GABA和孕酮对人及豚鼠精子的体外获能作用

为了探讨γ－氨基丁酸（ＧＡＢＡ）是否参与人及豚鼠精子体外获能的调节,将生育男子和豚鼠清子分别悬浮于ＢＷＷ和低Ｃａ＾２＋最小获能培养基（ＬＣａ＾２＋－ＭＣＭ）中,加入ＧＡＢＡ、孕酮（Ｐ４）、ＧＡＢＡＡ受体激动剂及其拮抗剂,在５％ＣＯ２孵箱３８．５℃培养２ｈ。然后用ｉｏｎｏｐｈｏｒｅ Ａ２３１８７激发精子顶体反应（ＡＲ）和超激活运动（ＨＡＭ）。以精子与金霉素（ＣＴＣ）荧光结合类型、ＡＲ和ＨＡＭ为指标来     

羊精子细胞质膜及顶体外膜Ca^2＋—ATPase的活力分布

哺乳类精子需要经过获能及顶体反应才能使卵子受精,现在已经明确细胞外 Ca~(2+)离子对顶体反应是必需的(Yanagimachi and Usui,1974),但迄今对 Ca~(2+)离子调控顶体反应的生化过程还很不清楚。 顶体反应是在质膜与顶体外膜之间发生囊泡化作用的过程,因此对顶体反应分子机理的了解,必须对精子膜的物理及生化性质有清楚的认识,这方面的研究指出,精子膜电位的变化似乎并非调控离子交换的机制(Rink,1977),精子膜上的电位闸门通道也可能不参与 Ca~(2+)离子的内流(Roldan et     

豚鼠精子在发生及顶体反应过程中细胞内Ca~(2+)的定位研究

实验利用焦锑酸钾法对豚鼠精子在发生及顶体反应过程中的Ca~(2+)定位作了较详细的研究。在精母细胞及精子细胞上都有Ca~(2+)分布,但睾丸中的精子上则无Ca~(2+)。成熟精子中Ca~(2+)主要定位于顶体帽的整个腹面及背面的两个特定区域。发生顶体反应的精子上Ca~(2+)则位于顶体外膜上或囊泡内,已发生顶体反应的精子中Ca~(2+)则位于顶体内膜上。     

大熊猫精子获能和顶体反应过程中钙分布变化规律的研究

应用焦锑酸钾原位定位法对大熊猫精子获能和顶体反应过程中进行钙定位研究,发现未获能精子的 Ｃａ２＋主要结合于顶体前区和赤道段质膜外侧和顶体内膜内侧（核膜侧）;随着获能的进行,Ｃａ２＋进入精子内部并主要结合于顶体区质膜内侧和顶体外膜外侧;顶体反应的精子,Ｃａ２＋结合于顶体内膜外侧、顶体后区质膜外侧和分散存在于释放的顶体内容物中,有些顶体反应精子的顶体内膜外侧结合的Ｃａ２＋特别丰富。精子尾部的Ｃａ２＋主要分布于中段线粒体内,且其内所含Ｃａ２＋含量随着获能和顶体反应而增加。另外尾部致密纤维和轴丝处也有少量Ｃａ２＋分布。     

GTP结合蛋白与哺乳动物精子顶体反应过程中的信息传导

ＧＴＰ结合蛋白与哺乳动物精子顶体反应过程中的信息传导贾振宇，石其贤（浙江省医学科学院杭州３１００１３）关键词Ｇ－蛋白，信息传导，顶体反应，分子机制在多细胞动物体内，细胞通过相互间的信息交流以调节他们的生长，发育和繁殖，协调他们的不同活动和功能。细胞信...     

三疣梭子蟹精子顶体反应过程中的形态和结构变化

用离子载体A2 3187和卵水人工诱导三疣梭子蟹精子的顶体反应 ,分别获得 75 33%和 84 83%的顶体反应率。应用光镜和电镜技术观察了顶体反应前后精子形态和结构的变化。未处理精子呈陀螺形 ,由顶体、核杯和 5 - 10条核辐射臂组成。顶体包括顶体囊和顶体管。顶体囊的伞形头帽拥有约 70条辐射肋。连续发生的精子顶体反应过程被人为地分为四个阶段 :(1)头帽鼓起 ;(2 )顶体囊外翻 ;(3)穿孔器前伸 ,顶体囊膜翻转 ;(4 )顶体囊膜脱落 ,顶体丝形成。直到第四阶段才观察到钉状精子的辐射臂开始收缩。探讨了辐射臂和穿孔器前冲在精子入卵中的功能     

GABA/孕酮激发豚鼠精子聚磷酸肌醇降解及其在顶体反应中的作用

为了研究GABA/孕酮(P₄)激发精子聚磷酸肌醇(PPI)降解及其在顶体反应(AR)中的作用,将豚鼠精子在MCM培养基获能培养5.5 h,³²P-标记精子1h,经Percoll密度梯度离心洗涤,然后以AR刺激剂激发精子AR,并对精子膜脂进行提取、分离和鉴定,同时,以相差显微镜评价精子AR%.结果为:(i)GABA刺激二磷酸磷脂酰肌醇(PIP₂)和一磷酸磷脂酰肌醇(PIP)迅速降解,而磷脂酸(PA)增加;在5min时PIP₂和PIP明显下降,10min几近完成,而AR明显滞后,15min才达到峰值;(ii)A23187,P₄和GABA均可激发PPI降解和AR增加,其能力依次为A23187＞P₄≥GABA;(iii)新霉素可明显地抑制Ca²⁺/GABA 或P₄及A23187刺激PIP₂和PIP降解、PA产生和AR增加;(iv)PPI降解需Ca²⁺参与.当EGTA或Ca²⁺通道阻滞剂(La³⁺)存在时,PIP₂和PIP降解,PA产生和AR升高均被明显抑制.上述结果表明,天然激动剂GABA或P₄刺激豚鼠精子膜PPI降解是引起AR的基础,该作用是通过Ca²⁺介导、激活膜磷脂酰肌醇特异磷脂酶C(PIC)而完成的.     

中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)精子顶体反应的研究

分别用卵水、海水、caCl_2或NaCl水溶液对中华绒螯蟹成熟精子进行人工诱导顶体反应,结果表明:精子的生理性成熟、同种卵或Ca~(++)的存在、碱性环境以及与一定的固体接触均为精子顶体反应触发的重要条件。3月份精子诱导率最高。 电镜观察证明,中华绒螯蟹精子的顶体反应可分四个阶段:(1)辐射臂收缩;(2)顶体囊外翻;(3)顶体管前伸;(4)片层结构脱落。     

氦氖激光辐射绵羊精子顶体反应效应的研究

以不同剂量的氦氖激光辐射绵羊精液,发现低剂量的激光可以提高精子的活力,促进精子的顶体反应,改善精液的品质。     

锯缘青蟹精子顶体反应的研究

采用正交实验法研究了诱导锯缘青蟹精子产生顶体反应的最佳条件。结果表明：从纳精囊中获得的精子,用离子载体Ａ23187(64μg/ml）诱导,在ＣaCl2浓度为0.25％,pH为9.0的人工海水中４０分钟,可以得到最大的顶体反应率（82.5%）。在此基础上采用光镜和电镜观察顶体反应过程中显微和超微结构的变化。顶体反应过程可大致分为两个时相,第一时相为顶体囊外翻;第二时相为顶体管前伸。本文还对顶体反应的作用进行了初步探讨。     

THE IMPORTANCE OF HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES TO AN EXOCYTOTIC EVENT, THE MAMMALIAN SPERM ACROSOME REACTION

The mammalian sperm acrosome reaction is a unique form of exocytosis, which includes the loss of the involved membranes. Other laboratories have suggested the involvement of hydrolytic enzymes in somatic cell exocytosis and membrane fusion, and in the invertebrate sperm acrosome reaction, but there is no general agreement on such an involvement. Although reference was made to such work in this review, the focus of the review was on the evidence (summarized below) that supports or fails to support the importance of certain hydrolytic enzymes to the mammalian sperm acrosome reaction. Because the events of capacitation, the prerequisite for the mammalian acrosome reaction, and of the acrosome reaction itself are not fully understood or identified, it is not yet always possible to determine whether the role of a particular enzyme is in a very late step of capacitation or part of the acrosome reaction. (1) The results of studies utilizing inhibitors of trypsin-like enzymes suggest that such an enzyme has a role in the membrane events of the golden hamster sperm acrosome reaction. The enzyme involved may be acrosin, but it is possible that some as yet unidentified trypsin-like enzyme on the sperm surface may play a role in addition to or instead of acrosin. Results obtained by others with guinea pig, ram and mouse spermatozoa suggest that a trypsin-like enzyme is not involved in the membrane events of the acrosome reaction, but only in the loss of acrosomal matrix. Such results, which conflict with those of the hamster study, may have been due to species differences or the presence of fusion-promoting phospholipase-A or lipids contaminating the incubation media components, and in one case to the possibly damaging effects of the high level of calcium ionophore used. The role of the trypsin-like enzyme in the membrane events of the hamster sperm acrosome reaction may be to activate a putative prophospholipase and/or to hydrolyse an outer acrosomal or plasma membrane protein, thus promoting fusion. A possible role of the enzyme in the vesiculation step rather than the fusion step of the acrosome reaction cannot be ruled out at present. (2) Experiments utilizing inhibitors of phospholipase-A₂, as well as the fusogenic lysophospholipid and cis-unsaturated fatty acid hydrolysis products that would result from such enzyme activity, suggests that a sperm phospholipase-A₂ is involved in the golden hamster sperm acrosome reaction. Inhibitor and LPC addition studies in guinea pig spermatozoa have led others to the same conclusion. The fact that partially purified serum albumin is important in so many capacitation media may be explained by its contamination with phospholipase-A and/or phospholipids. Serum albumin may also play a role, at least in part, by its removal of inhibitory products released by the action of phospholipase-A₂ in the membrane. The demonstration of phospholipase-A₂ activity associated with the acrosome reaction vesicles and/or the soluble component of the acrosome of hamster spermatozoa, and the fact that exogenous phospholipase A₂ can stimulate acrosome reactions in hamster and guinea pig spermatozoa, also support a role for the sperm enzyme. The actual site or the sites of the enzyme in the sperm head are not yet known. The enzyme may be on the plasma membrane as well as, or instead of, in the acrosomal membranes or matrix. A substrate for the phospholipase may be phosphatidylcholine produced by phospholipid methylation. It is possible that more than one type of ‘fusogen’ is released by phospholipase activity (LPC and/or cis-unsaturated fatty acids, which have different roles in membrane fusion and/or vesiculation. In addition to acting as a potential ‘fusogen’, arachidonic acid released by sperm phospholipase-A₂ probably serves as precursor for cyclo-oxygenase or lipoxygenase pathway metabolites, such as prostaglandins and HETES, which might also play a role in the acrosome reaction. Although much evidence points to a role for phospholipase-A₂, phospholipase-C found in spermatozoa could also have a role in the acrosome reaction, perhaps by stimulating events leading to calcium gating, as suggested for this enzyme in somatic secretory cells. (3) A Mg²⁺-ATPase H⁺-pump is present in the acrosome of the golden hamster spermatozoon. Inhibition of this pump by certain inhibitors of ATPases (but not by those that only inhibit mitochondrial function) leads to an acrosome reaction only in capacitated spermatozoa and only in the presence of external K⁺. The enzyme is also inhibited by low levels of calcium, and such inhibition, combined with increased outer membrane permeability to H⁺ and K⁺, and possibly plasma membrane permeability to H⁺ (perhaps by the formation of channels), may be part of capacitation and/or the acrosome reaction. The pH of the hamster sperm acrosome has been shown to become more alkaline during capacitation, and such a change may result in the activation of hydrolytic enzymes in the acrosome or perhaps in a change in membrane permeability to Ca²⁺. A similar Mg²⁺-ATPase has not been found in isolated boar sperm head membranes. However, that conflicting result could have been due to the use of noncapacitated boar spermatozoa for the preparation of the membranes or to protease modification of the boar sperm enzyme during assay. (4) Inhibition of Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase inhibits the acrosome reaction of golden hamster spermatozoa, and the activity of this enzyme increases relatively early during capacitation. A late influx of K⁺ is important for the acrosome reaction. However, this late influx may not be due to Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase, but instead may be due to a K⁺ permeability increase (possibly via newly formed channels) in the membranes during capacitation. It is suggested in this review that Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase has a role early in capacitation rather than directly in the acrosome reaction (although such a role cannot yet be completely ruled out). One possible role for the enzyme in capacitation might be to stimulate glycolysis (which appears to be essential for capacitation and/or the acrosome reaction of hamster and mouse spermatozoa). The function of the influx of K⁺ just before the acrosome reaction is probably to stimulate, directly or indirectly, the H⁺-efflux required for the increase in intraacrosomal pH occurring during capacitation. Direct stimulation of the acrosome reaction by a change in membrane potential resulting directly from K⁺-influx is not a likely explanation for the hamster results. However, the importance of an earlier membrane potential change, due to increased Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase during capacitation, and/or of later membrane potential changes resulting from the pH change, cannot be ruled out. Although K⁺ is required for the hamster acrosome reaction, other workers have reported that K+ inhibits guinea pig sperm capacitation. However, the experimental procedures used in the guinea pig sperm studies raise some questions about the interpretation of those inhibition results. (5) Ca²⁺-influx is known to be required for the acrosome reaction. Others have suggested that increased Ca²⁺-influx due to inhibition or stimulation of sperm membrane calcium transport ATPases are involved in the acrosome reaction. There is as yet no direct or indirect biochemical evidence that inhibition or stimulation of such enzymatic activity is involved in the acrosome reaction, and further studies are needed on those questions. (6) I suggest that the hydrolytic enzymes important to the hamster sperm acrosome reaction will also prove important for the acrosome reaction of all other eutherian mammals.     

THE FERTILIZING CAPACITY OF SEA URCHIN SPERM RAPIDLY DECREASES AFTER INDUCTION OF THE ACROSOME REACTION*

When immotile, flagella-less sperm were added to acid-dejellied eggs of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus 11% of the eggs fertilized. Addition of soluble egg jelly increased the percentage fertilization to 90.5. Over 50% of the sperm exposed to egg jelly had undergone the acrosome reaction compared to only 3–5% in the absence of jelly. Egg jelly was added to flagella-less sperm to induce the acrosome reaction and dejellied eggs added at various times thereafter. The fertilizing capacity of the sperm decreased with first order kinetics with 50% loss by 23 sec after induction of the acrosome reaction. Intact, motile sperm bind to formaldehyde-fixed eggs with maximum binding occurring 40 sec after sperm addition. After 40 sec the sperm begin to detach from the fixed eggs and by 240 sec none remain attached. Sperm detachment from fixed eggs and loss of fertilizing capacity after the acrosome reaction show a close temporal correlation.     

猪精子体外获能与顶体反应的超微结构研究

用４种方法,检测了猪精子体外获得的效果。结果证明：高离子浓度的前培养液和猪镦泡液,具有促进获能过程的作用,实验还获得了获能后顶体反尖的一些重要的形态学变化资料,包括质膜的膨胀、断裂、顶体膨胀、顶体外膜内陷或原位局部囊泡化,质膜再全部丢失。顶体内膜直到与卵母细胞质膜融合,才发生可见的变化。受精过程无论体内或体外,都容易发生多精入卵,体外受精则更甚。在精子穿过卵丘细胞之间时,一方面开始进行顶体反应,另     

低Ca~(2 )对豚鼠心室乳头肌电缆特性的影响

应用常规细胞内微电极技术和一支细胞外玻璃吸引电极,观察低Ca~(2 )对豚鼠心室乳头肌电缆特性及动作电位传导速度的影响。实验结果表明,1/6正常Ca~(2 )浓度(0.3mmol/L)溶液灌流时,与正常对照相比,空间常数减小23.9％(p<0.01),细胞内纵向电阻增大37.1％(p<0.01),动作电位传导速度减小16.1％(p<0.01)。单纯缺氧时,与正常对照相比,空间常数减小29.4％(p<0.01),膜时间常数减小30.1％(p<0.01),细胞内纵向电阻增大100％(p<0.01),动作电位传导速度减小28％(p<0.01)。低Ca~(2 )(0.6mmol/L)加缺氧时,上述变化更加明显,与正常对照相比,空间常数减小39.4％(p<0.01),膜时间常数减小25.8％(p<0.05),细胞内纵向电阻增大140.9％(p<0.01),动作电位传导速度减小37.7％(p<0.01)。     

蟋蟀与蝗虫精子顶体复合体的超微结构比较（直翅目）

通过对蟋蟀科北京同葫芦ＧｒｙｌｌｕｓｍｉｔｒａｔｕｓＢｕｒｍｅｉｓｔｅｒ精子顶体复合体超微结构的观察发现其顶体外人有固定的形状,顶体本体内具有一些丝状物,与前人描述的蝗总科精子顶体复合体相比较,虽然两者的顶体复合体都为三层结构,但在顶本以及顶体本结构上却存明显的差异。