久效磷对扁藻的损伤作用 Ⅱ. 叶绿素a降解与活性氧损伤的相关性

扁藻细胞在久效磷的毒性胁迫下,随着胁迫强度的增加,叶绿素a降解加剧,其含量逐渐降低。分析表明,叶绿素a含量的降低与活性氧O₂^-含量、膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量及细胞的电解质外渗率呈显着负相关;而与细胞超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及过氧化物酶(POD)活性的降低呈显着正相关,说明久效磷胁迫下扁藻细胞叶绿素a降解与其活性氧的损伤有明显相关性。     

久效磷对扁藻的损伤作用Ⅱ.叶绿素a降解与活性氧损伤的相关性

扁藻细胞在久效磷的毒性胁迫下,随着胁迫强度的增加,叶绿素ａ降解加剧,其含量逐渐降低．分析表明,叶绿素ａ含量的降低与活性氧Ｏ２－含量、膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量及细胞的电解质外渗率呈显著负相关;而与细胞超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性及过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）活性的降低呈显著正相关,说明久效磷胁迫下扁藻细胞叶绿素ａ降解与其活性氧的损伤有明显相关性．     

高压静电胁迫对麦长管蚜种群生长发育与繁殖的影响

为了探究高压静电场对麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae Fabriciusde的影响。采用特定年龄生命表的方法,设置2、4、6 k V/cm辐射强度处理小麦种子和出生24h内的1龄若蚜。统计连续20代电场胁迫后麦长管蚜生命表种群参数、繁殖参数以及存活率的变化。结果表明:(1)经高压静电场处理后麦长管蚜的内禀增长率(r)在2 k V/cm和4 k V/cm强度时受影响显著(P0.05),但两者表现的世代不同,2 k V/cm和4 k V/cm的最低值分别出现在第20代和第10代。(2)麦长管蚜的净增值率(R0)、平均世代周期(T)、繁殖力(F)、成虫寿命和产仔天数等参数均呈现前期受高压静电场影响各处理组均显著低于对照组(P0.05),随着世代的增加高压静电处理组与对照组无显著差异。(3)麦长管蚜的特定年龄阶段存活率曲线受世代和高压静电场强度的影响显著。研究结论:麦长管蚜的生长发育和繁殖受世代和高压静电场强度的双重影响,且两者具有交互效应。研究的创新点在于:模拟自然条件下(同时对植物和昆虫进行高压静电场辐射处理)高压静电场对麦长管蚜的影响,为蚜虫生态遗传进化和生态控蚜提供理论依据。     

不同强度与持续时间UV-B辐射对麦长管蚜生长发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】探明高强度和低强度紫外辐射不同持续时间处理对麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae (Fabricius)生长发育和繁殖的影响, 以及强度与持续时间之间的交互作用。【方法】不同强度(0.20 mW/cm², 0.75 mW/cm²)、不同持续时间(3 h, 9 h和15 h)的UV-B处理后, 采用编制特定年龄生命表和测量麦长管蚜体重方法, 统计相对日均体重增长率(mean relative growth rate, MRGR)、生命表种群参数、繁殖参数以及存活率和繁殖率的变化。【结果】生命表数据表明, 在同一辐射持续时间下, 麦长管蚜种群内禀增长率r_m、净增殖率R₀、繁殖力F随紫外强度增加而显著(P<0.05)下降, 短时间内死亡率升高, 繁殖率降低; 在同一紫外强度下, 麦长管蚜的r_m, R₀和F也随处理时间延长而显著降低, 存活率下降最快时期提前, 繁殖率降低; 紫外强度和持续时间两因素的影响具有极显著(P<0.01)的交互作用, 但在短时间(3 h)、低强度(0.20 mW/cm²)的处理中, 麦蚜的r_m, R₀和F却高于无紫外辐射组（对照）。MRGR数据表明, 高强度(0.75 mW/cm²)、长时间(15 h)紫外辐射处理下麦长管蚜MRGR显著降低, 但低强度、相对短时间(3 h和9 h)紫外辐射处理下的MRGR间均无显著性差异。随辐射强度和持续时间增加, 发育为成蚜时有翅蚜所占比例增大。【结论】麦长管蚜的生长发育和繁殖受到紫外UV-B胁迫的影响, 且随着紫外强度和持续时间的不同而产生相应变化, 强度和持续时间影响具有交互效应。     

春小麦对大气CO2浓度升高的响应及其对麦长管蚜生长发育和繁殖的影响

通过开顶式气室研究了春小麦对大气CO₂浓度升高(542.1±24.8和738.8±25.7 μl·L^-1 vs.382.4±248 μl·L^-1)的响应及其对麦长管蚜生长发育和繁殖的影响.结果表明,大气CO₂浓度升高有利于春小麦的生长.与对照相比,5月5日～6月14日,550和750 μl·L^-1 CO₂浓度处理春小麦的株高分别增加2.80%～14.92%和6.30%～17.56%;4月30日～6月9日,叶面积分别增加5.68%～50.52%和6.14%～83.45%;DC₅₀分别提前了0.39和0.90 d,DC₇₅也分别提前了0.53和1.02 d;茎、叶、穗以及整个地上部组织的鲜、干重均有不同程度的增加.大气CO₂浓度升高可显著提高春小麦的穗长和穗粒数,降低千粒重.与对照相比,550和750 μl·L^-1 CO₂浓度处理的麦穗长分别增加0.56%和3.20%;单株穗粒数分别增加12.5%和18%;而千粒重分别降低了2.23%和6.34%.随着大气中CO₂浓度增加,麦穗中葡萄糖、二糖、多糖、总糖、总糖与总氮的比值都显著增加,而果糖、三糖和总氮含量都显著降低.大气CO₂浓度升高可缩短麦长管蚜的产卵前期和世代历期,提高繁殖量和平均相对生长率.与对照相比,550和750 μl·L^-1 CO₂浓度处理麦长管蚜的平均相对生长率分别提高33.26%和74.34%.麦长管蚜种群的平均相对生长率与寄主麦穗中总糖和总氮的比值相关显著.     

UV-B与重金属Cd双重胁迫对麦长管蚜种群生长发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】为探究UV-B和重金属Cd双重胁迫对麦长管蚜 Sitobion avenae (Fabricius)生长发育和繁殖的影响,以及UV-B和重金属Cd两因素间的交互作用。【方法】在室内,不同辐射强度UV-B（0, 0.1, 0.2和0.7 mW/cm²）与不同浓度重金属Cd (0, 20, 40, 80 和160 mg/kg）处理后,采用特定年龄生命表方法,统计麦长管蚜种群参数、繁殖参数、存活率和繁殖力的变化。【结果】麦长管蚜种群的生命表各参数受UV-B与重金属Cd双重胁迫影响显著,且UV-B对麦长管蚜的生命表各参数影响要大于重金属Cd;UV-B和重金属Cd两因素间存在交互作用。同一重金属Cd浓度时,随着UV-B辐射强度的增加,麦长管蚜种群的内禀增长率r、周限增长率λ、净增殖率 R₀ 、繁殖力 F、产仔天数和成虫寿命均呈现先下降后上升的趋势,且均在UV-B辐射强度为0.2 mW/cm²时下降至最低点;而麦长管蚜种群的平均世代周期T则呈现先升高后下降的趋势,且在UV-B辐射强度为0.1 mW/cm²时上升至最高点。同一UV-B辐射强度下,随着重金属Cd浓度的增加,麦长管蚜种群生命表各参数均呈现波动变化;双重胁迫处理组麦长管蚜种群内禀增长率 r、周限增长率 λ、净增殖率R₀ 、繁殖力F、产仔天数和成虫寿命均显著低于单一重金属Cd处理组,而其平均世代周期 T 显著高于单一重金属Cd处理组,且双重胁迫处理组生命表各参数的峰值点较单一因素重金属Cd处理组均呈现不同程度的提前。【结论】UV-B与重金属Cd影响麦长管蚜种群的生长发育和繁殖,且由于这两因素间存在交互作用,二者双重胁迫对麦长管蚜种群的生长发育和繁殖影响更加严重。     

不同小麦品种对麦长管蚜的抗性

在大田对18个品种98-10-34、PI-矮、千斤早、XZ1三代、AmigoF3、98-10-30、98-10-35、Tm44、98-10-9、Amigo、XZ13三代、98-10-32、AmigoF2、AmigoF4、PI-高、XZ13母本、陕229及Largo进行耐害性测定,对小麦的感蚜量做了系统调查,分别分析各品种耐害补偿功能及自然感蚜特征之间的关系。结果显示:品种Tm44、AmigoF3、Amigo、AmigoF2、AmigoF4和98-10-9虽然自然感蚜率比较高,但与同类相比减产率却不高;品种Largo、98-10-32、陕229、98-10-35、XZ13母本、PI-高和XZ1三代自然感蚜率比较低,而且其减产率也相对较低;品种PI-矮不仅自然感蚜率高,减产率也排名第二;98-10-34为明显感虫品种,还有98-10-30、XZ13三代和千斤早因为虽然感蚜率最小,但减产率相对较高,所以也是感虫品种。采用室内网罩饲养实验系统研究4个小麦品种陕229、98-10-9、Tm44和largo对麦长管蚜Macrosiphum avenae(Fabricius)生命周期及生殖情况等的影响,同时通过组建不用品种上麦长管蚜繁殖特征生命表,从量的角度揭示小麦品种抗性与麦长管蚜增长之间的关系。结果表明:不同小麦品种对麦长管蚜的存活率,发育历期和净增值率的影响明显不同,品种间抗蚜性存在显著差异。     

小麦品种抗性对麦长管蚜种群增长的影响

本研究采用室内、外结合的方法,分苗期和拔节期,对大田抗蚜性鉴定中表现不同的10个小麦品种的抗性对麦长管蚜种群增长的影响进行了研究。研究结果显示,品种抗性对麦长管蚜的存活率、发育进度、繁殖力有一致的抑制作用;品种间抗蚜性存在显著差异。同时通过组建不同品种上麦长管蚜繁殖特征生命表,从量的角度揭示了小麦品种抗性与麦长管蚜种群增长之间的关系。     

温度对麦长管蚜的影响

温度对麦长管蚜的影响汪世泽,郝树广（西北农业大学陕西杨陵７１２１００）ＥｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆＴｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｏｎＥｎｇｌｉｓｈＧｒａｉｎＡｐｈｉｄ￥．ＷａｎｇＳｈｉｚｅ;ＨａｏＳｈｕｇｕａｎｇ（ＮｏｒｔｈｗｅｓｔｅｒｎＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,Ｙａｎｇｌｉｎｇ,ＳｈａａｎｘｉＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ７１２１００）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（３）：５３－５６．ＩｎａｎｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆＥｎｇｌｉｓｈｇｒａｉｎａｐｈｉｄ,ｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｒａｔｅＶ（ｔ）ｏｆａｌａｔａｅｉｓｌｏｗｅｒｔｈａｎｔｈａｔｏｆａｐｔｅｒａｅ,ａｎｄｔｈｅＶ（ｔ）ｏｆ４ｔｈｉｎｓｔａｒｏｆａｌａｔａｅｉｓｔｈｅＩｏｗｅｓｔ．Ｔｈｅａｌａｔａｅａｐｐｅａｒｓｔｏｂｅａｂｌｅｔｏｔｏｌｅｒ－ａｔｅａｗｉｄｅｒｒａｎｇｅｏｆｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ,ｂｕｔｔｈｅｓｕｒｖｉｖａｌｃｕｒｖｅｉｓａｆｆｅｃｔｅｄｅｖｉｄｅｎｔｌｙｂｙｉｔ．Ａｔｌｏｗｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ,ｔｈｅｃｕｒｖｅｄｅｃｌｉｎｅｓｓｌｏｗｌｙ,ｂｕｔａｔｈｉｇｈｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ     

五个不同抗病品种小麦对麦长管蚜生长发育的影响

【目的】麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae (Fabricius)是我国麦区常发性的一种害虫,其寄主范围广、繁殖力强,适应机制多样,每年都对我国的小麦产量造成重大损失。【方法】为选育优良抗性品种小麦,比较不同品种小麦对麦长管蚜生长发育的影响,本实验在室内选取了5种抗蚜性未知的不同小麦品种,观察并统计麦长管蚜在不同品种小麦上的发育历期及成蚜体重和繁殖力。【结果】不同品种小麦对麦长管蚜若蚜的生长发育影响不同,其中,用绵阳31号饲养的麦长管蚜若蚜平均发育历期最长为180.86 h,用棉农4号饲养的若蚜平均发育历期最短172.92h,且差异显著。川麦55号上的麦长管蚜的成虫平均发育历期最高为20.93 d,棉麦1403上的麦长管蚜的成虫平均发育历期最低为15.57 d,差异显著。棉农4号上的麦长管蚜成蚜平均体重最大为0.70 mg,荣麦4号上的成蚜平均体重最小为0.50 mg,其余3个处理间差异不显著。川麦55号上的麦长管蚜的平均产蚜量最高为23.1只,显著高于其他4个处理,而其余4个品种小麦上的麦长管蚜繁殖力差异不显著。【结论】麦长管蚜取食棉农4号后缩短了其若蚜的发育历期,其种群增长速率可能加快从而加重对小麦的危害;而取食绵阳31号的若蚜发育历期延长,种群增长延缓,为害减弱。就繁殖力和成虫发育历期来说,麦长管蚜在川麦55的适合度更高,为害更重。     

Contribution of indole alkaloids to Sitobion avenae (F.) resistance in wheat

Abstract:  Indole alkaloid contents of five winter wheat varieties at different growth stages, and the relationship between indole alkaloids and carboxylesterase activities of Sitobion avenae (F.) from wheat ears of different varieties were studied. The results indicated that KOK1679 and My295, highly and moderately aphid-resistant varieties, had a high indole alkaloid content during vegetative growth. During their reproduction growth, resistant varieties had a high alkaloid content in penultimate leaves, and indole alkaloid contents of KOK1679 were significantly higher than that of other varieties in wheat ears. The indole alkaloid contents of all varieties were low in flag leaves except for Han4564 . A significant correlation was shown between carboxylesterase activity in aphids collected from wheat ears and indole alkaloid contents in ears of the wheat varieties ( r  = 0.9646).     

The effect of reducing growth in winter wheat on the population dynamics of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae (F.)

1 The effect of reducing the growth of winter wheat on population size and development of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae was studied. 2 Automatic, mobile, crop shading devices, which reduced radiation comparable to levels found on a cloudy day, whilst minimizing other climatic changes, were used to reduce crop growth. Shading was applied between either GS 31 and 39 (1st node detectable → flag leaf ligule just visible) or GS 39 and 55 (flag leaf just visible → 50% of inflorescence emerged). 3 Sitobion avenae populations were initiated at GS 55 and highest populations were subsequently observed on plants shaded between GS 31 and 39. 4 Individual aphids confined within clip cages were observed to measure development from birth to adult moult, adult lifespan and fecundity. Results indicated that adult lifespan was shortest on plants shaded between GS31 and 39, whilst there were no differences in development time or fecundity. 5 Possible explanations for these observations are discussed.     

The major carotenoid pigments of the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (F.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

The economically important grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (F.) shows colour polymorphism, with brown and green forms predominating. Colour is determined both genetically and in response to environmental factors, including nutrition. The biological significance of the colour polymorphism is unknown, although seasonal changes occur in the frequency of colour morphs in the field, whilst the brown morph may have adaptive significance in terms of hymenopterous endoparasitism. The ground colour of aphids is produced by haemolymph pigments, aphins (glucosides) and carotenoids. The latter may be under the synthetic control of intracellular endosymbiotic bacteria. In this study, the major carotenoid pigments of a brown and a green clone of S. avenae were examined using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and their absorbance spectra recorded. Using TLC, the brown clone produced five bands of different R_f, ranging from yellow, to orange-pink to pink in colour. In contrast, the green clone gave only a single yellow band of higher R_f than any of the bands of brown aphids. Following separation of carotenoids by HPLC, brown aphids gave seven peaks and green aphids five. Comparison of absorbance maxima with known published values for carotenoids provides strong evidence for the identification of four of the carotenoid pigments from brown aphids (RB-4, 3,4-didehydrolycopene; RB-5, torulene; RB-6; lycopene; RB-7, γ-carotene) and one from green aphids (RG-2, α-carotene). The other carotenoids remain unidentified. The biosynthesis and possible biological relevance of the various pigments of S. avenae are briefly discussed.     

我国小麦抗麦长管蚜(Sitobion avenae)研究概况

麦长管蚜是我国小麦的重要害虫之一。选育和种植抗虫品种是防治麦长管蚜的理想方法。本文就我国小麦抗麦长管蚜种质资源筛选、抗性机制和小麦品种对麦蚜种群动态影响等方面的研究进展进行了概括,同时指出今后应加强小麦抗麦长管蚜基因的研究。     

小麦间作豌豆对麦长管蚜及其主要天敌种群动态的影响

为探索麦田物种多样性对麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae的生态调控效应,于2007年10月至2008年7月在河北省廊坊市进行田间小区试验,系统调查了豌豆与小麦分别以2∶2,2∶4,2∶6和2∶8比例行间作(分别记作2-2间作、2-4间作、2-6间作和2-8间作)种植模式下麦长管蚜种群数量的时序动态, 同时分析了麦田主要天敌种群数量的时序动态、丰富度、多样性指数及均匀度的变化。结果表明：在麦长管蚜发生高峰期,小麦与豌豆间作麦长管蚜无翅蚜的百株蚜量（平方根转换）极显著低于单作田(P<0.01),其中小麦单作（77.38）>2-2间作（68.62）>2-4间作（68.51）>2-8间作（65.19）>2-6间作（64.94）。尽管不同种植模式下,麦长管蚜主要天敌的动态变化趋势基本一致,但间作处理的优势天敌瓢虫类和蚜茧蜂类均有较高的种群密度,天敌群落的丰富度明显提高,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数增加,但均匀度下降。总之,小麦间作豌豆不仅有效降低了麦长管蚜的种群数量,同时也增加了天敌控制害虫的稳定性和可持续性。     

UV-B胁迫小麦上麦长管蚜的生命表参数和取食行为

【目的】为明确UV-B胁迫小麦对麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae (Fabricius)种群生命表参数和取食行为的影响。【方法】采用特定年龄生命表方法和刺探电位图谱（EPG）技术, 研究了不同强度UV-B胁迫处理小麦对麦长管蚜生命表参数和取食行为的影响。【结果】生命表结果表明, 取食高强度（0.75 mW/cm²） UV-B辐射小麦后, 麦长管蚜种群内禀增长率r_m、 净增殖率R₀、 繁殖力F下降, 平均世代周期T缩短, 且差异显著(P<0.05); 取食低强度（0.2 mW/cm²）UV-B辐射小麦后, 麦长管蚜种群生命表参数与对照组（正常光照处理小麦饲喂的蚜虫种群）无显著差异(P>0.05)。刺探电位图谱结果显示, 高强度UV-B处理组np波(即非取食)数量显著增加, pd波（刺探波）首次出现的时间延迟, 表明紫外处理小麦干扰了蚜虫的在叶表面的正常刺探活动, 延长了搜索和刺探时间; C波持续时间显著延长, 反映取食难度加大, 有效取食时间缩短, 从而影响种群生命表参数; 而低强度UV-B处理组小麦对蚜虫取食行为影响与对照组差异不显著, 但pd波首次出现时间显著延长。【结论】高强度UV-B胁迫小麦会严重影响麦长管蚜的生长发育、 繁殖与取食行为。     

Movement of apterous Sitobion avenae (Homoptera: Aphididae) in response to leaf disturbances caused by wind and rain

The effect of wind and rain on initiation of dispersal and subsequent distances moved by apterous Sitobion avenae was quantified in five laboratory experiments. Wind duration and type (steady and gusting), rain duration and intensity, and a combination of wind and rain were investigated. With increased duration of wind there was an increase in the average distance aphids moved. There was less movement when aphids were exposed to gentle gusting, than to steady wind or strong gusting. With increased duration of rain there was an increase in the proportion of aphids lost from plants. Under heavy rain, the proportion of aphids off the release plant, the distance moved by them and the proportion of aphids lost, was greater than for drizzle or light rain. When wind and rain were compared, rain had the greater impact on aphid dispersal. It was concluded that leaf disturbances caused by strong gusts of wind or large rain droplets are of considerable importance in the initiation of aphid dispersal, but that wetness alone is not.     

Resistance of cereals to aphids: Interaction between hydroxamic acids and the aphid Sitobion avenae (Homoptera: Aphididae)

The hydroxamic acids in the seedlings of four varieties of winter wheat were extracted initially in boiling methanol in order to avoid enzymatic hydrolysis. The increase in numbers of aphids on these varieties of wheat were recorded. HPLC analysis of hydroxamic acids in the extracts showed the presence of DIMBOA-glucoside, DIMBOA-aglucone and its benzoxazolinone (MBOA). There was a highly significant negative correlation between the concentration of DIMBOA-aglucone in the seedlings and aphid performance. However, the association between aphid performance and DIMBOA-aglucone in the tips of the seedlings was weaker. In general aphid infestation of wheat seedlings slightly increased the concentration of all the hydroxamic acid derivatives. Moreover, aphids ingested hydroxamic acids and were able to detoxify some of the DIMBOA-aglucone they ingested.