厦门城市水环境景观格局调整与建设探讨

城市是由多个相对独立的子系统构成的复合人工生态系统, 城市的可持续发展与建设依赖于自然-社会-经济各子系统之内的健康、协调发展。伴随城市的开发建设过程, 水资源短缺、水质污染等多种水环境问题正威胁城市的持续性发展, 亟需一个综合全面的解决方案。基于对海绵城市建设的内涵与存在问题的讨论, 结合可持续发展与景观生态学理论, 提出“城市水环境景观格局调整与建设”这一解决城市水环境问题的思路与实践框架, 并据此建立逐步实现城市子系统到城市整个生态系统健康发展的可持续城市建设新途径。以厦门市为研究案例, 分析流域水质在不同尺度条件下与景观格局的关系, 模拟估算城市建设用地面积阈值, 从而规范厦门城市用地开发利用, 达到改善城市流域水环境目标。通过厦门市的实证研究, 验证了以水环境可持续为切入点调整城市景观格局, 进而解决城市发展中突出的水环境问题并实现整个城市的可持续发展建设的思路, 最后对城市未来水环境与景观格局调整提出展望。     

三维城市景观生态研究

城市景观元素的三维分析是城市景观研究发展的重要趋势之一。城市形态的结构特征与功能的空间作用不仅体现在二维空间中,同时在三维向度上表现出城市社会经济发展态势与空间演变的相互作用,因此在城市空间格局、过程与功能的讨论中,不能局限于二维平面。首先由三维视角提出城市景观格局及功能网络特征,并结合对航空摄影测量、卫星遥测、机载激光扫描等三维信息获取方法的认识,介绍目前城市景观三维信息提取的相关方法;其次,在三维城市景观生态研究内容方面,重点介绍城市景观要素提取、格局特征及其动态变化、生态环境效应和城市景观功能等相关研究,探讨城市内部的三维建成景观以及绿地景观要素提取与应用,并在传统景观格局分析方法基础上,提出了三维城市景观格局特征测量方法、动态变化监测方法以及动态模拟等相关内容,进一步对三维城市景观在生物多样性、局部气候变化等生态环境效应方面的研究进行了归纳总结;最后借助构建三维景观功能网络的思路,以作为三维城市景观功能优化研究的切入点。     

基于QuickBird卫星影像的贵港市城市景观格局分析

以QuickBird卫星影像解译的贵港市城市建成区景观类型图为基础,选取合适的格局指数对该区域的景观格局进行了分析。结果表明,整个景观区为一个较典型的居住、公共市政和工业用地城市景观镶嵌体;整个景观的多样性指数和景观破碎度比自然景观高5.1%~64.7%;各种不同类型城市景观的斑块面积及形状复杂程度和破碎度差异明显。     

城市景观格局演变的生态环境效应研究进展

快速城市化过程剧烈影响着下垫面变化,直接带来了交通拥挤、资源短缺、环境污染、生态恶化等诸多问题,所有这些问题的出现均与景观格局演变密切相关,研究城市景观格局演变及其生态环境效应正在成为全社会关注的热点.系统总结了城市化过程对景观格局演变的影响,分析了城市景观格局演变的热环境效应、水环境效应、生态服务效应,以及城市生态用地与生态安全格局设计等方面的研究进展.指出了目前城市景观演变与生态环境效应研究中存在的问题与不足:(1)现有研究侧重于景观格局演变的量化分析和景观格局指数的计算,较少关注景观格局演变对生态环境及其区域生态安全的影响;(2)城市景观格局演变与热岛效应研究多局限于两者数理统计关系的分析,对于城市热环境形成的机理缺乏深入研究;(3)城市景观格局演变与大气环境效应方面更多研究关注绿地及其空间布局在吸收和降解大气污染物、固体颗粒物方面的作用,对城市景观格局演变的大气环境综合效应以及大气灰霾效应影响机理重视不够;(4)如何通过合理设置生态用地,有效提高城市生态服务功能和保障城市生态安全,目前仍缺乏深入而又系统的研究.下一步的研究中,需要综合多尺度的景观信息来揭示城市景观的演变机理和环境效应,构建基于城市空间扩展和生态服务效应评价的城市生态空间优化决策模型,探讨城市生态空间优化模式与安全格局.     

城市河流的景观生态学研究:概念框架

城市河流作为城市景观中一种重要的生态廊道,其功能的正常实现与否关系到整个城市的可持续发展。通过分析当前城市河流的研究概况,发现应用景观生态学原理对城市河流展开多尺度、多学科的综合研究是实现“自然-人类-水体”可持续发展的必然趋势。从景观生态学的角度出发,结合城市河流的特点,提出了更为综合的、景观水平上的城市河流研究的概念框架。特别针对景观生态学研究的核心问题,对城市河流的研究尺度、格局分析、干扰程度等重要方面进行了详细论述,以期在景观水平上构建城市河流的可持续发展预案。     

试论城市景观生态规划

１引言从１９世纪末英国社会活动家Ｅ．Ｈｏｗａｒｄ的“田园城市”设想,到现代城市的园林规划设计,充分体现了城市需要自然,城市是自然的一部分。随着城市环境问题的出现,以及人们需求的提高,城市景观生态规划就显得更加重要。景观生态规划是景观生态学研究的领域之...     

城市地下历史景观的保护实践探析

城市地下考古遗址是城市历史景观的重要组成部分,对城市中心地区地下空间的深度开发是目前发展的重要趋势。在地下空间的规划和设计中对地下历史景观和地下公共空间进行整合,不仅能减少对城市地下历史景观造成破坏,还能充分发挥历史景观的社会文化功能,塑造出富有特色的城市公共空间,促进城市的文化可持续发展。本文以保加利亚谢尔迪卡古文化与交通综合体为例,探讨城市地下空间开发中历史景观的营建经验,以供中国参考。     

城市景观三维扩展及其大气环境效应综述

当前,中国正处于快速城镇化阶段,在城市边界迅速扩展同时,城市内部改造使建筑高度也不断增加,从而使得城市与周边生态环境的相互作用影响变得更为复杂。在三维空间上研究格局变化与过程关系对于城市生态安全持续和健康发展具有重要意义。本文综述了景观生态格局研究在三维空间上的进展和城市大气环境效应;总结了不同尺度上大气数值模式在城市下垫面大气模拟中的应用,以及城市景观组分和三维格局演变对局地气候和大气污染的影响;分析了当前城市景观三维格局研究和城市大气数值模式应用中存在的不足。三维格局定量分析及其环境效应是未来城市景观生态学研究新的方向,包括构建综合反映景观格局与大气环境关系的格局指数,建立融合城市景观格局演变动力机制和大气环境因子于一体的多尺度模型,以及加强城市三维景观格局优化研究。     

城市森林景观格局与过程研究进展

大规模的城市化进程,改变了城市以及周边区域的景观格局,显著影响着城市森林生态系统的结构、过程与功能.景观尺度上的城市森林景观格局与生态过程研究已经成为当前城市森林学的研究热点.在阐明城市森林及其景观格局与过程概念的基础上,综述了国内外城市森林景观格局与过程的研究内容、研究方法的进展情况,指出了以下几个方面有望成为今后城市森林景观研究的发展方向:景观尺度上的城市森林系统能流、物质循环等生态学过程研究;城市森林景观格局演变的社会驱动力研究;基于生态服务功能的城市森林规划研究;半都市化地区的森林景观格局与过程研究;基于空间显式景观模型的城市森林景观格局与过程模块开发.     

城市景观功能的区域协调规划——以深圳市为例

城市景观功能的完善是城市可持续发展的重要保障之一,其与区域景观功能的相互协调是城市规划的重要组成部分,有利于城市和区域的整体持续发展。在分析城市景观基本特征的基础上,探讨了城市景观功能区域协调规划的基本思路,以城市景观为规划对象,以人类社会的功能需求为立足点,依据景观生态学理论,将城市景观的功能划分为生物生产功能、环境服务功能、文化支持功能和信息输运功能,对体现这些基本功能的景观类型进行区域协调规划。以深圳市为例,实证分析了其景观功能在珠江三角洲地区的协调规划。     

Effects of urbanization intensity on forest structural-taxonomic attributes,landscape patterns and their associations in Changchun,Northeast China: Implications for urban green infrastructure planning

Understanding the associations between urbanization intensity and urban forest structural-taxonomic attributes is a central theme of urban ecology, biodiversity conservation and forest management for maximizing ecological services to design proper urban green infrastructure. By selecting a typical provincial capital city of Changchun as an example, the effects of urbanization intensity (low, medium and heavy urbanization as measured by impervious surface area, ISA) on landscape patterns and structural-taxonomic attributes of urban forests were investigated in this study. The results showed that the urban forest Patch Density (PD), Landscape Shape Index (LSI), Interspersion & Juxtaposition Index (IJI), Tree Density (TD), Canopy Density (CD), Species Richness (SR) and Species Diversity (H’ index) exhibited strictly monotonic increases with urbanization intensity, increasing by 162%, 60%, 44%, 37%, 50%, 85%, and 84% from low to heavy urbanization areas, respectively. In contrast, the forest Mean Euclidian Nearest Neighbor Distance (ENN-MN) and Health Condition grade (HC) monotonically decreased by 12% and 37%, respectively. Furthermore, regression analysis suggested that structural-taxonomic attributes were closely associated with forest-related landscape patterns, but urbanization intensity dramatically influenced these associations. Our findings highlight that the planning of urban green infrastructure, in particular, urban afforestation and associated management, should be different at different urbanization intensities. In low urbanization areas, low Total area (TA, forest area) requires construction of larger forest patches and the protection of large remnant trees, and TD and above ground biomass (AGB) could be increased by enhancing the Mean Fractal Dimension (FRAC-MN) and PD, respectively. In medium urbanization areas, the same increases in TD and AGB could be more effectively achieved by decreasing the IJI and Area-Weighted Mean Contiguity (CONTIG-MN). Moreover, in heavy urbanization areas, more attention should be paid to increasing forest patch aggregation and contiguity, and both tree diversity and evenness could be increased by enhancing the FRAC-MN index. Because these structural-taxonomic attributes are the basis of various forest ecological services, our findings indicate that regulation of some of these landscape metrics could improve urban forest services in Changchun.     

基于GIS的上海市景观格局梯度分析

 定量分析景观格局及其变化对于监测和评价城市化的生态后果十分重要。该研究应用基于GIS的梯度分析与景观指数相结合的方法定量分析了上海市城市化的空间格局。沿一条自西向东64 km长6 km宽和另一条自南向北66 km长6 km宽的样带,应用移动窗口计算了一系列景观指数。结果表明,城市化的空间格局可以用梯度分析与景观指数来定量,不同的土地利用类型沿景观格局梯度确实表现出明显的“空间特征”。多项景观指数可准确地、定量地指示上海地区东西和南北发展轴线上城市化的前沿和城市景观梯度分异的特征。城市化的总体格局是随着城市化程度增加,景观在组分上更多样化,形状上更为复杂以及生态学上更破碎化。此外,该文显示的上海市城市化景观格局比较符合同心圆论的城市发展理论,研究结果支持斑块密度随城市化程度而增加,斑块大小和景观连接度则下降的假说,但与随人类干预程度增强,斑块形状变得更规则的假说不相符和,因此,需要进一步研究来证实该发现。     

上海浦东新区城市化过程景观格局变化分析

利用1994和2000年航空遥感影像资料解译的土地利用与覆盖数据,在GIS支持下,采用景观格局指数和梯度方法分析了上海市浦东新区城市化过程中景观格局的变化.结果表明,随着城市化程度的推进,浦东新区由原来以农业为主的格局逐渐转变成以居民地、公共设施和工厂为主的城市景观格局,农田占地比例由1994年的71.45%下降到2000年的41.32%,居民地、公共设施和工厂总占地由1994年的18.2%上升到2000年的41.9%.整体景观格局的破碎化程度和异质性都有所增加,斑块个数由1994年的4.08个·km^-2上升至2000年28.65个·km^-2,面积平均加权由24.43 km²减少到1.75 km²,聚集度由98.31下降为95.09,多样性和均匀性指数分别由0.4697和0.5284增至0.7509和0.8343.在样带梯度分析中,景观格局指数能检测出城市化梯度及城市化程度不断向郊区递减的趋势,城市化水平较高地区以人工景观为主,表现出斑块个数多且面积小、斑块形状简单和景观多样性高等景观特征.景观格局动态变化分析是了解城市化过程中城市形态、结构及生态过程的基础.     

城市非点源污染控制的景观生态学途径

城市非点源污染是伴随城市快速发展而出现的新问题.城市土地利用的特殊性、不透水层面积的增加,使城市非点源污染不同于农业非点源污染,而控制难度更大.治理城市非点源污染的常用方法是最佳管理措施(BestManagementPractices,BMPs),主要采取一些局部修复措施在地表径流迁移过程中控制污染物.但城市土地利用格局的改变对非点源污染的影响十分显著,结合局部的BMPs和区域的景观规划是控制城市非点源污染的一个理想途径.城市非点源污染控制的景观生态学途径首先需要了解城市景观格局对非点源污染源、污染物迁移过程和受纳水体的影响,明确非点源污染与景观格局的关系,判定造成非点源污染的主要原因和关键环节.在此基础上,根据城市非点源污染控制要求,针对性地重新组合原有景观格局或引入新的景观要素以构建新的景观格局,并将BMPs融入规划之中,将景观规划与管理有机结合,增强城市景观异质性,实现对城市非点源污染的有效控制.     

北京昌平区城镇化过程与空间特征研究

城市化作为一种巨大而又毫无计划的蔓延过程,强烈地影响着全球的大面积土地,而且产生了深刻的社会和生态效应,因此全面了解城市化的生态学效应的研究已成为国际城市生态学研究的前沿领域.基于昌平区1989、1996和2001年3期土地利用景观数据提取城镇用地信息,采用城镇扩展强度指数和景观格局指数对昌平平原区城镇化过程与空间特征进行了深入研究.结果表明,昌平平原区有3种主要的城镇化模式,即都市边缘带状城镇扩展模式、交通主轴线状城镇扩展模式和卫星城面状城镇扩展模式.昌平区城镇化过程主要集中在研究时段的前期(1989～1996年).都市边缘带状城镇扩展区内,前期以城镇斑块面积独立扩展和新的城镇斑块不断产生2种方式为主,而后期以城镇斑块面积的合并扩展为主;交通主轴线状城镇扩展区则为城镇斑块面积独立扩展、合并扩展,以及新城镇斑块的产生3种方式同步进行;最后,在卫星城面状城镇扩展区,前期以城镇用地的合并扩张为主,后期则表现为卫星城周边新的城镇用地不断涌现.城镇扩展强度指数和城镇景观格局指数结合使用,能较好地揭示昌平城镇化过程与空间特征.     

Introducing a new method for assessing spatially explicit processes of landscape fragmentation

Landscape fragmentation is commonly defined as having five distinct phases (perforation, dissection, subdivision, shrinkage, and attrition). Previous studies focus on using landscape pattern metrics to interpret the phase of the landscape. A critical but underinvestigated aspect is that these five phases are also spatially explicit processes. This study proposes a new method to map and measure the different spatially explicit processes of landscape fragmentation. Unlike previous studies that are based on landscape pattern metrics, this current study measures landscape change directly. The new method is applied to Bao’an District in Shenzhen, China, to investigate forest land fragmentation under rapid urbanization. Landsat data were used to map the land use distributions from 1978 to 2009. Results show that different spatial processes occur simultaneously throughout the study area as well as in different study periods of forest fragmentation. Shrinkage was the dominant spatial process in the early period. In the later period, subdivision played a more important role, followed by attrition. Interestingly, urban land was not the leading land use that directly encroached on forest land, as many other studies have shown. Instead, forest land was first converted to orchard land, and orchard land was converted to urban land. The study contributes to Forman's general model of spatially explicit processes of landscape fragmentation and holds implications for urban planning policy and practice. The study concludes that the new method is effective in understanding and assessing forest land fragmentation, especially in the context of rapid urbanization.     

Urbanization impact on landscape patterns in Beijing City,China: A spatial heterogeneity perspective

The temporal and spatial characteristics of landscape pattern change can reflect the spatial impact of urbanization on the ecological environment. Studying the relationship between urbanization and landscape patterns can provide supports for urban ecological management. Previous studies have examined the quantitative relationship between the social economy and landscape patterns of an entire region, but have not considered the spatial non-stability of this relationship. In this study, we characterized the landscape patterns in Beijing City, China during 2000 and 2010 using four landscape metrics, i.e. patch density (PD), edge density (ED), Shannon’s diversity index (SHDI) and the aggregation index (AI). Geographically weighted regression (GWR) was employed to identify the spatial heterogeneity and evolution characteristics of the relationship between the urbanization of population density (POP), gross domestic production (GDP) and nighttime lighting (NTL), and landscape patterns. The evolution of urban landscape patterns indicated a decentralized, aggregated, and fragmented change from the downtown to the suburb and outer suburb. During the 10-year period, the average PD in the downtown increased by 100.6%, and the increase of AI in the suburb was the largest. The PD, ED and SHDI increased by different degrees in the outer suburb. The influences of different urbanization modes on landscape patterns were also different. Infilling mode made the landscape patterns more regular and integrated. The landscape was more broken and complicated under the edge-expanding mode, and the leapfrog mode made PD and SHDI increase slightly. In the relationship interpretation, GWR effectively identified the spatial heterogeneity, and improved the explanatory ability compared to ordinary least squares (OLS). The most intense response to urbanization was the forest landscape and the forest-cultivated land ecotone in the northwest of Beijing City, indicating that this region was ecologically fragile. The population density in the urbanization index had a direct effect on landscape patterns, while the PD affected by urbanization was greater than the shape, aggregation and diversity index. Affected by development policy, urban planning and other factors, the explanation degree of social economy to landscape patterns decreased in 2010. GWR is an effective method for quantifying the spatial differentiation characteristics of urbanization impacts on landscape patterns, which can provide more spatial information and decision criteria for the green development of a compact city.     

上海市城市绿地景观空间格局研究

以上海市为研究区域,以遥感与地理信息系统为技术手段,基于2003年航空影像,分别按照景观类型和斑块大小两方面对城市绿地景观进行了类型划分,建立了城市绿地景观空间数据库;并将研究区域划分为8个空间单元,运用景观生态学以及空间分析方法,分别从斑块水平、类型水平、景观镶嵌结构等方面研究了上海市城市绿地景观格局的总体布局特征;选择斑块数量、斑块面积标准差、面积均值、周长均值、分维数等若干景观生态学指数来研究城市绿地景观镶嵌结构的数量特征,探讨了城市绿地景观在城市扩展与城市景观格局演变过程中所呈现的时空规律,旨在为城市规划与发展提供决策依据。     

城市生物多样性分布格局研究进展

城市生物多样性分布格局由自然生态环境和城市化过程所决定;其动态和机理与自然生态系统迥然不同.城市生物多样性为城市生态系统提供了诸多生态系统功能和服务,对改善城市环境、维持城市可持续发展有着重要的意义和作用.城市化过程深刻改变了城市的生物多样性分布格局,导致了诸如本地物种多样性降低、外来物种多样性增加、物种同质化等一系列问题.近年来,城市生物多样性受到学界高度关注,大量研究结果既回答了一些关键性问题,又提出了诸多新的论题和挑战.分析了当前城市生物多样性分布格局研究的若干热点问题,总结了影响城市生物多样性格局的主要因素,探讨了城市生物多样性格局研究方法的关键问题,指出了未来城市生物多样性研究的发展方向,特别强调了城市生物多样性的生态系统功能研究在未来城市生物多样性研究中的重要地位.     

Classification of the heterogeneous structure of urban landscapes (STURLA) as an indicator of landscape function applied to surface temperature in New York City

Defining landscape structure and key relationships between landscape structure and function is challenging in urban areas characterized by density and patchy spatial patterns. In order to trace the spatial and temporal patterns of urban landscape structures, compare patterns across cities, or inform urban design principles, we need to classify the landscape in a way that captures context and landscape heterogeneity, but can be broadly applied across different cities or landscape variations within a city. In this study, we introduce a simple and reproducible approach for classifying the structure of urban landscapes (STURLA) that utilizes heterogeneous, composite classes which represent combinations of built and natural features, and examine the response of a landscape function – surface temperature.This classification approach is unique in that it develops composite (as opposed to homogeneous) classes, which are defined a posteriori, based on compositions of adjacent structural elements that emerge in the urban landscape, using a cellular grid to define units of analysis. We test the separability of classes that emerge from this approach, and find that it is possible to discern classes – comprised of the mix of land and building covers common in urban areas – which have meaningfully distinct temperature signatures. This classification approach may be extended to multiple cities and ecological indicators in order to offer insight into the relationship between urban landscape structure and ecosystem response, in a way that accounts for interactions among different types of urban landscape surfaces. We suggest that this approach can support spatial prioritization of landscape function needs in urban development and design approaches for improving particular types of functioning, such as reductions in urban heat.