温度对党参害虫烟草甲实验种群生长发育的影响

以中药材党参(Codonopsis pilosula)为寄主食料,在人工气候箱内,研究了温度对烟草甲(Lasioderma serricorne)卵、幼虫和蛹的生长和发育的影响;计算了烟草甲各虫态的发育起点温度和有效积温;通过Logistic模型及"王-兰-丁"模型对温度与烟草甲各虫态之间的关系进行拟合,优化拟合温度与烟草卵和幼虫发育关系的Logistic方程6个,温度与烟草甲幼虫发育关系的"王-兰-丁"方程5个。结果表明,烟草甲卵、幼虫、蛹及卵-蛹期的发育起点温度分别为16.51℃、11.07℃、11.78℃和12.20℃,其卵、幼虫、蛹及卵-蛹期的发育有效积温分别为89.59、669.53、137.12和912.72日度;温度的升高有利于烟草甲的各虫态的生长和发育;"王-兰-丁"模型拟合对研究较宽温度幅度的昆虫发育与温度之间的关系拟合效果优于Logistic模型。本研究结果可为危害储藏期中药材的烟草甲种群数量控制技术提供技术支撑。     

温度对南瓜实蝇生长发育的影响研究

南瓜实蝇Bactrocera(Zeugodacus)tau (Walker)是世界上重要的检疫性害虫.本文通过在10℃、14℃、18℃、22℃、26℃、30℃、34℃温度条件下对南瓜实蝇各虫态的生长发育历期进行研究,结果表明,南瓜实蝇卵、幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别是7.36℃、2.43℃、7.64℃,卵期、幼虫期和蛹期...     

温度对丝带凤蝶生长发育的影响

温度对丝带凤蝶生长发育的研究。结果表明,丝带凤蝶在武汉地区1年发生6代。在15~35℃范围内,卵孵化率、幼虫和蛹存活率分别在25,25和20℃时最高,卵、幼虫和蛹发育历期随温度升高显著缩短;适宜发育温度范围为20~35℃。丝带凤蝶卵、幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别约为(8.7±2.5)℃、(11.9±6.0)℃和(6.9±1.8)℃,有效积温分别约为(82.5±5.1),(222.2±39.5)和(178.7±7.3)日.度。     

温度对大菜粉蝶生长发育的影响

为明确温度对大菜粉蝶生长发育的影响,在16、20、22、25、28和31℃共6个恒温条件下以白菜为寄主进行饲养,测定了温度对大菜粉蝶各虫态的发育历期、发育速率、存活率及成虫寿命等的影响,并采用直接最优法计算其各虫态的发育起点温度和有效积温。结果表明：在16～28℃温度范围内,大菜粉蝶的卵、幼虫、蛹及全世代平均发育速率具有随温度升高而加快的趋势,存活率则随着温度的升高而降低;卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫的发育起点温度分别为11.76℃、6.87℃、5.30℃和14.91℃,有效积温分别为38.14、213.90、169.68和43.01 d·℃。在28℃时大菜粉蝶卵的孵化率、各龄幼虫存活率、化蛹率、蛹重及羽化率均显著低于其他温度,31℃条件下不能完成个体发育。由此可见,高温环境不利于大菜粉蝶的存活和生长发育。研究结果可为大菜粉蝶田间发生期预测及综合防治提供科学依据。     

温度对水椰八角铁甲生长发育的影响

研究表明,水椰八角铁甲卵的发育起点温度为13.4±0.4℃,有效积温为69.75±3.56日度;2龄幼虫发育起点温度最低,为10.4±2.8℃,有效积温为84.51±16.66日度;蛹的发育起点温度为11.0±1.5℃,有效积温为111.07±10.48日度;卵至蛹的发育起点温度为11.6±1.2℃,有效积温为624.17±46.26日度;在海南文昌一年发生2.96代。成虫羽化适宜温度为29℃。     

温度与光周期对麝凤蝶生长发育的影响

观察了麝凤蝶的卵、幼虫和蛹在不同温度和光周期条件下的发育历期。结果表明 :卵、幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为 1 3 7,7 9和 8 0℃ ,有效积温分别为 43 8,3 98 0和 2 79 4日·度 ;越冬蛹的发育可以分为 5个阶段 ;大部分越冬蛹在上午 (88 2 % )羽化 ;长光照处理平均比短光照出处理提前羽化 2d。     

棉露尾甲发育起点温度和有效积温的研究

在 1 5 ,2 0 ,2 5 ,3 0和 3 5℃下 ,测定了棉露尾甲Haptoncusluteolus(Erichson)各虫态的发育历期。结果表明 ,卵到蛹各虫态历期随温度升高而呈抛物线变化 ,3 0℃时发育历期最短 ;成虫寿命及世代历期随温度升高呈负线性变化。对试验结果采用了 2种方法计算发育起点温度和有效积温 ,并用变异系数进行检验。结果表明 ,除预蛹期外 ,其它各虫态用最优化法计算结果优于直线回归法 ,卵、幼虫、预蛹、蛹、雌雄成虫产卵前期的发育起点温度分别为 :9 9,7 9,8 6,9 5 ,1 3 0 ,1 3 3和 5 7℃ ,有效积温分别为 :2 6 4,5 3 9,5 4 91 5 1 6,1 3 4 1 ,5 2 4和 3 2 2 0日·度 ;预蛹期的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为 4 8℃和 94 1日·度。     

温度对双委夜蛾实验种群生长发育及繁殖的影响

【目的】双委夜蛾Athetis dissimilis(Hampson)是近几年在中国大陆新发现的农业害虫,与二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone(Mschler)形态相似,危害特点相同。明确温度对其生长发育的影响,对该害虫的预测预报和有效防控具有重要的指导意义。【方法】在光周期16L∶8D,RH 70%±10%的实验室条件下,设置17,21,25,29和33℃5个恒定温度,饲喂人工饲料,研究温度对双委夜蛾发育历期、死亡率及繁殖的影响,并计算各虫态的发育起点温度和有效积温。【结果】在17~33℃范围内,双委夜蛾均可以完成整个世代,各虫态发育历期随温度的升高而缩短;17和21℃下,双委夜蛾幼虫有7个龄期,而25℃以上时幼虫只有6个龄期。25℃下双委夜蛾死亡率最低(21.00%),单雌产卵量最高(763.95粒)。整个世代的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为9.38℃和1 015.36日·度。雌雄虫寿命和产卵期随温度的升高逐渐缩短,且各温度下雌虫寿命均较雄虫长,性比(雄雌比)均在1.18~1.20之间。【结论】25℃是双委夜蛾实验种群生长发育和繁殖的适宜温度。     

药材甲发育起点温度和有效积温

在恒温条件下用新鲜药材甘遂饲养药材甲Stegobium paniceum(L.),测定药材甲各虫态(龄)的发育历期,结果表明,该虫卵、幼虫、蛹、产卵前期及世代发育起点温度分别是5.05,8.45,9.06,8.36和8.01℃,有效积温分别是177.9,745.5,127.9,37.8和1094.1日.度。     

寄主和温度对西花蓟马生长发育的影响

研究了4种豆科寄主植物及5个不同温度处理对西花蓟马生长发育的影响,并对各虫态的发育起点温度和有效积温进行了分析.结果表明:同一温度条件下,西花蓟马取 食不同豆科寄主植物时,各虫态的发育历期差异显著,但不同温度下不同寄主处理间的差异性不同;西花蓟马的未成熟期取食四季豆叶片时发育最快,取食蚕豆叶片时发育最慢,两寄主间存在显著差异;取食同一寄主植物时,不同温度处理下,西花蓟马各虫态的发育历期差异显著,且随温度升高历期缩短,发育速率和温度之间为直线关系;西花蓟马各虫态在不同寄主植物上的发育起点温度和有效积温各不相同,未成熟期取食蚕豆叶片时发育起点温度最低为6.35℃,但需要的有效积温最高为331.36日度.     

Digestive proteinases in Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Anobiidae)

The cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius), is a common pest of stored foods. A study of digestive proteinases in L. serricorne was performed to identify potential targets for proteinaceous biopesticides, such as proteinase inhibitors. Optimal casein hydrolysis by luminal proteinases of L. serricorne was in pH 8.5-9.0 buffers, although the pH of luminal contents was slightly acidic. Results from substrate and inhibitor analyses indicated that the primary digestive proteinases were serine proteinases. The most effective inhibitors of caseinolytic hydrolysis were from soybean (both Bowman Birk and Kunitz), with some inhibition by chymostatin, N-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone, and leupeptin. Casein zymogram analysis identified at least eight proteolytic activities. Activity blot analyses indicated one major proteinase activity that hydrolysed the trypsin substrate N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine rho-nitroanilide, and three major proteinase activities that hydrolysed the chymotrypsin substrate N-succinyl ala-ala-pro-phe rho-nitroanilide. The absence of cysteine, aspartic, and metallo proteinases in L. serricorne digestion was evidenced by the lack of activation by thiol reagents, alkaline pH optima, and the results from class-specific proteinase inhibitors. The data suggest that protein digestion in L. serricorne is primarily dependent on trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like proteinases.     

Susceptibility of the cigarette beetle Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) to hypoxia

The susceptibility of the cigarette beetle Lasioderma serricorne (F.) to hypoxia was examined at three different oxygen concentrations (0.5?C0.8, 1.0?C1.3, and 2.0?C2.3?%) and four different temperature/humidity (RH) conditions: 30?°C/75?% RH, 25?°C/75?% RH, 20?°C/43?% RH, and 15?°C/43?% RH. The influence of humidity on mortality was also examined at three humidity levels (21, 43, and 75?% RH) at 1.0?C1.3?% oxygen (O₂) and 25?°C. Our results revealed that adult beetles were the most tolerant at 2.0?C2.3?% O₂ and that the larvae were the most tolerant at O₂ levels <1.0?C1.3?%. Mortality increased with increasing temperatures and decreasing O₂ concentrations. At 30?°C, 75?% RH, and 0.5?C0.8?% O₂, the 99?% lethality (LT₉₉) of larvae was 6.9?days; however, it increased to 20?days when the temperature was decreased to 25?°C or when O₂ levels were increased to 1.0?C1.3?%. Humidity also influenced mortality of both larval and adult beetles. LT₉₉ values for larvae at 25?°C and 1.0?C1.3?% O₂ were 24.0, 44.6, and 50.2?days at 21, 43, and 75?% RH, respectively. Results of this study indicate that a controlled atmosphere (CA) with reduced oxygen levels (<0.5?C0.8?% O₂) represents an effective measure for disinfesting stored tobacco as an alternative to conventional phosphine fumigation at temperatures >30?°C.     

氟啶脲防治烟草甲的研究

本文通过室内及现场试验,研究氟啶脲防治烟草甲的效果。试验结果表明,烟草甲人工饲料中氟啶脲的浓度为4mg/kg时,烟草甲2龄幼虫的校对死亡率可达97.33%;对库存烟叶,当烟叶中氟啶脲的浓度为8～16mg/kg时,对烟草甲防治效果达到100%,并有24个月的防治作用。     

Susceptibility to insecticides of Lasioderma serricorne (F.) (Coleoptera anobiidae) grown on vitamin-deficient diets.

Variations in the susceptibility to pyrethrum and chlordane (two contact insecticides) of Lasioderma serricorne grown on different vitamin-deficient diets were studied and reasons for such variation were proposed.     

Mating disruption of Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) in stored product habitats using the synthetic pheromone serricornin

Cigarette beetles, Lasioderma serricorne (F.) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae), cause significant damage to the multibillion dollar food and tobacco industries worldwide each year. A non‐insecticidal alternative to manage L. serricorne is the application of mating disruption, in which high levels of synthetic sex pheromone are released to create an atmosphere that results in males failing to mate females, thereby causing population suppression or extinction. The reported work used synthetic serricornin, the predominant sex pheromone of L. serricorne, in mating disruption trials conducted in selected food‐ and feed‐processing facilities in South Carolina during 2010 and 2011. Mills subjected to mating disruption trials were monitored using oviposition cups filled with larval food and pheromone traps for males that contained monitoring lures. Immediately after deployment of mating disruption dispensers, trap captures declined significantly and indicated a reduction in population levels, that is, there was ‘trap shutdown’. A significant reduction was observed in numbers of adult beetles caught in the traps 8 weeks before and 8 weeks after treatment in both years. Beetle numbers from pheromone traps in untreated buildings remained at similar levels or increased after the time of mating disruption deployment in treated buildings. The numbers of adults that emerged from oviposition food cups were generally low and varied irregularly in treated and untreated buildings and were determined to be of little value for assessing treatment effects on reproduction. These initial field studies in the USA suggest that release of the synthetic sex pheromone of L. serricorne for mating disruption can significantly inhibit proper orientation behaviour of male L. serricorne to females and may lead to pest population decline from mating disruption.     

Assessment of the efficacy of Japanese Bacillus thuringiensis isolates against the cigarette beetle,Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Anobiidae)

A total of 2,652 Japanese isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis, belonging to at least 54 H serogroups, were examined for assessment of the toxicity against the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Anobiidae). When tested with spore/parasporal inclusion mixtures, strong larvicidal activities were associated with 28 isolates (1.1%). Serologically, these toxic isolates fell into 4 known H serovars: thuringiensis (9 isolates), kurstaki (2), kenyae (2), and darmstadiensis (15). Purified parasporal inclusions of the 10 selected isolates exhibited no larvicidal activity, while the supernatants of liquid cultures showed larvicidal and/or growth inhibitory effects. The activities were fully retained after heat treatment at 100 degrees C for 10 min. Overall results suggest that beta-exotoxin (or thuringiensin)-related substances are responsible for the toxicity of the present B. thuringiensis isolates against the cigarette beetle.     

Susceptibility of Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) life stages to elevated temperatures used during structural heat treatments

Heat treatment of food-processing facilities involves using elevated temperatures (50-60 degrees C for 24-36 h) for management of stored-product insects. Heat treatment is a viable alternative to the fumigant methyl bromide, which is phased out in the United States as of 2005 because of its adverse effects on the stratospheric ozone. Very little is known about responses of the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (F.) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae), a pest associated with food-processing facilities, to elevated temperatures. Responses of L. serricorne life stages to elevated temperatures were evaluated to identify the most heat-tolerant stage. Exposure of eggs, young larvae, old larvae, and adults during heat treatment of a food-processing facility did not clearly show a life stage to be heat tolerant. In the laboratory, exposure of eggs, young larvae, old larvae, pupae, and adults at fixed times to 46, 50, and 54 degrees C and 22% RH indicated eggs to be the most heat-tolerant stage. Time-mortality responses at each of these three temperatures showed that the time for 99% mortality (LT99) based on egg hatchability and egg-to-adult emergence was not significantly different from one another at each temperature. Egg hatchability alone can be used to determine susceptibility to elevated temperatures between 46 and 54 degrees C. The LT99 based on egg hatchability and egg-to-adult emergence at 46 degrees C was 605 and 598 min, respectively, and it decreased to 190 and 166 min at 50 degrees C and 39 and 38 min at 54 degrees C. An exponential decay equation best described LT99 as a function of temperature for pooled data based on egg hatchability and egg-to-adult emergence. Our results suggest that during structural heat treatments eggs should be used in bioassays for gauging heat treatment effectiveness, because treatments aimed at controlling eggs should be able to control all other L. serricorne life stages.     

烟草甲的生物学特性研究

烟草甲在安徽每年发生2～3代,以3龄以上幼虫越冬,幼虫期5～6龄,极少4或7龄。贮存期2年左右的烟叶受其为害最重（虫口密度最大）。米象金小蜂为其天敌优势种。