乳酸杆菌S-层蛋白性质及其益生功能研究进展

乳酸杆菌为应用最早、研究最多的益生菌种之一,能够调节肠道微生物区系的平衡,增强机体的免疫力和抵抗力。S-层蛋白在乳酸杆菌黏附过程中起重要作用,因此乳酸杆菌中的S-层蛋白成为研究热点。本文对乳酸杆菌S-层蛋白的结构、分离提纯方法、基因克隆情况和益生功能做了详细阐述。     

乳酸杆菌S-层蛋白对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌黏附及入侵Caco-2细胞的拮抗作用

【目的】对嗜酸乳杆菌的S-层蛋白(S-layer protein)进行提纯,研究嗜酸乳酸杆菌和S-层蛋白对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌黏附和入侵的拮抗作用。【方法】应用阴离子交换柱(DE52)对嗜酸乳酸杆菌的S-层蛋白进行提纯,然后分别研究了嗜酸乳酸杆菌和S-层蛋白对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌黏附及入侵Caco-2细胞的作用。【结果】S-层蛋白能显著地抑制鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的黏附及入侵;在竞争、排斥、置换3种黏附试验中,S-层蛋白可显著降低鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的黏附,其相对黏附力分别为1.17%±5.97%、8.71%±1.36%、10.56%±0.92%,差异极显著(p0.01),其中竞争试验效果最好;并且S-层蛋白对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌黏附抑制作用极显著高于嗜酸乳酸杆菌(p0.01);此外,S-层蛋白也能显著抑制鼠伤寒沙门氏菌入侵。【结论】乳酸杆菌S-层蛋白对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌可产生显著的拮抗作用,这可能与S-层蛋白和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的宿主黏附受体存在竞争作用有关;提示乳酸杆菌S-层蛋白可用于预防和治疗鼠伤寒沙门氏菌感染,并有望成为抗生素的替代品。     

乳酸杆菌表面结构和粘附特性的研究进展

乳酸杆菌是人和动物肠道中重要的益生菌.乳酸杆菌的表面特性决定其对肠道的粘附和定植及生理功能的发挥.研究乳酸杆菌表面结构对了解乳酸杆菌的粘附过程具有重要意义.对近年来国外关于乳酸杆菌表面结构特征和理化性质的研究进行了概述,并探讨分析了乳酸杆菌表面结构与乳酸杆菌粘附特性之间潜在的关系.     

多糖对肠道功能调节作用的研究进展

肠道是机体重要的消化器官,亦是共生微生物群的主要寄居场所,在维持机体正常生命活动如免疫和内分泌功能中发挥着重要作用。 肠道功能紊乱与疾病的发生以及发展过程密切相关。近年来,多项研究结果显示,多糖具有肠道功能调节作用,包括通过作用于肠道黏膜 参与机体免疫过程、保护肠道屏障结构和功能的完整性、调节肠道菌群组成以及刺激肠道内分泌。从伴随疾病过程中的肠道功能紊乱的角度, 对多糖调节肠道功能的作用机制进行综述。     

乳酸杆菌肽聚糖免疫作用的研究进展

乳酸杆菌是一群生活在机体内益于宿主健康的微生物,它维护人体健康和调节免疫功能的作用已被广泛认可.而对于乳酸杆菌里起免疫调节作用的具体成分目前还不十分清楚.大量资料显示乳酸杆菌细胞壁成分肽聚糖可能在这方面起到了重要作用,乳酸杆菌的细胞壁肽聚糖(whole peptidoglycan,WPG)能够增强吞噬细胞功能、诱导细胞因子和一氧化氮等免疫介质的释放,在抗感染和抗肿瘤免疫中发挥重要作用.本研究综述了乳酸杆菌肽聚糖在免疫方面作用的研究进展.     

SCFAs对肠道免疫调控的研究进展

肠道微生物群与宿主是共生关系,二者共同进化。短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acids, SCFAs)通过保护肠上皮屏障的完整性来维持肠道内环境平衡,并通过影响肠道免疫细胞的分化调节免疫系统。作为肠道微生物群发酵膳食纤维产生的一类重要代谢物,SCFAs通过抑制组蛋白脱乙酰酶或激活G蛋白偶联受体调节肠道免疫细胞功能与分化,在宿主的健康和免疫介导的疾病中发挥至关重要的作用。该文从SCFAs的来源、运输和信号转导,以及SCFAs对免疫细胞、免疫屏障及肠道疾病的影响等六个方面展开综述,并重点介绍了SCFAs对免疫细胞的作用。     

硒和硒蛋白与宿主肠道健康的互作调节机制

硒是生物体必需的微量元素之一,在体内合成为硒蛋白,参与抗氧化和免疫应答等众多生理机能的调控.近期研究表明,硒和硒蛋白可能与宿主肠道微生物、抗氧化系统和免疫因子存在互作调节肠道稳态的功能,进而起到预防和治疗肠道疾病的作用.本文综述了硒在肠道中的吸收和硒蛋白的合成及功能,重点解析了硒和硒蛋白与肠道微生物、肠道氧化应激和肠道免疫间的互作调节机制及其在肠癌中的潜在作用,以期为硒用于预防或治疗肠道疾病提供新的思路和依据.     

长康双歧菌增殖胶囊对肠道菌群影响的研究

目的 研究以苏糖为主要功能组分的长康双歧菌增殖胶囊的特性及功效。方法 通过实验鼠及志愿者进行调节肠道菌群试验,观察该微生态制剂的作用。结果 小鼠肠道内双歧杆菌数量明显增加;受试人群肠道内肠杆菌、拟杆菌数量明显减少,肠球菌、乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌数量明显增加,产气莱膜梭菌数量增加。结论 以水苏糖为主要功能组分的长康双歧菌增殖胶囊具有调节肠道菌群、改善肠道内环境的功能。     

表皮生长因子对动物肠道黏蛋白分泌的影响及其作用机制

表皮生长因子(epidermal growth factor, EGF)是一种含有53个氨基酸残基的小分子肽,在黏膜屏障功能的维持与修复中发挥重要作用。黏液层是动物肠道的第一道屏障,可阻止有害菌的入侵,同时也是机体与外部环境交换营养物质、水、气体等物质的重要场所。黏蛋白(mucins, MUCs)是黏液层的主要成分,它是一种相对分子质量较高的糖蛋白。EGF可通过刺激肠道杯状细胞的增殖促进黏蛋白的分泌以维持肠道黏液的不断更新。本文主要综述了黏蛋白的结构和功能以及EGF对肠道黏蛋白分泌的影响及其调控作用机制,以期为EGF在动物肠道健康调节中的作用提供参考。     

嗜酸乳杆菌S-层蛋白联合抗生素对Escherichia coli和Staphylococcus aureus的抑制作用研究

旨在检测嗜酸乳杆菌S-层蛋白以及S-层蛋白与抗生素联用对大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)和金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)的抑制作用。采用液体发酵培养法获得嗜酸乳杆菌菌体,LiCl法提取S-层蛋白粗提物,凝胶过滤层析法纯化S-层蛋白,分别用E.coli和S.aureus处理Caco-2细胞2 h后,考察S-层蛋白在不同浓度和不同作用时间条件下对E.coli和S.aureus的抑制作用,并考察S-层蛋白联合抗生素对E.coli和S.aureus的抑制作用,实验分组:(1)空白对照;(2)嗜酸乳杆菌组;(3)S-层蛋白组;(4)抗生素组;(5)嗜酸乳杆菌+抗生素组;(6)S-层蛋白+抗生素组。结果显示,液体发酵得到嗜酸乳杆菌菌体,提取并纯化得到S-层蛋白;S-层蛋白对E.coli和S.aureus有很好的抑制效果,具有浓度依赖性,高浓度下抑制率达到42.2%和31.7%,差异极显著(P<0.01),且在E.coli和S.aureus作用的短时间内干预效果明显,0 h时的抑制率分别达到59.3%和48.4%;S-层蛋白联合抗生素的抑菌率分别达到81.7%和79.3%,差异极显著(P<0.01),效果优于单独使用抗生素。嗜酸乳杆菌S-层蛋白具有较强的抑菌作用,可以与抗生素联用,有望开发称为一种新型的抗菌药物。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.