哺乳动物中作用于非编码RNA的RNA编辑研究进展

RNA编辑是RNA转录过程中序列变化而引起的一种基因动态调控机制。腺苷脱氨酶（adenosine deaminases acting on RNA, ADAR）参与RNA编辑,将双链RNA中腺苷残基（A）转化为肌苷（I）,接着被转录和拼接成鸟苷（G）。由ADAR催化,作用于RNA的A-I型RNA编辑是人类最常见的转录后修饰。近年来,这种修饰不仅存在于编码RNA中,在非编码RNA（noncoding RNA, ncRNA）中也逐渐被发现,如microRNA（miRNA）、小分子干扰RNA（siRNA）、转运RNA（tRNA）和长链非编码RNA（lncRNA）。这种修饰可能通过对microRNA和mRNA之间结合位点创造或破坏,进而影响ncRNA的生物起源、稳定性和靶向识别功能。目前,对这种生物现象的机制及ADAR底物,尤其是在ncRNA中的特性仍然没有得到充分的认识。主要对哺乳动物中ncRNA上的RNA编辑进行总结,并列举一些阐明其生物学功能的计算方法。     

Distinct functions of two RNA ligases in active Trypanosoma brucei RNA editing complexes

Trypanosome RNA editing is a unique U insertion and U deletion process that involves cycles of pre-mRNA cleavage, terminal U addition or U removal, and religation. This editing can occur at massive levels and is directed by base pairing of trans-acting guide RNAs. Both U insertion and U deletion cycles are catalyzed by a single protein complex that contains only seven major proteins, band I through band VII. However, little is known about their catalytic functions, except that band IV and band V are RNA ligases and genetic analysis indicates that the former is important in U deletion. Here we establish biochemical approaches to distinguish the individual roles of these ligases, based on their distinctive ATP and pyrophosphate utilization. These in vitro analyses revealed that both ligases serve in RNA editing. Band V is the RNA editing ligase that functions very selectively to seal in U insertion (IREL), while band IV is the RNA editing ligase needed to seal in U deletion (DREL). In combination with our earlier findings about the cleavage and the U-addition/U-removal steps of U deletion and U insertion, these results show that all three steps of these editing pathways exhibit major differences and suggest that the editing complex could have physically separate regions for U deletion and U insertion.     

基于转录组测序数据识别黑猩猩RNA编辑位点

使用转录组测序(RNA-Seq)数据识别黑猩猩RNA编辑位点,探索了RNA编辑的识别机制以及潜在的功能影响．基于黑猩猩RNA-Seq数据与基因组序列的比对信息发现RNA-DNA错配位点,并构建编辑位点候选集．从中滤除基因组或转录组测序质量低的位点,其他的过滤条件包括3′端测不准、覆盖度、SNP位点以及估算的编辑水平．构建二项分布统计模型和Bonferroni多重检验滤除候选集中的随机错误,得到RNA编辑位点．选取落在已知基因上的编辑位点进行功能分析,并用Two Sample Logo软件分析编辑位点上下游序列的特征．识别出黑猩猩12种碱基替换型RNA编辑位点8 334个,其中有41个编辑位点改变原有的氨基酸,另有3个编辑位点落在microRNA(miRNA)潜在靶基因的种子结合区．统计学分析表明,分别有640和872个RNA编辑位点存在组织和性别差异．上下游碱基频率分析表明,多种类型的编辑位点紧邻碱基具有显著偏好．结果显示, RNA编辑在黑猩猩体内大量存在,且潜在具有重要的生物学功能,为进一步深入研究灵长类RNA编辑的机制奠定了基础．     

Adenosine‐to‐Inosine RNA Editing in Mouse and Human Brain Proteomes

Proteogenomics is based on the use of customized genome or RNA sequencing databases for interrogation of shotgun proteomics data in search for proteome‐level evidence of genome variations or RNA editing. In this work, the products of adenosine‐to‐inosine RNA editing in human and murine brain proteomes are identified using publicly available brain proteome LC‐MS/MS datasets and an RNA editome database compiled from several sources. After filtering of false‐positive results, 20 and 37 sites of editing in proteins belonging to 14 and 32 genes are identified for murine and human brain proteomes, respectively. Eight sites of editing identified with high spectral counts overlapped between human and mouse brain samples. Some of these sites have been previously reported using orthogonal methods, such as α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) glutamate receptors, CYFIP2, coatomer alpha. Also, differential editing between neurons and microglia is demonstrated in this work for some of the proteins from primary murine brain cell cultures. Because many edited sites are still not characterized functionally at the protein level, the results provide a necessary background for their further analysis in normal and diseased cells and tissues using targeted proteomic approaches.