Immobilization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Psilocybe castanella</Emphasis> on ceramic (slate) supports and its potential for soil bioremediation

The objective of the present study was to develop and characterize a support for the immobilization of Psilocybe castanella in order to optimize the process of incorporation of fungal inoculum into the soil. The ceramic supports were fabricated from slate powder in the shape of hollow spheres by the slip casting technique (suspension: 40% v/v). The sintering temperature was evaluated in the range of 850–1,070°C and porosity was analyzed by mercury intrusion. The temperature of 1,050°C was the most adequate for sintering of the ceramic supports, with the porosity obtained being less than 1%. The fungus was immobilized on the ceramic supports containing lignocellulosic substrate using disks of fungal mycelium grown on 2% malt agar as the inoculum. Fungal biomass was estimated by the quantification of ergosterol. Peroxidase and laccase activities were determined by the oxidation of ABTS in the presence and absence of H₂O₂, respectively. The efficiency of the immobilized inoculum was tested in a grinder containing coarse sand for 45 min at 75 rpm. The supports were colonized with P. castanella and enzymatic activities were detected after the fifth day of fungal growth. Immobilization of the fungus on the ceramic support provided 80% protection of the inoculum against loss of efficiency during mixture with soil. The results demonstrate the potential of the ceramic supports produced with slate powder for immobilization of basidiomycetous fungi and for application to soil bioremediation processes.     

Effect of liming on spore germination,germ tube growth and root colonization by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Summary The effect of soil acidity on spore germination, germ tube growth and root colonization of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi was examined using a Florida Ultisol. Soil samples were treated with 0, 4, 8 and 12 meq Ca/MgCO₃/100 g soil and each lime level received 0, 240, and 720 ppm P as superphosphate. Corn (Zea mays L.) was planted in the soil treatments, inoculated with eitherGlomus mosseae orGigaspora margarita spores and grown for 31 days. Acid soil inhibits mycorrhizal formation byG. mosseae through its strong fungistatic effect against the spores. The dolomitic lime increased mycorrhizal formation by both fungal species.G. margarita is much less sensitive to acidic conditions thanG. mosseae. Al ions are a very important component of the fungistatic property against the VAM symbiosis. VAM fungus adaptation may be important for plants growing on infertile acid soils if soil inoculation with these fungi is to contribute significantly to low-input technology for tropical agricultural systems.     

Colonization capacity of the soil micro-organisms in relation to fungistasis

Summary Evans' tube and cellophane agar-disc techniques were used to evaluate the colonization capacity of the soil microbes and fungistasis, respectively. Spore germination ofAlternaria tenuis, Curvularia geniculata, Helminthosporium rostratum andPestalotia sp. was studied on a natural soil. Aspergillus fumigatus was the pioneer colonizer, followed in the order of decreasing colonizing capacity by,A. flavus, A. niger, A. terreus andPenicillium nigricans. Sensitivity of test spores to soil fungistasis declined in the order,C. geniculata → Pestalotia sp. →A. tenuis → H. rostratum. The fungistatic level of the soil samples decreased gradually from side arms 1 to 7 of the Evans tube, inoculated with unsterilized soil from one end. Studies conducted with an inoculum of four soil fungi (A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. niger, andP. nigricans) as well as those involving fumigation of Evans tube by CS₂ also proved the greater colonizing capacity ofA. fumigatus. The level of fungistasis followed closely the colonization pattern of this fungus. When added individually to the soil, all fungi were able to inhibit spore germination of test fungi to some degree or other.     

基于Illumina MiSeq测序平台分析长期不同施肥处理对黑土真菌群落的影响

【目的】不合理施肥所引发的土壤环境问题逐渐成为制约我国农业可持续发展的重要因素之一,土壤真菌作为一类重要的土壤微生物,研究长期施肥对土壤真菌多样性及群落分布格局,探讨其理化因子对真菌群落结构的影响具有一定意义。【方法】本研究以东北黑土玉米田长期定位施肥试验(1984–2017)为基础,通过常规分析和Illumina Mi Seq高通量测序技术,分析长期施肥对黑土玉米田土壤养分含量和真菌群落结构变化的影响。【结果】长期施用氮肥明显降低土壤p H,却增加了玉米产量,秸秆与化肥配施可以增加土壤有机质和全氮的含量。稀释曲线结果表明长期施肥降低了土壤真菌序列的丰度和均匀度,并且在秸秆与化肥配施中序列数最低;在优势菌群中,共检测出5个已知真菌门,分别是子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、接合菌门(Zygomycota)、球囊菌门(Glomeromycota)和壶菌门(Chytridiomycota),子囊菌门占总序列平均值的57.0%,并且在氮磷钾配施高量秸秆有机肥(NPK+S0.5)的土壤中,子囊菌门丰度高达70.35%。在土壤真菌属水平的物种丰度分析中,共检测出109个已知真菌属,Humicola、Fusarium、Verticillium、Mortierella这4个菌属为优势菌属;Chaetomium、Trichocladium、Podospora、Preussia 4个菌属在秸秆与化肥配施处理中丰度较高,并同属一个分支聚类。从多样性指数分析得出,秸秆与化肥配施可以增加物种丰度和群落多样性;从热图分析可知,施用氮肥和不施用氮肥处理间真菌群落组成存在明显差异。RDA分析中,土壤理化性质影响着土壤真菌群落结构,尤其是土壤的p H、全量氮磷钾(T-N、T-P、T-K)、有效磷钾(A-P、A-K)和铵态氮(NH4+-N)浓度是重要环境因素。【结论】因此,施用氮肥虽然增加了产量,但也造成土壤酸化,真菌数量增加,其丰富度和多样性明显降低。而秸秆与化肥配施可以维持土壤健康生态环境和真菌群落多样性。     

菌渣化肥配施对稻田土壤微生物量碳氮和可溶性碳氮的影响

菌渣作为一种养分丰富的有机物料还田,可减少化肥施用,同时保持土壤肥力;而土壤微生物量碳、氮和可溶性碳、氮是土壤活性碳氮库的重要组成部分,其含量和比例变化对土壤肥力均具有重要作用。因此,探讨不同比例菌渣化肥配施对土壤微生物量碳、氮及可溶性碳、氮的影响,评价菌渣在优化土壤肥力方面的生态作用具有重要意义。本研究在水稻田间定位试验条件下,设置3个化肥水平(C) 0%、50%、100%,菌渣相对用量(F) 0%、50%、100%,共9个处理,分析了各处理土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)和可溶性碳(DOC)、氮(DON)的变化特征,及其占土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)的比例与相关关系。结果表明:菌渣化肥配施后,微生物量碳和可溶性碳、氮均在C100F50最高,微生物量氮在C50F100最高,与不施肥处理相比,分别显著增加了49.40%、43.65%、83.52%、207.19%;MBC/SOC和DOC/SOC均随着菌渣化肥配施量的增加而减少,MBN/TN和DON/TN均在C100F50最高。相关分析表明,MBC、DOC与SOC,MBN与TN均呈极显著正相关,DON和TN呈显著正相关。总体来讲,菌渣化肥配施能够显著提高土壤微生物量碳、氮和可溶性碳、氮含量,但不是随着用量的增加一直呈增加趋势,高量菌渣或者化肥下会有降低趋势;菌渣化肥配施降低了土壤微生物量和可溶性碳氮比,因此适宜的菌渣化肥配施是提高土壤有机碳周转速度、微生物活性及其氮素供应能力和有效性的最佳选择。     

氮素添加对贝加尔针茅草原土壤团聚体微生物群落的影响

大气氮沉降增加作为全球气候变化的重要因素,其对土壤生态系统影响的研究受到了生态学家的广泛关注。土壤微生物是有机物分解和养分循环的主要参与者,在维持土壤的功能多样性和可持续发展方面发挥着重要的作用。氮沉降的激增会引起土壤微生物群落结构和功能的改变。土壤中营养物质在不同团聚体组分中分布的不均匀,为微生物提供了空间异质微生境。为揭示草原土壤不同粒径团聚体中微生物群落分布及其对氮素添加响应特征。自2010年起,在内蒙古贝加尔针茅草原典型地段设置N₀（0 kg hm^-2 a^-1）、N₁₅（15 kg hm^-2 a^-1）、N₃₀（30 kg hm^-2 a^-1）、N₅₀（50 kg hm^-2 a^-1）、N₁₀₀（100 kg hm^-2 a^-1）、N₁₅₀（150 kg hm^-2 a^-1）6个氮素添加处理模拟氮沉降野外控制试验。采用磷脂脂肪酸（phospholipid fatty acid,PLFA）法测定>2 mm、0.25-2 mm和<0.25 mm 3个粒径土壤团聚体中微生物PLFA含量,探讨氮素添加对土壤团聚体微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明：氮素添加提高了土壤碳、氮含量,降低了土壤pH。氮素添加显著提高了0.25-2 mm土壤团聚体微生物群落磷脂脂肪酸总量、真菌磷脂脂肪酸含量和真菌/细菌（Fungi/bacteria,F/B）、革兰氏阳性菌/革兰氏阴性菌（Gram-positive bacteria/gram-negative bacteria,G⁺/G^-）的比值（P<0.05）,降低了土壤团聚体微生物Margalef丰富度指数（P<0.05）。相关性分析表明,土壤团聚体微生物总PLFAs、真菌PLFAs含量、G⁺/G^-、F/B与土壤有机碳、全氮含量呈显著正相关关系,与C/N值负相关。综合研究表明,连续8年氮素添加显著提高了土壤有机碳和全氮含量、降低了土壤pH;提高了0.25-2 mm土壤团聚体真菌群落,土壤有机碳、全氮的固持与真菌群落的增加有关。     

不同生境黑老虎根际和内生真菌多样性分析

为探究不同生长条件下黑老虎根际和根部内生真菌群落组成和多样性及其与土壤环境因子的相关性,该文应用Illumina高通量测序方法对贵州3个不同生境下黑老虎根际和根部内生真菌进行了研究。结果表明:(1)3种生境下,根际土壤真菌OTU数量(3 867)远多于根部内生真菌(801),其中根际土壤真菌共有的OTU为72个,共注释到5个门、49个属,大多为子囊菌门; 属水平上被孢霉属、外瓶柄霉属、 柱孢属占比较高; 根部内生真菌共有的OTU为14个,共注释到2个门、11个属,子囊菌门(13个,占比92.9%)占绝对优势,属水平上被孢霉属、外瓶柄霉属、 柱孢属和丛赤壳属占比最高; 所有样本中,共有的OTU仅为6个,注释到2个门、5个属,子囊菌门(5个,占比83.3%)为优势门; 在属水平上,占比最高的为外瓶柄霉属(2个,33.3%),其余分别为被孢霉属、柱孢属和丛赤壳属 。Alpha多样性分析表明,根际土壤的真菌群落多样性和丰富度均显著高于根部内生真菌,而野生生境的真菌多样性高于栽培生境。(2)在门水平上,3个生境下主要内生真菌类群均为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota),占总菌群的88.28%; 在属水平上,不同生境条件下,根际和根部内生真菌群落结构差异明显; 栽培生境下,根部内生真菌菌群具有一定的偏好性,而野生生境下,根部内生真菌菌群均匀度更高; FUNGuild真菌群落功能预测显示,栽培生境下的病理-腐生营养型(pathotroph-saprotroph)在根部内生真菌中占比较高,而野生生境下的腐生营养型(saprotroph)及共生营养型(symbiotroph)占比较高。(3)土壤环境因子对根部内生真菌和根际真菌的影响方式不同,其中土壤总钾(TK)和土壤总磷(TP)与黑老虎根部内生真菌香农指数和辛普森指数显著正相关,而土壤有机质(SOM)、总氮(TN)和速效氮(AN)与黑老虎根际土壤真菌Ace指数和Chao1指数显著正相关。综上表明,土壤有机质、总氮、速效氮是影响黑老虎根际土壤真菌群落的主要土壤环境因子。     

Plant species richness and productivity determine the diversity of soil fungal guilds in temperate coniferous forest and bog habitats

Fungi have important roles as decomposers, mycorrhizal root symbionts and pathogens in forest ecosystems, but there is limited information about their diversity and composition at the landscape scale. This work aimed to disentangle the factors underlying fungal richness and composition along the landscape‐scale moisture, organic matter and productivity gradients. Using high‐throughput sequencing, we identified soil fungi from 54 low‐productivity Pinus sylvestris‐dominated plots across three study areas in Estonia and determined the main predictors of fungal richness based on edaphic, floristic and spatial variables. Fungal richness displayed unimodal relationship with organic matter and deduced soil moisture. Plant richness and productivity constituted the key predictors for taxonomic richness of functional guilds. Composition of fungi and the main ectomycorrhizal fungal lineages and hyphal exploration types was segregated by moisture availability and soil nitrogen. We conclude that plant productivity and diversity determine the richness and proportion of most functional groups of soil fungi in low‐productive pine forests on a landscape scale. Adjacent stands of pine forest may differ greatly in the dominance of functional guilds that have marked effects on soil carbon and nitrogen cycling in these forest ecosystems.     

Effect of mycorrhizal inoculation and soluble phosphorus fertilizer on growth and phosphorus uptake of pearl millet

Summary Six mycorrhizal fungi were tested as inoculants for pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum Leeke) grown in pots maintained in a greenhouse. VAM fungi varied in their ability to stimulate plant growth and phosphorus uptake. Inoculation withGigaspora margarita, G. calospora andGlomus fasciculatum increased shoot drymatter 1.3 fold over uninoculated control. In another pot trial, inoculation withGigaspora calospora andGlomus fasciculatum resulted in dry matter and phosphorus uptake equivalent to that produced by adding phosphorus at 8 kg/ha.The influence of inoculatingGigaspora calospora on pearl millet at different levels of phosphorus fertilizer (0 to 60 kg P/ha) as triple superphosphate in sterile and unsterile alfisol soil was also studied. In sterile soil, mycorrhizal inoculation increased dry matter and phosphorus uptake at levels less than 20 kg/ha. At higher P levels the mycorrhizal effect was decreased. These studies performed in sterilized soil suggest that inoculation of pearl millet with efficient VAM fungi could be extremely useful in P deficient soils. However, its practical utility depends on screening and isolation of fungal strains which perform efficiently in natural (unsterilized) field conditions.     

轮作模式对植烟土壤酶活性及真菌群落的影响

种植模式显著影响土壤理化生物学性质,并与作物土传真菌病害的发生密切相关。试验选择云南省具有代表性的红壤,设置烤烟-休闲-玉米(T-B-M)、烤烟-油菜-玉米(T-C-M)、烤烟-油菜-水稻(T-C-R)和烤烟-苕子-水稻(T-V-R)等4种轮作模式,利用化学、酶学分析及454高通量测序技术,研究了土壤养分、酶活性及真菌群落结构,旨在为烤烟的合理轮作提供科学依据。经16a的不同轮作种植后,土壤p H变化于5.6—6.4之间,仍然适合种植水稻、玉米、油菜和烤烟等多种作物。在T-V-R处理的土壤中,烤烟产量、烟叶产值和上中等烟比例最高,有机质比原初提高45.11%,碱解氮、有效磷和微生物量碳氮显著增加,蔗糖酶、脱氢酶、脲酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性也显著高于其它轮作模式,说明T-V-R改善了土壤生态环境,促进了微生物繁衍,数量增加,活性增强。土壤真菌的18S r DNA读数依次为13097(T-B-M)、11345(T-C-M)、12939(T-C-R)和13763(T-V-R),分别代表530、378、395和581种(类)的真菌,由子囊菌门、担子菌门、接合菌门、壶菌门和尚待鉴定的真菌等构成,其中尚待鉴定的真菌属种和子囊菌门占绝大部分。在不同轮作处理的土壤中,前15种优势真菌的丰富度变化于29.46%—62.86%之间,优势菌株的相似性极低,说明土壤真菌的种群结构因轮作模式不同而异。T-V-R处理土壤中的真菌多样性指数最高,优势度指数最低,说明T-V-R轮作的土壤适合多种真菌的繁殖生长,种群数量增加。多种真菌共同存在,互相制约,可防止病原真菌过度繁殖,降低作物发生真菌病害几率。从作物产量和产值、土壤有机质、养分和真菌种群结构看,T-V-R优于其它3种轮作模式,值得推广应用。     

Fungistatic activity of different Indian soils againstFusarium udum Butler

Summary The fungistatic activity of different Indian soils againstF. udum, causing wilt disease of pigeon-pea, has been assessed in relation to soil pH and organic matter. Correlation co-efficient between soil characteristics and fungistasis has been calculated to evaluate relationship. High fungistatic activity was exhibited generally by the soils having low pH but high organic matter. The soils exhibiting high fungistatic activity againstF. udum have low incidence of wilt disease of pigeon-pea. There was no definite correlation between volatile and non-volatile fungistasis and, therefore, the origins of volatile and non-volatile fungistasis are different. In the usual biological limit pH had insignificant impact on fungistasis.     

Behaviour of the fungus Rhizoctonia solani Kiihn in the soil

Rhizoctonia solani was found able to grow as a saprophyte through natural unsterilized soil. Its rate of growth under different soil conditions in glass tumblers was studied by the Rossi-Cholodny soil-plate method. Growth was most rapid at the lowest soil-moisture content tested, viz. 30 % saturation, and was accelerated by forced aeration of the soil. The maximum distance to which mycelial growth could be supported on the food reserves of the agar inoculum alone was some 5 cm., as shown by extent of growth through tubes of moist sand, but in 23 days the fungus grew 21–24 cm through tubes of soil. Removal of the agar disk 2 days after inoculation of the tubes reduced growth through sand by more than half, but through soil by only a small proportion. In soil, Rhizoctonia was able to cause 100% damping-off of radish seedlings planted at a radial distance of 4 cm. from the agar inoculum, and some 40 % damping-off at a distance of 9 cm. The depressing effect of additions of 1 % ground-wheat straw or dried grass to the soil upon growth of the fungus was attributed to (1) the negligible cellulose-decomposing ability of Rhizoctonia, (2) nitrogen starvation of the mycelium, through rapid utilization of the available soil nitrogen by the cellulose-decomposing micro-organisms multiplying upon the fresh organic material, (3) fungistatic action on Rhizoctonia of the respiratory carbon dioxide produced by the cellulose-decomposers.     

Fungal endophytes of the obligate parasitic dwarf mistletoe Arceuthobium americanum (Santalaceae) act antagonistically in vitro against the native fungal pathogen Cladosporium (Davidiellaceae) of their host

• Premise of the study: Endophytic fungi likely occur in all plants, yet little is known about those of parasitic plants, despite their potential to influence parasite success. Arceuthobium americanum is a parasitic angiosperm that greatly compromises the North American timber industry. We hypothesized that (1) A. americanum hosts fungal endophytes, and (2) these endophytes help A. americanum resist infection by fungal pathogens. • Methods: Healthy A. americanum stem and fruit tissues were differentially stained for cellulose and chitin and visualized using fluorescence microscopy. Stem sections (sterilized vs. unsterilized) and seeds were incubated on agar plates to cultivate fungi, both to extract DNA for ITS rDNA sequencing and to observe interactions with native fungi from unsterilized specimens. • Key results: Aside from xylem vessel elements, fungal structures were observed in all tissues, including those of the embryo. The ITS sequences of fungi cultured from internal tissues closely matched those of the known endophytes Phoma, Sydowia, and Phacidiopycnis, while those of surface organisms closely matched Cladosporium spp. Cultured fungi from internal tissues (putative endophytes) inhibited the growth of the surface organisms without affecting the other endophytes. • Conclusion: Fungal communities are established in A. americanum stems as well as in fruits and seeds, suggesting vertical transmission. These internally derived fungi act antagonistically toward fungi with pathogenic tendencies. As such, native mistletoe endophytes might protect A. americanum against fungal pathogens in nature. In the future, manipulation of endophytes might be a component of mistletoe control programs.     

Elevated Atmospheric CO2 Alters Soil Microbial Communities Associated with Trembling Aspen (Populus tremuloides) Roots

Global atmospheric CO₂ levels are expected to double within the next 50 years. To assess the effects of increased atmospheric CO₂ on soil ecosystems, cloned trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) seedlings were grown individually in 1 m³ open bottom root boxes under either elevated (720 ppm, ELEV) or ambient CO₂ (360 ppm, AMB). After 5 years, soil cores (40 cm depth) were collected from the root boxes and divided into 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm fractions. ELEV treatment resulted in significant decreases in both soil nitrate and total soil nitrogen in both the 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm soil fractions, with a 47% decrease in soil nitrate and a 50% decrease in total soil nitrogen occurring in the 0–20 cm fraction. ELEV treatment did not result in a significant change in the amount of soil microbial biomass. However, analysis of indicator phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) indicated that ELEV treatment did result in significant increases in PLFA indicators for fungi and Gram-negative bacteria in the 0–20 cm fraction. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis was used to analyze the composition of the soil bacterial communities (using primers targeting the 16SrRNA gene) and the soil fungal communities (using primers targeting the intergenic transcribed spacer region). T-RFLP analysis revealed shifts in both bacterial and fungal community structure, as well as increases in both bacterial and fungal species richness with ELEV treatment. These results indicated that increased atmospheric CO₂ had significant effects on both soil nutrient availability and the community composition of soil microbes associated with aspen roots.     

Effectiveness of Hirsutella minnesotensis and H. rhossiliensis in control of the soybean cyst nematode in four soils with various pH,texture, and organic matter

The parasitism of soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, by the fungi Hirsutella rhossiliensis and Hirsutella minnesotensis and their biocontrol effectiveness against the nematode were investigated in four soils with various pH, texture, and organic matter. Fungal parasitism was assayed in the soils in 25 mL vials. As expected, percentage of H. glycines second-stage juveniles (J2) parasitized by either fungus increased with increasing number of fungus-colonized J2 initially added into the soils. Parasitism of J2 by the fungi was negatively related with soil pH. Both positive and negative relationships with fungal parasitism were observed for soil sandiness and organic matter. In greenhouse study, both fungi at 0.2–0.8 g fresh mycelium of liquid culture per 0.3 L pot and 1% corn-grits culture effectively reduced nematode population density. The relationship between biocontrol effectiveness and the soil factors depended on fungal species and inoculation levels. In general, percentage reduction of egg population density in the soil was negatively correlated with soil pH and positively correlated with sandiness. There was no or weak correlation between egg reduction and organic matter. The percentage of J2 parasitized by the fungi 2 months after planting did not correlate with the soil factors. Plant growth was better in the two soils with intermediate pH and sand than the soil with high pH and low sand or with low pH and high sand. It appeared that soil pH and/or texture are important in influencing biocontrol effectiveness, but further studies are needed to determine the effect of individual factors because they are correlated.     

不同施肥模式对雷竹林土壤真菌群落特征的影响

为探明施肥处理对雷竹林土壤真菌群落特征的影响,采用末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)和荧光定量PCR技术,分析有机肥(M)、化肥(CF)、化肥配施有机肥(CFM)、化肥配施有机肥加覆盖(CFMM)及不施肥(CK)处理土壤真菌群落结构和数量特征.结果表明:施肥显著影响真菌群落结构与多样性,表层(0～20 cm)土壤中M、CFMM处理与CK,亚表层(20～40 cm)土壤中CF、CFMM处理与CK之间真菌群落结构均存在明显差异;且表层土壤中CF、CFMM处理真菌Shannon指数和均匀度指数显著低于CK.M、CFM处理表层土壤真菌数量显著高于CK.土壤有机质、全氮、铵态氮和速效钾含量显著影响了真菌群落结构的变异;全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮含量与真菌数量均呈显著正相关.表明雷竹林表层和亚表层土壤中真菌群落对施肥处理的响应存在明显差异,表层土壤真菌群落明显受有机质添加的影响,而亚表层则对化肥投入较为敏感;施肥对真菌群落多样性的影响主要集中在表层土壤.     

两种气候条件下不同有机质含量农田黑土真菌群落结构特征

【背景】东北黑土土壤肥沃,有机质含量丰富,是我国重要的粮食生产基地,同时也是受气候变化影响的敏感区。土壤微生物对环境因子变化的响应敏感,并且与土壤肥力密切相关,因此,研究环境因子改变对土壤微生物的影响有助于维持农田黑土生产力。【目的】探究有机质含量与气候条件对农田黑土真菌群落结构、多样性的影响,为全球气候变化条件下黑土区农业可持续发展提供重要基础数据和理论依据。【方法】利用黑土空间移位试验,采用Illumina MiSeq测序技术对农田黑土真菌种类进行预测,并对其进行多样性和群落结构分析。【结果】两种气候条件下不同有机质含量农田黑土真菌种类均较丰富,土壤有机质含量对真菌多样性指数的影响不大,气候条件和施肥对真菌多样性的影响较大。在已知的真菌群落中,5种不同有机质农田黑土的优势菌门均为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)和接合菌门(Zygomycota),占总序列的92.5%。在气候较冷条件下,OTU数量、Chao1指数、Shannon指数和Simpson指数均出现不同程度的降低;施肥也会降低各有机质含量农田黑土中真菌物种数量和多样性,但是降低幅度随有机质含量升高而逐渐减小。气候因子、有机质含量、全氮、施肥和pH是影响不同有机质含量农田黑土中真菌群落结构发生变化的主要因素。【结论】有机质含量、施肥和气候均一定程度上改变了农田黑土中真菌群落多样性和群落结构。气候条件和施肥对农田黑土真菌群落结构影响较大,而有机质含量对其影响较小,但前两者的影响会随土壤有机质含量的增加而呈减弱趋势。这些影响在子囊菌门群落结构中表现明显。     

Spatial separation of litter decomposition and mycorrhizal nitrogen uptake in a boreal forest

Our understanding of how saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi interact to re-circulate carbon and nutrients from plant litter and soil organic matter is limited by poor understanding of their spatiotemporal dynamics. In order to investigate how different functional groups of fungi contribute to carbon and nitrogen cycling at different stages of decomposition, we studied changes in fungal community composition along vertical profiles through a Pinus sylvestris forest soil. We combined molecular identification methods with 14C dating of the organic matter, analyses of carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratios and 15N natural abundance measurements. Saprotrophic fungi were primarily confined to relatively recently (< 4 yr) shed litter components on the surface of the forest floor, where organic carbon was mineralized while nitrogen was retained. Mycorrhizal fungi dominated in the underlying, more decomposed litter and humus, where they apparently mobilized N and made it available to their host plants. Our observations show that the degrading and nutrient-mobilizing components of the fungal community are spatially separated. This has important implications for biogeochemical studies of boreal forest ecosystems.     

Organic Matter Stimulates Bacteria and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Bauhinia purpurea and Leucaena diversifolia Plantations on Eroded Slopes in Nepal

Erosion resulting from landslides is a serious problem in mountainous countries such as Nepal. To restore such sites it is essential to establish plant cover that protects the soil and reduces surface erosion. Mycorrhizal fungi growing in symbiosis with plants are essential in this respect because they improve both plant nutrient uptake and soil structure. We investigated the influence of organic matter and P amendment on recently produced biomass of bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in eroded slopes in Nepal. Eroded soil mixed with different types of organic matter or P was placed in mesh bags, which were buried around trees of Bauhinia purpurea and Leucaena diversifolia between June 2003 and December 2003 (the wet season) or between December 2003 and June 2004 (the dry season). Signature fatty acids were used to determine bacterial and AM fungal biomass after the 6‐month intervals. The amount and composition of AM fungal spores were analyzed in the mesh bags from the dry season. More microbial biomass was produced during the wet season than during the dry season. Furthermore, organic matter addition enhanced the production of AM fungal and bacterial biomass during both periods. The positive influence of organic matter addition on AM fungi could be an important contribution to plant survival in plantations on eroded slopes. Different AM spore communities and bacterial profiles were obtained with different organic amendments and this suggests a possible way of selecting for specific microbial communities in the management of eroded sites.     

Studies on soil fungi III. Seasonal variation and distribution of microfungi in some soils of Andhra Pradesh (India)

The seasonal variation and distribution of microfungi in four soil types collected from two districts of Andhra Pradesh (India) were studied.Besides soil type and surface vegetation, it appears from the present study that soil moisture, organic matter, potassium, calcium, iron and phosphorus contents also may affect the fungal numbers favourably, while chlorides, total soluble salts, total nitrogen and manganese contents may have an adverse effect.Even alkaline soils harbour greater numbers of fungi, but small fluctuations in the pH seem to influence the fungal numbers in soils inversely.A total of 101 species representing 43 genera were isolated. These included 18 Phycomycetes, 5 Ascomycetes, 72 Fungi Imperfecti, 5 Mycelia Sterilia and a single Myxomycete. The order of occurrence of the chief genera of fungi isolated wasAspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Pythium, Curvularia, Phoma, Cunninghamella, Rhizopus, Alternaria andTrichoderma.A large number of genera and species were found common to the forest, maize field, garden and uncultivated soils; and the fungal flora was also not very much different from those recorded from various parts of the world.