肺表面活性物质与相关呼吸道疾病

肺表面活性物质是由肺泡 Ⅱ型上皮细胞产生的脂质和蛋白质的复合物.肺表面活性物质覆盖在肺泡区域中气体-液体交换的界面,具有维持肺表面张力从而防止肺泡过度膨胀或坍塌、维持正常的肺泡形态和进行宿主防御的功能.肺表面活性物质的缺陷可能会导致多种呼吸道疾病,包括呼吸窘迫综合征、间质性肺炎、胎粪吸入综合征、肺纤维化和肺泡蛋白沉积症...     

肺表面活性物质相关蛋白D研究进展

肺表面活性物质相关蛋白Ｄ研究进展谢尔凡（第三军医大学西南医院烧伤研究所,重庆６３００３８）关键词肺表面活性物质相关蛋白Ｄ肺表面活性物质（ＰＳ）由脂质和蛋白质组成,其主要生理功能包括降低肺泡表面张力,维持肺泡结构相对稳定,防止肺萎陷和肺水肿,参与宿主呼...     

肺表面活性物质的研究

肺表面活性物质的研究□刘桂萍（吉林省白城师范高等专科学校生物系,白城１３７０００）□付晶（吉林省长春市宽城区中医院,长春１３００５１）肺表面活性物质（ｐｕｌｍｏｎａｒｙｓｕｒｆａｃｔａｎｔ,ＰＳ）这一概念首先是由德国生理学家ＶｏｎＮｅｅ－ｇａａｒｄ在...     

肺表面活性物质相关蛋白的特性研究

肺表面活性物质相关蛋白的特性研究谢尔凡（第三军医大学烧伤研究所,重庆６３００３８）关键词肺表面活性物质,表面活性物质相关蛋白肺表面活性物质是由脂质和蛋白质组成的复合物,其主要生理功能是降低肺泡表面张力,维持肺泡结构相对稳定。近年来,特异性的肺表面活性...     

肺表面活性物质的防御保护功能

肺表面活性物质（ＰＳ）除能降低表面张力外,还具有抗氧化、抗感染、促进肺内异物颗粒的排出,减轻变态反应性及弹性蛋白酶所致的肺损伤等多方面的防御保护功能。ＰＳ是肺内特有的生理性抗损伤因子。     

疏水性肺表面活性物质蛋白的结构研究进展

疏水性肺表面活性物质蛋白（ＳＰ）包括ＳＰ－Ｂ和ＳＰ－Ｃ,它们在决定肺表面活性物质的结构、代谢及功能等方面有重要作用。ＳＰ－Ｂ和ＳＰ－Ｃ功能的多样性可能与其结构的特殊性有关,在表达及合成的过程中,二的结构均经过了复杂的加工,使之能与脂质系统相互作用以发挥其生理功能。     

肺表面活性物质的临床应用研究进展

国内外研究表明,肺表面活性物质(pulmonary surfactant,PS)异常与急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ALI/ARDS)的发生、发展关系密切.因此,临床上对外源性肺表面活性物质制剂的替代疗法也日益重视.本文就肺表面活性物质的功能、急性肺损伤后的变化及其治疗急性肺损伤的相关研究作一综述.     

大鼠冷暴露后肺表面活性物质的变化

大鼠冷暴露后肺表面活性物质的变化张秀琳王月燕刘改香刘明远（济南军区医学高等专科学校生理教研室,济南２５００２２）肺表面活性物质（ＰＳ）除具有降低肺泡表面张力的作用外,还在下呼吸道防御机制中起重要作用。急性冷暴露后易患呼吸系统感染及加重诱发某些呼吸系统...     

肺表面活性物质相关蛋白A与肺部免疫防御研究进展

肺表面活性物质相关蛋白A（SP—A）是一种高度保守的亲水性糖蛋白,属于C-型凝素家族成员,相对分子质量为29～36kDa。SP—A是肺部重要的天然免疫防御分子,在肺的局部防御和天然免疫反应中起着十分重要的作用。它不仅可调节局部免疫和炎症反应、调理吞噬作用,还可凝集病原微生物、影响趋化作用及促进杀菌作用等。     

表面活性物质相关蛋白表达的调控研究进展

特异性的肺表面活性物质相关蛋白（SP）包括亲水性的SP－A、SP－D和疏水性的SP－B、SP－C。它们的表达与合成受众多生理、病理因素影响。本文综述了该领域的研究进展。1．SP表达的组织细胞特异性调控：只有肺内某些细胞（肺泡11型细胞、Clara细胞等）能合分泌SP,这可能是由SP基因中特定序列决定的,如SP－B基因的细胞特异性表达的调控成分。2．SP表达的发育期调控：SP基因属发育控制基因家族。在人类妊娠前3mon胎肺中,SP基本不表达：妊娠15－18wk时,气管、支气管上皮细胞即可见SP－B、SP－CmRNAs和表达蛋白,它们可能比SP－A出现早：妊娠19－20wk时可见SP－AmRNA和表达蛋白,胎肺组织在体外无激素条件下培养可很快诱导SP表达,在妊娠后3mon内,各SPmRNAs及表达蛋白水平与磷脂水平平行升高,也与SP降低表面张力的特性逐渐增强相关,羊水中可检出这些蛋白,板层体的出现与SP－B的表达密切相关,而比SP－A的表达早,胎肺发育过程中SPmRNAs增加至少部分是由于其基因转录率升高,可能同时也与翻译增加有关。3．糖皮质激素对SP表达的调控：糖皮质激素对SP－A表达的调控极复杂,且与剂量、发育期、作用时间及动物种属有关,总的来讲,在胎肺移植培养中,激素浓度≤10nmol/L时,能刺激SP－AmRNA和蛋白表达增强;浓度≥1μmol／L,则抑制其表达,在成人肺腺癌细胞系H820中也有这种对糖皮质激素的双相反应。地塞米松能刺激人胎肺移植培养和H820、H441细胞系中SP－B和SP－CmRNAs表达增强。给孕26d母兔倍他米松,可使胎兔肺内SP－BmRNA水平升高接近成年兔水平,但SP－CmRNA则明显降低。4．其它调控SP表达的因素：在人和兔胎肺移植培养中,cAMP及其类似物二丁酰基cAMP、8－溴cAMP和2－溴cAMP均可刺激SP－AmRNA和蛋白表达增加。ATP和cAMP均能刺激离体灌注大翻译效率或翻译后因素的改变可能参与了ATP和cAMP所致SP－A合成的增加。表皮生长因子和干扰素γ可使人胎肺移植培养中SP－AmRNA和蛋白水平呈剂量依赖性增加。角化细胞生长因子能促进培养的成年大鼠11型细胞中SP－A和SP－BmRNAs表达。转化生长因子能抑制人胎肺移植培养中SP－AmRNA和蛋白的表达,下调培养11型细胞中SP－CmRNA表达。胰岛素可使人胎肺移植培养中SP－A蛋白水平呈剂量依赖性下降,肿瘤坏死因子α可降低人肺腺癌细胞系中SP－A和SP－BmRNAs水平,且有剂量依赖关系。性激素不影响SP表达。总之,SP表达的调控可能是许多因素在不同水平综合作用的结果。     

Surfactant and its role in the pathobiology of pulmonary infection

Pulmonary surfactant is a complex surface-active substance comprised of key phospholipids and proteins that has many essential functions. Surfactant's unique composition is integrally related to its surface-active properties, its critical role in host defense, and emerging immunomodulatory activities ascribed to surfactant lipids. Together these effector functions provide for lung stability and protection from a barrage of potentially virulent infectious pathogens.     

Summer and fall ants have different physiological responses to food macronutrient content

Seasonally, long-lived animals exhibit changes in behavior and physiology in response to shifts in environmental conditions, including food abundance and nutritional quality. Ants are long-lived arthropods that, at the colony level, experience such seasonal shifts in their food resources. Previously we reported summer- and fall-collected ants practiced distinct food collection behavior and nutrient intake regulation strategies in response to variable food protein and carbohydrate content, despite being reared in the lab under identical environmental conditions and dietary regimes. Seasonally distinct responses were observed for both no-choice and choice dietary experiments. Using data from these same experiments, our objective here is to examine colony and individual-level physiological traits, colony mortality and growth, food processing, and worker lipid mass, and how these traits change in response to variable food protein–carbohydrate content. For both experiments we found that seasonality per se exerted strong effects on colony and individual level traits. Colonies collected in the summer maintained total worker mass despite high mortality. In contrast, colonies collected in the fall lived longer, and accumulated lipids, including when reared on protein-biased diets. Food macronutrient content had mainly transient effects on physiological responses. Extremes in food carbohydrate content however, elicited a compensatory response in summer worker ants, which processed more protein-biased foods and contained elevated lipid levels. Our study, combined with our previously published work, strongly suggests that underlying physiological phenotypes driving behaviors of summer and fall ants are likely fixed seasonally, and change circannually.     

Surface components of HeLa cells that inhibit cytadherence of Chlamydia trachomatis

Abstract Isolated HeLa plasma membrane (PM) preparations and extracts containing either cell-surface proteins or lipids were examined for inhibition of adherence of radiolabeled Chlamydia trachomatis serovar E elementary bodies to glutaraldehydefixed HeLa monolayers. A dose-dependent adherence-inhibitory activity could be demonstrated with the PM. A urea extract as well as lipids from HeLa cells also inhibited chlamydial cytadherence. The inhibitory activity of the PM was trypsin-sensitive. It was absent when the urea extract was prepared from trypsin-treated HeLa cells. The urea extract was subjected to electrophoresis and protein blotting using a native gel system. Probing with radiolabeled chlamydial cytadhesin showed a single protein present in the urea extract that could represent a HeLa cell protein receptor for the chlamydiae.     

Sensitization of surfactants on the chemiluminescence reaction of fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled proteins

The effect of surfactants on fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-bovine serum albumin (BSA)-hypochlorite (ClO(-)), FITC-human serum albumin (HSA)-ClO(-), FITC-ovoconalbumin (OVA)-ClO(-), FITC-hemoglobin (Hb)-ClO(-) systems were investigated with chemiluminescence method by the reversed phase flow injection. It was found that the chemiluminescence (CL) intensity of each system was increased greatly in the presence of cationic surfactants. Cethyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) is the optimal surfactant of these systems. The optimal conditions of the CL reaction and the optimal concentration of CTAB were examined and the function of cationic surfactant CTAB on the CL reaction was also discussed.     

Genetic evidence for functional interaction of the Escherichia coli signal recognition particle receptor with acidic lipids in vivo

The mechanism underlying the interaction of the Escherichia coli signal recognition particle receptor FtsY with the cytoplasmic membrane has been studied in detail. Recently, we proposed that FtsY requires functional interaction with inner membrane lipids at a late stage of the signal recognition particle pathway. In addition, an essential lipid-binding α-helix was identified in FtsY of various origins. Theoretical considerations and in vitro studies have suggested that it interacts with acidic lipids, but this notion is not yet fully supported by in vivo experimental evidence. Here, we present an unbiased genetic clue, obtained by serendipity, supporting the involvement of acidic lipids. Utilizing a dominant negative mutant of FtsY (termed NG), which is defective in its functional interaction with lipids, we screened for E. coli genes that suppress the negative dominant phenotype. In addition to several unrelated phenotype-suppressor genes, we identified pgsA, which encodes the enzyme phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase (PgsA). PgsA is an integral membrane protein that catalyzes the committed step to acidic phospholipid synthesis, and we show that its overexpression increases the contents of cardiolipin and phosphatidylglycerol. Remarkably, expression of PgsA also stabilizes NG and restores its biological function. Collectively, our results strongly support the notion that FtsY functionally interacts with acidic lipids.     

微藻生物质成分检测方法评述

不断发展的微藻产业需要统一可信的生物质检测方法体系来评估微藻研究、培养及生产中的各种生物质指标。对目前常用的微藻生物质组成的检测方法进行综述及评估,以期推动微藻产业的生物质分析平台标准化。     

Effects of aluminum on the energetic substrates in neotropical freshwater Astyanax bimaculatus (Teleostei: Characidae) females

We investigated the effects of acidic pH and acute aluminum (Al) exposure on the metabolic substrates of Astyanax bimaculatus, and on the ability of these animals to recover in clean water. After an acclimation period, sexually mature A. bimaculatus females were sorted into six glass aquaria with three experimental groups: control in neutral pH (7.0), acidic pH (5.5), and Al (0.5 mg·L^− 1) in acidic pH (5.5). After a 96 h treatment, 10 animals from each experimental group were sampled and the rest were returned to clean water in neutral pH without Al for a recovery period of 96 h. The acidic pH, either alone or combined with Al, decreased T4 levels, whereas Al exposure increased T3 levels. Recovery of T3 levels occurred after 96 h. Al exposure decreased ovary and plasma proteins, muscle glycogen contents, and hepatic lipids due to lipoperoxidation. In the recovery phase, lipids decreased in most tissues, probably to re-establish ovary protein and hepatic glycogen. A. bimaculatus prioritized the use of energetic resources during acclimatization to Al instead of prioritizing reproduction, thereby avoiding the ovulation of impaired eggs.     

Lipids trigger a conformational switch that regulates signal recognition particle (SRP)-mediated protein targeting

Co-translational protein targeting to the membrane is mediated by the signal recognition particle and its receptor (FtsY). Their homologous GTPase domains interact at the membrane and form a heterodimer in which both GTPases are activated. The prerequisite for protein targeting is the interaction of FtsY with phospholipids. However, the mechanism of FtsY regulation by phospholipids remained unclear. Here we show that the N terminus of FtsY (A domain) is natively unfolded in solution and define the complete membrane-targeting sequence. We show that the membrane-targeting sequence is highly dynamic in solution, independent of nucleotides and directly responds to the density of anionic phospholipids by a random coil-helix transition. This conformational switch is essential for tethering FtsY to membranes and activates the GTPase for its subsequent interaction with the signal recognition particle. Our results underline the dynamics of lipid-protein interactions and their importance in the regulation of protein targeting and translocation across biological membranes.     

Surfactant Protein D Inhibits Adherence of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli to the Bladder Epithelial Cells and the Bacterium-induced Cytotoxicity: A POSSIBLE FUNCTION IN URINARY TRACT*

The adherence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) to the host urothelial surface is the first step for establishing UPEC infection. Uroplakin Ia (UPIa), a glycoprotein expressed on bladder urothelium, serves as a receptor for FimH, a lectin located at bacterial pili, and their interaction initiates UPEC infection. Surfactant protein D (SP-D) is known to be expressed on mucosal surfaces in various tissues besides the lung. However, the functions of SP-D in the non-pulmonary tissues are poorly understood. The purposes of this study were to investigate the possible function of SP-D expressed in the bladder urothelium and the mechanisms by which SP-D functions. SP-D was expressed in human bladder mucosa, and its mRNA was increased in the bladder of the UPEC infection model in mice. SP-D directly bound to UPEC and strongly agglutinated them in a Ca²⁺-dependent manner. Co-incubation of SP-D with UPEC decreased the bacterial adherence to 5637 cells, the human bladder cell line, and the UPEC-induced cytotoxicity. In addition, preincubation of SP-D with 5637 cells resulted in the decreased adherence of UPEC to the cells and in a reduced number of cells injured by UPEC. SP-D directly bound to UPIa and competed with FimH for UPIa binding. Consistent with the in vitro data, the exogenous administration of SP-D inhibited UPEC adherence to the bladder and dampened UPEC-induced inflammation in mice. These results support the conclusion that SP-D can protect the bladder urothelium against UPEC infection and suggest a possible function of SP-D in urinary tract.     

Cholesterol and Sphingomyelin Drive Ligand-independent T-cell Antigen Receptor Nanoclustering

The T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) exists in monomeric and nanoclustered forms independently of antigen binding. Although the clustering is involved in the regulation of T-cell sensitivity, it is unknown how the TCR nanoclusters form. We show that cholesterol is required for TCR nanoclustering in T cells and that this clustering enhances the avidity but not the affinity of the TCR-antigen interaction. Investigating the mechanism of the nanoclustering, we found that radioactive photocholesterol specifically binds to the TCRβ chain in vivo. In order to reduce the complexity of cellular membranes, we used a synthetic biology approach and reconstituted the TCR in liposomes of defined lipid composition. Both cholesterol and sphingomyelin were required for the formation of TCR dimers in phosphatidylcholine-containing large unilamellar vesicles. Further, the TCR was localized in the liquid disordered phase in giant unilamellar vesicles. We propose a model in which cholesterol and sphingomyelin binding to the TCRβ chain causes TCR dimerization. The lipid-induced TCR nanoclustering enhances the avidity to antigen and thus might be involved in enhanced sensitivity of memory compared with naive T cells. Our work contributes to the understanding of the function of specific nonannular lipid-membrane protein interactions.