Wildfire potential evaluation during a drought event with a regional climate model and NDVI

Regional climate modeling is a technique for simulating high-resolution physical processes in the atmosphere, soil and vegetation. It can be used to evaluate wildfire potential by either providing meteorological conditions for computation of fire indices or predicting soil moisture as a direct measure of fire potential. This study examines these roles using a regional climate model (RCM) for the drought and wildfire events in 1988 in the northern United States. The National Center for Atmospheric Research regional climate model (RegCM) was used to conduct simulations of a summer month in each year from 1988 to 1995. The simulated precipitation and maximum surface air temperature were used to calculate the Keetch–Byram Drought Index (KBDI), which is a popular fire potential index. We found that the KBDI increased significantly under the simulated drought condition. The corresponding fire potential was upgraded from moderate for a normal year to high level for the drought year. High fire potential is often an indicator for occurrence of intense and extensive wildfires. Fire potential changed in the opposite direction for the 1993 flood event, indicating little possibility of severe wildfires. The soil moisture and KBDI evaluations under the drought and flood conditions are in agreement with satellite remotely sensed vegetation conditions and the actual wildfire activity. The precipitation anomaly was a more important contributor to the KBDI changes than temperature anomaly. The small magnitude of the simulated soil moisture anomalies during the drought event did not provide sufficient evidence for the role of simulated soil moisture as a direct measure of wildfire potential.     

三种干旱指数在干旱区沼泽湿地土壤水分遥感反演中的应用

湿地水文条件对湿地生态系统结构和功能起着关键作用。借助卫星遥感技术,以干旱区疏勒河中下游沼泽湿地为研究对象,基于Landsat8 OLI遥感影像的温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)、垂直干旱指数(PDI)和归一化干旱监测指数(NPDI)3种干旱监测方法,结合野外湿地实测土壤水分数据进行比较和验证。结果表明:(1)TVDI、PDI和NPDI3种干旱指数在不同土层中均与土壤实测水分呈显著负相关(P0.01),且NPDI指数与表层土壤水分的拟合效果最好。不同土层中,3种干旱指数与土壤水分的拟合优度大小均为NPDITVDIPDI;(2)研究区同一湿地类型不同土层的土壤水分存在显著差异(P0.05),且不同湿地类型的土壤水分总体上表现为随着土壤深度的增加呈递增态势;(3)研究区同一土层不同湿地类型的土壤水分差异显著(P0.05),且不同土层中土壤水分的大小均为:沼泽化草甸草本沼泽季节性咸水沼泽内陆盐沼。     

Modeling of plant adaptation to climatic drought induced water deficit

Soil moisture flux to root surface is considered the main determining factor of the transpiration intensity of plants. This assumption is valid not only in optimal plant physiological conditions without any physical barrier for the evaporation from the leaves, but in climatic drought as well, when high usable soil water amount cannot supply the evapo-transpiration intensity of plant. A new algorithm we built up describing the plant adaptation in climatic drought when stoma’s closure and reduction of plant’s potential evapo-transpiration (PET) starts. The adaptation algorithm of Doorenbos et al. (1978) is developed further defining that soil moisture content initiating the stomata’s closure. The critical soil moisture content is varying according to the PET, and drought tolerance of plant. If soil moisture content is less than the critical one, the plant evapo-transpiration (ET) can be highly different in the drought tolerance plant groups. The new drought tolerance algorithm is applied to maize field plots on chernozem soil of the experimental station of the Debrecen University, in East Hungary. Simulated soil water storages are compared to measured ones of a field plot treatment in five consecutive years. The soil moisture content profiles are measured with a BR-150 capacitance probe (Andrén et al. 1991). Differences between measured and simulated soil water storages are not significant in 2003. Simulations indicate low soil water storages in autumn of 2006, and in the first half of 2007 predicting the low maize production realized in 2007. The new plant adaptation algorithm can be used for a climate and soil moisture content sensitive irrigation control as well. The maize production is an illustrative biohydrological example of water flow through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum.     

季节性干旱地区典型树种长期水分利用特征与模式

在季节性干旱地区,水分是影响植物生长发育的关键核心因子.基于长期连续观测数据探究植物水分利用模式,对于季节性干旱地区植被建设具有重要意义.本研究以北京山区侧柏人工林为对象,利用稳定氢氧同位素技术测定了2012-2017年间土壤、植物枝条和降水同位素组成,通过MixSIAR模型定量分析侧柏对不同土层土壤水分的贡献率.结果...     

浑善达克沙地不同微地形的土壤物理性质和草本群落分布及其相关性分析

采用样方调查和室内检测相结合法对内蒙古浑善达克沙地迎风坡、坡顶、背风坡和丘间地不同土层(0~10、10~20和20~40 cm)的土壤物理性质(包括含水量、田间持水量、容重、总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度)及草本群落的生产力(包括盖度和地上部生物量)和物种多样性(包括Margalef丰富度指数、Simpson多样性指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数)进行比较分析;在此基础上,采用Pearson相关性分析法对不同微地形的土壤物理性质与草本群落各指标间以及草本群落生产力与物种多样性各指标间的相关性进行分析.结果表明:4种微地形的土壤物理性质总体上差异显著,但不同土层的土壤物理性质总体上无明显差异;从丘间地、背风坡、坡顶到迎风坡,土壤的含水量、田间持水量、总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度依次递减,而土壤容重则依次递增,说明迎风坡的土壤结构较差且水分散失较多,而丘间地的土壤结构和水分状况均相对较好.不同微地形间草本群落生产力和物种多样性总体上也存在明显差异,从背风坡、丘间地、坡顶到迎风坡,草本群落的生产力和物种多样性依次递减,仅Margalef丰富度指数表现为在丘间地最高、在迎风坡最低,说明迎风坡的草本群落物种多样性较低,群落稳定性差,而背风坡和丘间地的草本群落物种多样性和生产力水平均较高,群落稳定性较好.相关性分析结果表明:该区域的草本群落生产力和物种多样性与土壤容重呈负相关,与土壤的其他物理性状呈正相关,但仅部分指标间有显著或极显著相关性;草本群落生产力与物种多样性各指标间呈正相关,但多数指标间的相关性并不显著.研究结果显示:微地形能够显著影响浑善达克沙地的土壤物理性质和草本群落的分布特征,气候和人为干扰使该沙地的土壤物理性质受到严重破坏,导致草本群落生产力降低并处于不稳定状态.     

贵州特有植物美丽红山茶水分胁迫的生理响应

采用水分抗逆性指标主成分分析法,选择4年实生苗,测定和评价了连续30 d水涝和干旱胁迫的生理响应.结果表明：(1)水涝处理的叶片生长旺盛,光泽度和观赏性无明显变化,叶片相对含水量、MDA含量、SOD活性、POD活性、CAT活性的变化差异在5％以内,土壤含水量增加3．47％,细胞膜透性减少1．59％,短期水涝对美丽红山茶伤害不明显;(2)随着干旱时间延长,新叶卷缩、老叶脱落,土壤含水量、叶片相对含水量随时间呈负相关缓慢减少,细胞膜透性呈正相关缓慢增长,但复水10 d 后可恢复正常生长,无明显生理变化响应;(3)SOD活性和MDA含量分别增加了0．66％和5．31％,POD活性随干旱时间上下波动而增加6．47％, CAT活性随干旱时间延长而增加,20 d增加33．33％达最大值20．8 U??g-1??min-1.在抗性生理中,维持膜稳定性的叶片含水量、POD和CAT的变化对抗旱能力大小起主要作用.     

阿克苏河流域土壤湿度反演与监测研究

以新疆阿克苏河流域为研究区,以GF-1 WFV和Landsat8 OLI两种高分辨率遥感影像为数据源,结合102个不同深度层的土壤湿度实测数据,选择垂直干旱指数(PDI)、改进型垂直干旱指数(MPDI)和植被调整垂直干旱指数(VAPDI),对土壤湿度指数反演的效果进行比较和验证。结果表明,两种数据源下的PDI、MPDI、VAPDI与土壤湿度实测含水量的决定系数较高,尤其是0—10 cm的相关性最强,平均决定系数达到0.68,说明基于光学遥感影像近红外和红光波段反射率构建的反演指数对近地表层土壤湿度信息更敏感,但对地下较深层次的土壤湿度反演精度略低;MPDI和VAPDI能够在一定程度上克服混合像元对土壤湿度光谱信息的影响,反演的精度要比PDI高,尤其是高植被覆盖度区,采用垂直植被指数(PVI)修正的VAPDI反演精度最佳;基于两种遥感数据源的土壤湿度空间异质性基本一致,但空间分辨率较高的GF-1 WFV模拟的土壤湿度空间分异更加精细和明显。研究结果可为"一带一路"背景下干旱半干旱地区大范围和动态监测土壤湿度、开展定量节水灌溉等提供理论基础和实践参考。     

基于地面遥感信息与气温的夏玉米土壤水分估算方法

土壤水分是土壤-植被-大气连续体的一个重要组分,是决定陆地生态系统水分状况的关键因子,也是作物的水分供应库.为了估算站点尺度不同深度的土壤水分,基于下垫面能量平衡方程和水分亏缺指数,提出了基于地面遥感信息(归一化植被指数和下垫面温度)和气温估算土壤相对湿度方法.利用2014年中国气象局固城生态与农业气象试验站夏玉米水分控制试验资料验证的结果表明: 该方法可以有效估算不同深度的土壤相对湿度,陆地生态系统的潜在干旱程度即实际蒸散与潜在蒸散之比与不同深度土壤湿度呈显著的线性关系.其中,0～10 cm土层的土壤水分估算精度最高,决定系数达0.90;0～20 cm到0～50 cm土层土壤水分估算的平均相对误差均在15%以内,相对均方根误差均在20%以内.研究结果可为作物的干旱监测与灌溉管理提供参考.     

温室茄子茎直径微变化与作物水分状况的关系

在温室条件下,采用盆栽土培和小区试验相结合的方法,以茄子(Solanummelongena,品种新乡糙青茄)为材料进行了植株茎直径微变化(膨胀或收缩)与作物体内水分状况的关系试验研究,旨在为利用茎直径微变化无损快速诊断作物水分状况提供理论依据。盆栽和小区试验均采用两因素(土壤水分梯度和作物不同生育阶段)随机区组设计,土壤水分控制下限分别取田间持水量的80%FC(Fieldwatercapacity),70%FC,60%FC和50%FC;生育阶段分别为苗期、花果期和采收期;共有4×3=12个处理组合,重复3次。结果表明:无论是在较高土壤含水量或在较低土壤含水量条件下,在晴好的天气里,茄子茎直径都是在白天收缩,傍晚、夜间复原或膨胀,而且这种微变化动态与植株体内的水分状况密切相关,不同土壤含水量条件下植株茎胀缩的幅度存在明显差异。高水分条件下,植株茎收缩幅度小,复原能力强;低水分条件下,植株茎收缩幅度大,恢复能力差。茎直径变化对环境因子水汽压差(VPD)的响应比较敏感,二者呈正相关关系,相关系数R2为0·8938。茎直径变化量(ΔSd)与叶水势(ψL)、叶片相对含水量(LRWC)呈极显著正相关关系,相关系数R2分别为0·867和0·965。这些结果显示,茎直径变化量能灵敏、实时、准确地反映植株体内的水分状况;与其它作物水分诊断方法(叶水势法,叶片相对含水量法,细胞液浓度法等)相比,茎直径微变化法可能具有简便、稳定、无损、连续监测和自动记录的优势。     

天山中段南坡巴伦台地区不同海拔植物群落物种多样性与土壤因子的关系

为探讨天山中段南坡巴伦台植物群落物种多样性随海拔梯度的分布特征及其与土壤环境因子的关系,该研究采用野外调查的方法,在和静县巴伦台地区海拔范围内设置34个样地进行了植物多样性和土壤因子的调查及室内指标的统计分析。结果表明:(1)研究区共调查到30科75属134种植物,草本层为主要优势层。不同海拔高度上土壤理化指标具有异质性,土壤含水量、全盐、有机质、全氮、全钾、有效氮和有效钾差异性显著(P<0.05),其中除全钾以外,其他土壤因子的含量均表现为中海拔大于低、高海拔区域。随海拔的升高,植物群落在低、高海拔段Pielou均匀度指数较高; 灌木层物种Patrick丰富度指数较低; 草本层物种Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数随海拔升高先增加后减小。(2)RDA分析表明,影响植物群落物种多样性的主要环境因子是海拔、土壤含水量、全盐、有机质、全氮和有效氮。海拔作为主导因子,与草本层各物种多样性指数呈正相关,与灌木层各物种多样性指数呈负相关关系; 全盐是抑制植物群落总体物种Simpson指数的主要土壤因子; 氮元素一定程度上限制灌木、半灌木物种的生长。该研究结果表明土壤因子对不同生活型物种多样性的形成具有一定的筛选作用及不同物种对环境变化的适应策略不同。     

A conservative pattern of water use, rather than deep or profuse rooting, is critical for the terminal drought tolerance of chickpea

Chickpea is mostly grown on stored soil moisture, and deep/profuse rooting has been hypothesized for almost three decades to be critical for improving chickpea tolerance to terminal drought. However, temporal patterns of water use that leave water available for reproduction and grain filling could be equally critical. Therefore, variation in water use pattern and root depth/density were measured, and their relationships to yield tested under fully irrigated and terminal drought stress, using lysimeters that provided soil volumes equivalent to field conditions. Twenty chickpea genotypes having similar plant phenology but contrasting for a field-derived terminal drought-tolerance index based on yield were used. The pattern of water extraction clearly discriminated tolerant and sensitive genotypes. Tolerant genotypes had a lower water uptake and a lower index of stomatal conductance at the vegetative stage than sensitive ones, while tolerant genotypes extracted more water than sensitive genotypes after flowering. The magnitude of the variation in root growth components (depth, length density, RLD, dry weight, RDW) did not distinguish tolerant from sensitive genotypes. The seed yield was not significantly correlated with the root length density (RLD) in any soil layers, whereas seed yield was both negatively related to water uptake between 23-38 DAS, and positively related to water uptake between 48-61 DAS. Under these conditions of terminal drought, the most critical component of tolerance in chickpea was the conservative use of water early in the cropping cycle, explained partly by a lower canopy conductance, which resulted in more water available in the soil profile during reproduction leading to higher reproductive success.     

民勤沙区人工梭梭林自然稀疏过程研究

通过实地样方调查,对民勤沙区人工梭梭林的自然稀疏过程进行分析,以探讨其自然稀疏机理。结果表明:(1)民勤沙区梭梭经过自然稀疏,15~32 a林龄的密度为387.14株.hm-2。(2)梭梭林内乔木、灌木、草本植物对不同层次土壤水分利用的分异比较明显,草本植物和灌木分别主要利用0~20 cm和0~100 cm的土壤水分,梭梭主要利用60~120 cm的土壤水分。(3)在梭梭林成长过程中,沙丘水分递减,梭梭因水分亏缺而自然稀疏化,且在10 a林龄以内自然稀疏过程最明显。(4)当林龄达到15 a以上时,植株普遍枯梢,生长不良,植株个体增大缓慢。(5)对于15 a及其以上成龄梭梭林进行人工补灌没有显著恢复效果,只是增加草本植物的密度和盖度。     

Competition between tree seedlings and herbaceous vegetation: support for a theory of resource supply and demand

1 We measured competition intensity (CI) between herbaceous vegetation and tree seedlings ( Quercus macrocarpa and Q. ellipsoidalis ) along an experimental moisture–light gradient. Contrasting theories were tested by comparing variation in competition intensity to changes in neighbour biomass and resource supply and demand.
2 CI based on survival was inversely correlated with net soil water supply (gross supply minus demand by herbaceous vegetation). CI was not positively correlated with either gross resource supply or neighbour biomass, contrary to predictions of Grime's triangular model for plant strategies.
3 Many of the inconsistencies and conflicting results that have characterized the recent literature on plant competition could be eliminated if changes in competition intensity along a resource gradient are compared with changes in net resource supply rather than changes in productivity or neighbour biomass.
4 Tree seedling success in savannas and grasslands may be strongly influenced by the intensity of competition from herbaceous vegetation. Factors that reduce soil water content are likely to increase competition intensity (and reduce seedling success) in these environments, while factors that increase soil water content will favour seedling success through decreased competition for water with herbaceous vegetation.     

Spatial patterns of desert annuals in relation to shrub effects on soil moisture

Questions: What are the effects of a shrub (Haloxylon ammodendron) on spatial patterns of soil moisture in different seasons? How does productivity of understorey annuals respond to these effects? Are such effects always positive for annuals under shrubs? Location: South Gurbantunggut Desert, northwest China. Methods: Using geostatistics, we explored seasonal patterns of topsoil moisture in a 12 × 9‐m plot over the growing season. To determine spatial patterns of understorey annuals in response to H. ammodendron presence, biomass of annuals was recorded in four 0.2 × 5.0‐m transects from the centre of a shrub to the space between shrubs (interspace). We also investigated vertical distribution of root biomass for annuals and soil moisture dynamics across soil profiles in shrub‐canopied areas and interspaces. Results: Topsoil moisture changed from autocorrelation in the wet spring to random structure in the dry season, while soil moisture below 20 cm was higher in shrub‐canopied areas. Across all microhabitats, soil moisture in upper soil layers was higher than in deeper soil layers during the spring wet season, but lower during summer drought. Topsoil was close to air‐dry during the dry season and developed a ‘dry sand layer’ that reduced evaporative loss of soil water from deeper layers recharged by snowmelt in spring. Aboveground biomass of understorey annuals was lowest adjacent to shrub stems and peaked at the shrub margin, forming a ‘ring’ of high herbaceous productivity surrounding individual shrubs. To acclimate to drier conditions, annuals in interspaces invested more root biomass in deeper soil with a root/shoot ratio (R/S) twice that in canopied areas. Conclusions: Positive and negative effects of shrubs on understorey plants in arid ecosystems are commonly related to nature of the environmental stress and tested species. Our results suggest there is also microhabitat‐dependence in the Gurbantunggut Desert. Soil water under H. ammodendron is seasonally enriched in topsoil and deeper layers. Understorey annuals respond to the effect of shrubs on soil water availability with lower R/S and less root biomass in deeper soil layers and develop a ‘ring’ of high productivity at the shrub patch margin where positive and negative effects of shrubs are balanced.     

Experimental manipulation of water levels in two French riverine grassland soils

In this experimental study, we simulated the effects of different river flooding regimes on soil nutrient availability, decomposition and plant production in floodplain grasslands. This was done to investigate the influences of soil water contents on nutrient cycling. Water levels were manipulated in mesocosms with intact soil turfs from two French floodplain grasslands. Three water levels were established: a `wet' (water level at the soil surface), an `intermediate' (water level at –20 cm) and a `dry' treatment (water level at –120 cm). With increasing soil moisture, soil pH became more neutral, while redox-potential and oxygen concentration decreased. The `dry' treatment showed much lower values for process rates in soil and vegetation than the `intermediate' and `wet' treatments. Regressions showed that soil C-evolution and N-mineralization were positively related to soil moisture content. Not all mineralized N was available for plant uptake in the wet treatment, as a considerable part was denitrified here. Denitrification was especially high as soil water contents increased to levels above field capacity, where redox-potentials sharply dropped. Further, soil P availability was higher under wet conditions. In the `dry' treatment, soil water content was close to the wilting point and plant production was low. In the `intermediate' treatment, plant production was most likely limited by nitrogen. The `wet' treatment did not result in a further increase in plant production. Dam construction and river bed degradation can result in lower river levels and summer drought on floodplains. This experimental study suggests that summer drought on floodplain soils reduces decomposition of soil organic matter, nutrient availability, denitrification, plant production and nutrient uptake. This can affect the capacity of floodplains to remove or retain nutrients from river water in a negative way.     

Soil and plant water stress in an Appalachian oak forest in relation to topography and stand age

Summary A Forest Site Quality Index (FSQI) formulated to predict site quality in Ridge and Valley terrain based on the topographic parameters of aspect, slope inclination and slope position was used to verify moisture gradients along the southeast face of Potts Mountain in Craig County, Virginia. A gradient of site quality index values representing xeric to mesic sites was established in both recently clearcut and adjacent uncut second-growth forest stands. Soil moisture content was determined gravimetrically at ten day intervals from May to October, 1981. Plant moisture stress measurements were taken in conjunction with soil moisture sampling using the pressure chamber technique on three dominant hardwood tree species.For both clearcut and uncut forest stands, a general gradient of increasing soil moisture availability with increasing FSQI was evident, although differences were not large between index values of 8 and 11 in either stand type. Soil water potential and predawn plant water potential exhibited a strong seasonal trend, their direct relationship suggesting that available soil water is probably the critical factor controlling base P levels. Growth limiting stress levels began in late July and continued for the remainder of the growing season.Funding for this research was granted through Cooperative Research Agreement # 18-882, USDA SE Forest Experiment Station and the Forestry Department of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061.     

Leaf damage decreases fitness and constrains phenotypic plasticity to drought of a perennial herb

Mediterranean-type ecosystems are increasingly prone to drought stress. Herbivory might limit plant functional responses to water shortage. This may occur as a result of plant resource depletion or due to the fact that leaf damage and drought may elicit opposite phenotypic responses. We evaluated the impact of herbivory on plant fitness in the field, and the effects of leaf damage on phenotypic plasticity to reduced soil moisture in a greenhouse. The study species was Convolvulus demissus, a perennial herb endemic to central Chile, which has a Mediterranean-type climate. Controlled herbivory by chrysomelid beetles (natural herbivores) in the field had a negative impact on plant fitness, estimated as number of fruits. Whereas reduced soil moisture alone did not affect seedling survival, damaged seedlings (simulated herbivory) had greater mortality when growing under water shortage. The hypothesis that herbivory would constrain phenotypic plasticity was supported by significant statistical interactions between leaf damage and soil moisture, followed by inspections of reaction norms. This was verified both overall (all phenotypic traits taken together, MANOVA) and in four of the six traits evaluated (ANOVAs). When plants were damaged, the reaction norms in response to low soil moisture of water use efficiency, root:shoot ratio and xylem water potential showed reduced slopes. While undamaged plants increased root biomass in response to low moisture, the opposite trend was found for damaged plants. The simultaneous occurrence of herbivory and drought events might curtail recruitment in plant populations of central Chile and other Mediterranean-type ecosystems due to the inability of damaged seedlings to show functional responses to low soil moisture. This finding is of ecological significance in view of current and projected trends of increased aridity in these ecosystems.     

山西太岳山小流域土壤水分空间异质性及其影响因子

以山西太岳山华北落叶松林地为主的小流域作为研究对象,采用地统计学方法结合地理信息系统(GIS)技术手段,研究了接石沟小流域土壤水分(0—60cm)的空间变异特征,以及植被分布和地形因子对其影响规律。结果表明:在时间稳定性的前提下,土壤水分含量和变异系数随土层加深逐渐降低。三层土壤水分半方差函数的最优拟合模型为球状模型,变程范围在1.1—1.4 km,均具有强烈的空间自相关性,其中0—20 cm和20—40 cm层土壤水分的空间异质性程度高于40—60 cm土层,以中间层的结构因素占总变异比例最大。自然结构因素(地形、母质、植被和土壤等)对不同土层土壤水分的总空间变异性起主导作用(81.4%—91.3%),而随机因素(取样误差、人为干扰等)的影响相对较小(8.7%—18.6%)。沿着集水线由西-东方向,从边缘的土壤水分高值斑块区逐渐过渡到明显的低值斑块区,梯度变化明显。研究发现,在植被覆盖异质性小的山地,土壤水分的空间异质性主要由地形因素引起,具体表现为其与坡向指数(TRASP)、坡度、海拔和土壤有机碳、全氮呈极显著相关关系(P0.01),而与植被指数(NDVI)呈弱的负相关关系。叠加分析显示,在阴坡、坡度较缓(15°)及高海拔叠合的区域土壤水分含量较高。研究结果可为山地人工林构建和植被恢复中土壤水资源的利用以及水分管理策略的制定提供理论依据。     

降雨量增减对黄河三角洲滨海湿地土壤呼吸和芦苇光合特性的影响

滨海湿地地下水位浅,淡咸水垂直交互作用明显,全球气候变化背景下降水变异改变其土壤表层水盐状况,从而影响植物光合作用与土壤呼吸.为探究降雨量变化对黄河三角洲滨海湿地土壤呼吸和光合特性的影响,采用固定式遮雨顶棚和雨水输送管道相结合的方法设置增减雨处理小区,于2015年生长季测定土壤呼吸和光合作用光响应曲线,同时连续测定土壤温度、土壤含水量、土壤含盐量等土壤环境因子.结果表明: 根据土壤含水量波动情况可将生长季分为3个阶段:干旱期、湿润期、淹水期. 不同土壤水分阶段,土壤呼吸和芦苇光合特性对降雨量增减的响应不同. 在干旱期,增雨处理下土壤呼吸速率显著提高了31.8%,同时芦苇叶片气孔导度和光合能力显著增强;减雨处理下土壤呼吸速率降低41.1%,芦苇叶片气孔阻塞,光合能力降低. 在湿润期,增雨和减雨处理使土壤呼吸速率及其温度敏感性指数(Q₁₀)均出现下降,但二者未对芦苇各光合参数和净光合速率产生显著影响. 在淹水期,增减雨处理未对土壤呼吸产生显著影响,但芦苇对淹水胁迫较为敏感,增减雨分别加重和降低了淹水对芦苇植株的伤害,光合速率由高到低为减雨>对照>增雨.