能够影响地上部的生长和发育,品种'南农红霞'的抗旱性和耐热性均很强,具有较高的抗性育种价值.     

野生鸟类传染性疾病研究进展

由于具有独特的飞行能力和极强的地理扩散能力,鸟类活动为某些传染性疾病的快速传播和扩散带来了潜在风险.自20世纪以来,以禽霍乱、禽波特淋菌病、西尼罗河热、禽流感等为代表的鸟类疾病频繁暴发,导致为数众多的野生鸟类、家禽甚至人类死亡,给社会造成巨大的经济损失.因此,有关鸟类传染性疾病的研究已引起了国内外学者的广泛关注.从鸟类传染性疾病的生态学特征、疾病对鸟类与人类社会的影响、鸟类对疾病的传播、鸟类疾病的监测、预警和防控等方面对野生鸟类的传染性疾病研究进展进行了综述.不同疾病导致的鸟类死亡量、易感物种数量、暴发频率和地理扩散等特征差异显著.20世纪以来,疾病已成为全球生物多样性的七大威胁因子之一.疾病可能造成鸟类大量死亡,从而对鸟类种群,特别是濒危鸟类种群造成严重影响.其中,人畜共患病还会导致家禽家畜甚至人类的死亡,从而对社会产生严重的影响.野生鸟类作为多种疾病传播的媒介,其移动和迁徙可能会导致疾病的传播与扩散.开展全面的监测活动和建立疾病预警体系,对于疾病的防控具有重要意义.     

米老排种源家系生长性状变异分析及早期选择

为分析米老排生长性状在种源和家系间的变异规律,筛选出速生的米老排优良种源和家系。以来自8个米老排地理种源的116个家系为研究对象,对米老排生长性状进行种源间和家系间遗传变异分析和育种值综合评分。结果表明：不同米老排种源间和家系间生长性状的差异均达到极显著水平。生长量最高的GXPX种源的平均树高、胸径和单株材积分别为9.50 m、13.40 cm、0.079 9 m³,是最差种源GXFC的1.28、1.42和2.30倍;生长最快家系是PX01,其平均树高、胸径和单株材积分别为9.86 m、15.31 cm和0.101 6 m³,其株材积是最差家系FC01的4.01倍,是家系群体均值的1.94倍。通过单性状选择对种源进行选择,初步选出2个优良种源,其树高、胸径和单株材积的预期遗传增益分别达到8.87%、11.79%和34.70%;运用育种值综合评分法对家系进行选择,初步选出12个优良家系,其树高、胸径树高和材积的预期遗传增益分别达到11.57%、17.35%和52.06%。GXPX和GXLZ 2个种源,PX01、LZ03、PX02、DB08、PX10、PX04、PX09、DB07、DB16、LZ05、JX16和PX05等12个家系是选出的综合生长表现最好的优良种源和家系,可作为米老排良种材料进行申报并推广。     

葛枣猕猴桃果实形态及营养成分含量分析

猕猴桃属（Actinidia Lindl.）植物大多具有较高的经济价值,该属植物的果实以富含维生素、酸甜可口且风味特异而著称。葛枣猕猴桃也Actinidia polygama （Sieb. et Zucc.） Maxim.页俗称葛枣子、木天蓼,为猕猴桃属多年生落叶藤本植物,分布范围较广。其果实既可直接食用,也可酿酒、榨汁或制作干果;叶和芽则可制茶饮用;果实、茎和叶还具有较高的药用价值。此外,葛枣猕猴桃果实具有降血压及抗氧化等功能,果实提取物还能致某些癌细胞死亡。目前,关于其果实营养成分及矿质元素含量方面的研究甚少。     

Palynofloristical investigation on the late Cretaceous and Paleocene of China

As late cretaceous and Paleocene was an important stage in the evolution of angiosperms, so studies on flora of this periiod are of great significance. In recent years many palynological data of late Cretaceous and Paleocene have been recorded from different parts of China, especially the Southeastern China. An attempt is made here to allow deductions regarding the problem of existence of some palynological provinces during this period in China. Three provinces may be divided as follows. I. The wet subtropical and warm-temperate palynofioristical province of northeastern China. During late Cretaceous, this palynoflora was marked by occurrence of Aquilapollenites, Mancieorpus, Fibrapollis and Wodehouseia. Aquilapollenites amplus, A. crassus, A. megaprojeetus, A. asper, A. affenatus A. alatus, Mancieorpus andaensis, FiburapaUis mirifieus and Wodehouseia oeulata ...... are noted. Besides these eharacteriestic elements, there are many species of Proteaeiites and some species of Beaupreaidites, Loranthacites, Quereoidites, Salixipollenites, Gothanipollis, Plicapollis, Utmoideipites, Cranwellia, Alnipollenites and Trieolporopollenites. Gymnosperms pollen comprise Abietineaepollenites, Pinuspollenites, Cedripites, Taxodiaceaepollenites and Araueariacites. Sehizaeoisporites are very rich in species and numbers. Polypodiaceoisporites, Osmundacidites and Cyathidites are rarely Maud. Paleocene palynoflora is characterized by scantiness or absence of Aquilapollenites and Wodehouseia. Paraalnipollenites eonfusus, P. orthoeostatus, BetulaepoUenites pli eoides and some species of Myricipites, Comptonia and Momipites are predominant. These pollen may be related to Betulaceae, Juglandaceae and Myricaseae. Taxodiaceaepollenites, Cedripites and Podoearpidites are commen, It reflects that during late Cretaceous the flora was wet and subtropical, but in Paleocene, it turned to be wet and warm-temperate. According to the abundanee of Aquilapollenites and Wodehouseia, this palynoflora may belong to the Eastern AsianWestern North American Paly-nofioristical Province. II. Arid subtropical palynofioristieal province of South China. During late-Cretaceous this palynofiora comprises Morinopollenites Wang & Zhao (M. normalis, M. minor, M. polyprojeetus, M. rhombiformis) and Janhangpollis Wang & Zhao (J. radiatus, J. arciformis, J. sayaxngensis, J. ringes, J. mikros). Besides this, species of Proteacidites, Beaupreaidites, Myoporumpollenites, Crassimarginpollenites, Cranwellia, Magnolipollis, Rutaceoipollenites, Ilexpollenites, Symplocospollenites, Nyssapollenites, Palmaepollenites and Chenopodipollis were recorded. Classopollis, Exessipollenites and Rugubivesieulites were abundant in this assemblage. Aquilapollenites is rarely recorded, except along the coast region of eastern China. In paleocene some species of Nanlingpollis Sun & He, Pentapollenites jiangsiensis, Tricolporopollenites rombicus and Sapotaceoidaepollenitess trieoloporatus are recorded, but Morinopollenites and Janhanpollis were unknown. Ulmoideipites, Ulmipollenites, Ephedripites and some verrucate spores (Pterisispora) were very abundant. According to the feature of the pouch assemblages, the flora of South China during that time was of arid subtropical in nature. It seems to be nothing to do with other palynofloristical provinces in the world. III. Arid subtropical palynofloristical province of Northwestern China. Palynofiora of this period has been recorded from a few localities throughout this area. Normapolles group (Atlantopollis, Pseudoatlantopollis, Chaonopollenites, BasopoUis and ExtratriporopoUenites), Proteacigites microverrucatus, Eehitriporites magnus and Triatriapollenites echinatus were present. Besides that, Beaupreaidites, Rutaceoipollenites, Lonicerapollis and Engelhardtioipollenits were also occurred. In gymnosperms Ephedripites and some disaccate pollen were abundant. The percentage of Normapolles is increasing from east to west, while Proteaeidites is decreasing. In Paleocene Nudopollis and Trudopollis of Normapolles group were present, while Proteacidites 8issappeared. The palynoflora of this province was of an arid and subtropical in nature, which is somewhat in connection with the European-Eastern American Palynofloristical Province by the presence of Normapolles.     

State and management of wetlands in Bangladesh

Wetlands are a vital link between land and water in Bangladesh. A majority of the people of Bangladesh are critically dependent on wetlands. In this paper, the values of wetlands, causes and effects of wetlands degradation, as well as the present wetlands management approach, are analyzed and recommendations for wetlands management are suggested based on participatory rural appraisal (PRA), field visit, personal experience, and existing literature and information. Wetlands play a crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance of ecosystems, but wetlands habitat of Bangladesh is under constant threat due to increase of population, intensive agriculture, overfishing, siltation, pollution, ill-planned infrastructures, lack of institutional coordination, lack of awareness, etc. As a result biodiversity is reducing, many species of flora and fauna are threatened, wetlands-based ecosystem is degenerating, and the living conditions of local people are deteriorating as livelihoods, socioeconomic institutions, and cultural values are affected. Wetlands management is not addressed separately in water management activities of Bangladesh. In order to balance human needs and wetlands conservation, a mainly community-based wetlands management approach has been taken in Bangladesh, but this is not enough to prevent the degradation of wetlands. Therefore, Bangladesh now needs a comprehensive strategy combining political, economic, social, and technological approaches to stop further degradation of wetlands. Therefore, wetlands management should be incorporated into a system of integrated land and water use and, indeed, into the socioeconomic system of the country. Policies, strategies, and management plans for sustainable use and conservation of wetlands of Bangladesh must be based on solid knowledge and understanding of their ecological and socioeconomic functions and processes.     

生态功益:自然生态过程对人类的贡献

大自然是维系人类社会生存和维持文明发展的生命之舟,为人们的物质和精神生活提供必不可少的资源和环境条件及生态服务。生态功益是这些由自然生物过程产生和维持的环境资源方面的条件和服务的统称。本文从自然生产,维持生物多样性,调节气象过程、气候变化和地球化学物质循环,调节水循环和减缓旱涝灾害,改善与保持土壤,净化环境,为作物与自然植物传粉播种,控制病虫害,维护改善人的身心健康和激发人的精神文化追求等方面探讨和介绍生态功益及生态功益的经济评价。迅猛的人口增长、社会变化和技术发展已使承载人类社会的生命之舟受到严重破坏和巨大威胁。减少这些破坏和威胁是整个社会,特别是生态学エ作者面临的重大挑战.     

Global diversity of dobsonflies,fishflies, and alderflies (Megaloptera; Insecta) and spongillaflies,nevrorthids, and osmylids (Neuroptera; Insecta) in freshwater

The insect orders Megaloptera and Neuroptera are closely related members of the superorder Neuropterida, a relict lineage of holometabolous insects that also includes the Raphidoptera. Megaloptera, composed of the families Sialidae and Corydalidae (including subfamilies Chauliodinae and Corydalinae), has fully aquatic larvae that occur in a wide variety of lotic and lentic habitats, including temporary streams. In total, 2 of 17 families of Neuroptera have aquatic larvae: Nevrorthidae live in the benthos of fast-flowing streams and Sisyridae reside on freshwater sponges. A third family of Neuroptera, Osmylidae, contains some water-dependent species that reside under leaves and rocks along the margins of waterbodies. We recognize 328 extant, described species of Megaloptera (composed of 116 species of Chauliodinae, 131 species of Corydalinae, and 81 species of Sialidae) and 73 species of aquatic Neuroptera (composed of 12 species of Nevrorthidae and 61 species of Sisyridae). Additionally, we estimate that 45 species of Osmylidae are water-dependent, although the ecology of this group is poorly understood. Chauliodinae and Corydalidae are both found in the New World, the Oriental region, and South Africa, but are absent from Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, tropical Africa, and boreal regions. Chauliodinae is quite speciose in Australia, whereas Corydalinae is absent. Sialidae is most speciose in temperate regions, and is absent from tropical Africa and portions of the Oriental region. Sisyridae and Osmylidae are nearly cosmopolitan, but the relict family Nevrorthidae is limited to Japan, the Mediterranean, and Australia. The discovery of many new species in recent years, particularly among Corydalidae in the Neotropics and China, suggests that our knowledge of aquatic neuropterid diversity is far from complete. Guest editors: E. V. Balian, C. Lévêque, H. Segers and K. Martens Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment     

国家大型煤电基地生态环境监测技术体系研究——以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟煤电基地为例

随着我国煤电基地建设进程的不断加快,煤电基地建设与开发活动引起的环境问题也日趋严重。了解生态环境质量现状,评估其对生态系统与人民健康水平的影响,制定合理的保护、治理、恢复策略是煤电基地环境保护工作的重中之重,而生态环境监测是解决上述问题的基础。然而,现有的监测技术体系普遍存在自动化水平较低、成本较高、时空覆盖面较低等问题。鉴于物联网技术在提高信息采集效率和改善信息获取方式方面的作用日益显著,所以将物联网技术应用于煤电基地生态环境监测,从感知层、传输层、支撑层、应用层、用户层的角度明确生态环境监测技术体系,为解决上述问题提供有效途径。