BT基因棉与常规棉主要害虫及天敌生态位的比较研究

本研究了BT基因棉与常规棉主要害虫及天敌的生态位。结果表明：主要害虫及天敌的种类一致,但棉铃虫幼虫的数量差异显;33B棉田各昆虫种群的生态位宽度指数偏高;棉铃虫、棉蚜对主要天敌的生态位重叠指数偏高。应用生态位概念分析了造成区别的原因。     

棉铃虫对转Bt基因抗虫棉花的抗性机制及治理

棉铃虫是危害棉花最严重的害虫之一. 作为生物技术产品, 转Bt杀虫基因棉花产生的Cry毒素对棉铃虫有高效毒杀作用. Bt棉花已在世界范围内商业化种植, 通过有效控制棉铃虫种群数量, 而显著减少了化学农药的用量. 尽管没有发现棉铃虫田间种群对Bt棉花产生高水平抗性, 但室内持续筛选已培育出多个高水平抗性品系, 表明存在棉铃虫对Bt棉花产生抗性的风险. 鉴于棉铃虫对Bt棉花产生抗性可能对Bt棉花利用价值的影响, 国内外近10年来对此进行了系统深入地研究. 本文综述了棉铃虫对Bt棉花抗性的生物化学和分子机制、抗性治理与监测技术的最新研究进展, 并分析了中国、澳大利亚和印度等国家棉铃虫对Bt棉花的抗性治理策略.     

棉铃虫不同寄主种群遗传分化的RAPD分析

应用RAPD技术对生活于辣椒,烟草和番茄3种不同寄主上的棉铃虫（Helicover pa armigera)种群,并以烟草烟青虫（H.assulta)为外群进行了种群遗传分化的研究,研究结果表明：4个处理内个体间最大的遗传距离均小于处理间最小的遗传距离,烟青虫的遗传距离为0．177－0．346,棉铃虫的辣椒种群为0．289－0．404,烟草种群为0．396－0．505,番茄种群为0．329－0．382,采用UPDGA法进行聚类,并构建系统发育树。各处理成聚的遗传距离为：烟青虫是0．334,棉铃虫的辣椒种群是0．372,烟草种群是0．463,番茄种群是0．360。各处理均首先成聚,棉铃虫与烟青虫成聚的遗传距离（0．703）,稍大于棉铃虫各种群的成聚值（0．639）。上述结果表明,棉铃虫不同寄主种群已经存在明显的遗传分化。     

光周期与温度的联合作用对棉铃虫种群滞育的影响

<正> 棉铃虫Heliothis armigera Hbner是一种多化性并且具有兼性滞育的昆虫,在北京郊区每年发生四代。目前国内对棉铃虫种群滞育问题研究不多,为了明确北京郊区棉铃虫种群的光周期反应的一般特点,以及光周期与温度的联合作用对该虫种群滞育的影响,为分析该虫种群数量变化的原因提供一些科学依据,我们以北京郊区昌平县中越人民公社史各庄村大队的棉铃虫种群为材料,进行了初步研究。 材料和方法 1977年10月,自北京郊区昌平县中越人民公社史各庄村大队棉田采回的第四代棉铃虫老龄幼虫,于室内饲养至化蛹。滞育的蛹在5℃     

转基因抗虫棉种植面积变化对花生田棉铃虫种群影响

【目的】棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)是花生田主要害虫之一。转基因抗虫棉全面推广后,棉铃虫种群(包括棉田、花生田、玉米田)得到有效控制。近年,随着转基因抗虫棉种植面积逐年下降,花生田棉铃虫种群呈现逐年上升趋势。【方法】本文通过调查山东省花生主产区(非棉区)龙口、招远、莱阳、文登四个县级市花生田棉铃虫成虫、卵量、幼虫量等的发生情况,分析了棉铃虫发生面积及种群数量15年(2000—2014年)的变化规律,并重点分析了主要影响因素。【结果】结果表明:花生棉铃虫发生面积受棉花种植面积影响较大,二者呈显著负相关性;花生田棉铃虫累计诱蛾量总体呈下降趋势,但与棉花种植面积相关性不显著;棉铃虫卵量、虫量与抗虫棉种植面积呈显著负相关性。【结论】所以,转基因抗虫棉种植面积减少是导致花生田棉铃虫种群数量上升的主要因素。另外,近年玉米田棉铃虫发生面积也呈逐年上升趋势,与抗虫棉种植面积呈显著负相关。所以,随转基因抗虫棉种植面积的下降,若不采取有效措施,棉铃虫种群可能会出现大发生趋势。     

棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂的寄生对棉铃虫体内主要代谢物质的影响

寄生蜂是调节寄主害虫种群数量的一个重要因子.棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂Campoletis chorideae Uchida是棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera Hübner和烟青虫Helicoverpa assulta Guenée的主要寄生性天敌,对两种害虫的田间自然控制起着非常重要的作用.本文选取棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂-棉铃虫系统为研究对象,从齿唇姬蜂的寄生对棉铃虫体内主要代谢物质的影响等方面进行了研究.试验结果显示,棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂的寄生使棉铃虫幼虫组织中糖原含量发生了明显的变化,与未被寄生的同龄棉铃虫幼虫相比,被寄生幼虫组织中的糖原含量下降了近一倍,被寄生的棉铃虫幼虫血淋巴和虫体组织中蛋白质、脂肪的含量均显著下降.     

新疆棉区田间棉铃虫种群对Bt Cry1Ac毒蛋白的敏感性研究

为了明确新疆棉区棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)种群对Bt Cry1Ac毒蛋白的敏感性变化,本次研究采用单雌系F1/F2代诊断剂量法于2013-2019年连续监测了新疆库尔勒市棉铃虫种群对Cry1Ac毒蛋白的抗性频率以及种群敏感度的变化.结果表明,2013-2019年新疆库尔勒市棉铃虫种群...     

基于生命表参数的棉铃虫种群动态模拟研究

依据对棉铃虫自然种群生命表研究所获得的种群统计参数,采用蒙特卡罗方法,模拟了随机环境条件下的棉铃虫种群发生动态。模拟结果显示,同一输入参数(模拟的1代残虫量),经过确定世代或生活史阶段后,棉铃虫的种群密度既可能为轻发生,也可能种群暴发。环境条件有利时,输入变量(模拟的1代残虫量)影响棉铃虫最大可能的发生程度。当棉铃虫为中等或轻发生时,1代残虫量(模型输入参数)和最终的棉铃虫发生程度(模型输出)没有明显的依赖关系。相同的最终棉铃虫发生程度所对应的模型的输入变量可以有多种水平。模拟结果显示,在环境条件比较有利情况下,棉铃虫只需要1个世代或某一个生活史阶段(如蛹期),种群密度即可达暴发水平。本文的研究结果说明,对棉铃虫中长期发生态势的预测,存在一定程度的不确定性。     

棉铃虫对溴氰菊酯的抗性遗传及其生化机理

用经室内诱导的抗溴氰菊酯棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hubner)种群与室内饲养多年的敏感种群进行杂交,研究了棉铃虫对溴氰菊酯的抗性遗传规律。结果表明：杂交后的显性度(D)分别为0.34和0.35,F₁与亲本回交的期望值与实际值在比值是1 ∶1时差异显著,回交平台在35%～45%,棉铃虫对溴氰菊酯的抗性可能是一个以上主基因的不完全显性遗传。生化分析表明,抗性种群的。-乙酸萘酯酶活力与敏感种群的差异显著,这可能是棉铃虫对溴氰菊酯产生高抗药性的重要解毒酶之一。     

基于线粒体DNA的宁夏、内蒙古及周边地区棉铃虫种群遗传结构

【目的】研究宁夏、内蒙古棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)种群与华北、东北种群的遗传结构,以揭示宁夏、内蒙古两地虫源并为棉铃虫防治提供参考。【方法】对采集得到宁夏银川、内蒙古巴彦淖尔等7个棉铃虫田间种群和1个银川室内种群共162个样本进行线粒体COⅠ基因片段(652 bp)测序并进行遗传分析。【结果】分析显示共有23个COⅠ单倍型,其中H16和H23包含个体数量最多。宁夏、内蒙古田间种群与其他种群单倍型多样性(Hd)和核苷酸多态性(Pi)近似,与其他几个种群遗传分化(FST)较小,且不显著。种群间遗传距离和地理距离无显著相关性。中性测验分析显示混合和单个棉铃虫种群经历种群扩张。【结论】宁夏、内蒙古种群与华北、东北种群存在着较强的基因流,可能主要由于棉铃虫兼性迁飞习性导致。     

棉铃虫持续大暴发引起的思考

调查研究认为,棉铃虫持续暴发与夏、秋高温干旱、棉区种植制度、管理模式关系密切。全球性气候变暖和温室效应与棉铃虫大发生也有关系。多次过量地应用广谱性、复配化学农药对棉田有益生物杀伤力极大,引起棉田种群单一,棉铃虫灭敌减少,为棉铃虫大暴发提供了有利条件。棉铃虫抗药性虽对害虫猖撅有一定影响,但不是关键原因。防治棉铃虫应坚定不移地坚持“预防为主,综合防治”的植保方针。农业防治在新的形势下要有新的内涵。从生态防治着手做好协调防治,提高生物农药的施用力度,推广高效、低毒、低残留农药,要进一步加强植保服务体系,端正行业作风,认真做好虫情预测预报,大力宣传棉铃虫综合防治的意义和方法,把技术送到千家万户。     

The ecology of Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Riverina region of south-eastern Australia and the implications for tactical and strategic management

Decisions on the choice of appropriate tactical and strategic control techniques require an understanding of the seasonal distribution and ecology of the target species. To address this need, data were collected from 1997 to 2000 using crop surveys, field sampling and pheromone trapping to monitor the population trends of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and H. punctigera (Wallengren) in the Riverina region of south-eastern Australia. The data gathered are compared to predictions from the HElicoverpa Armigera and Punctigera Simulation (HEAPS) model, that simulates Helicoverpa population dynamics to assist in identifying the drivers of regional populations and provide a framework to make informed decisions. The results highlight the contrasting seasonal dynamics of H. punctigera and H. armigera within the region. Helicoverpa punctigera populations peak in the spring, driven by large scale spring migration into the region and subsequently decline. Helicoverpa armigera populations, conversely, are characterized by a period of spring recruitment of adults from overwintering pupae within the region, followed by a within-season population increase leading to severe late season pressure. The within-season increase of H. armigera is a result of the succession of crop and non-crop hosts with the main driver being sequentially sown, unsprayed maize. Tactical and strategic management options are discussed in light of these findings.     

绿盲蝽捕食棉铃虫卵的CO Ⅰ标记检测方法

绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum Meyer-Dür不仅取食棉花等多种农作物,而且还具有一定的捕食行为。利用棉铃虫细胞色素氧化酶Ⅰ（COⅠ）的基因序列,设计了检测绿盲蝽对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera Hübner卵捕食作用的特异引物。PCR分析结果表明,该引物可特异性检测绿盲蝽体内棉铃虫卵DNA片段,取食3粒棉铃虫卵绿盲蝽的检测半衰期为1.77 h。此检测方法为进一步评价绿盲蝽在农业生态系统中的地位与功能提供了技术平台。     

Rapid antibody-based field test to distinguish between Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Helicoverpa punctigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren) are the two most important insect pests of cotton production in Australia and require application of insecticides to control them. H. armigera has developed resistance to several insecticides but H. punctigera has not. Cost-effective management of insecticide resistance requires that growers be able to determine the proportion of H. armigera eggs or young larvae present on their crop before applying insecticides. This is impossible visually. We generated two monoclonal antibodies that reacted with the insect protein "lipophorin" and were capable of discriminating individuals of the two species at all life-stages. The antibodies were incorporated into a rapid test kit that was tested under field conditions over two growing seasons. Results obtained with the kit agreed closely with those obtained by rearing larvae through to second instar.     

棉铃虫人工饲料主要污染细菌鉴定及其抗生素筛选

棉铃虫的人工饲养是对其进行昆虫病原菌生物测定的重要步骤,而饲料污染是影响棉铃虫培养成功率的主要因素。因此,选择合适的抗生素对棉铃虫的饲养具有重要意义。为明确棉铃虫饲料中污染细菌的组成,筛选可抑制污染菌的抗生素,本研究以受污染棉铃虫饲料中分离出的9个菌株为实验材料,观察菌株形态。采用16S rDNA系统发育分析法构建进化树,同时根据药敏与生理生化实验,确定分离菌株的生理生化特性。结果表明,9个菌株共呈现5种生理生化特性,其中,2株与肠球菌属(Enterococcus sp.)接近,2株与埃希氏菌属(Escherichia sp.)接近,2株与志贺氏菌属(Shigella sp.)接近,2株与肠杆菌属(Enterobacter sp.)接近,1株与沙雷氏菌属(Sarratia sp.)接近。抗生素筛选实验结果显示,卡那霉素对于不同菌株的抑菌效果最好。这为提高棉铃虫人工饲养成活率具有重要意义。     

Cytochrome P450 and actin genes expressed in Helicoverpa zea and Helicoverpa armigera: paralogy/orthology identification, gene conversion and evolution.

Molecular phylogenetic analysis was conducted using conserved cytoplasmic actin and diversified cytochrome P450 (P450) sequences isolated from Helicoverpa zea and Helicoverpa armigera, two species thought to be closely related based on allozyme analyses. These sequences were compared in turn with published sequences from other insects to gain insight into how different gene families evolve. In Bombyx mori and these Helicoverpa species, cytoplasmic actin genes are present as a pair of tandemly duplicated paralogs with coding sequence identities as high as 95.5% (B. mori), 98.9% (H. zea) and 98.5% (H. armigera) due to recent 5'-polar gene conversions. Phylogeny and interspecies comparisons assign the six actin genes into two orthologous groups: HaA3a/HzA3a/BmA3 and HaA3b/HzA3b/BmA4, which exhibit more similarities between H. zea and H. armigera than between Helicoverpa species and B. mori. Like the actin genes in H. zea, four CYP6B genes exist as two pairs of duplicated paralogs with recent 5'-polar gene conversions. Interspecific comparisons and phylogeny analysis identified three groups of orthologous CYP6B genes: H. zea CYP6B8 or CYP6B28/H. armigera CYP6B7, H. zea CYP6B27/H. armigera CYP6B6, and H. zea CYP6B9/H. armigera CYP6B2/Heliothis virescens CYP6B10. The low degree of divergence in the first two of these groups is comparable to allelic variation within a single species. These orthologous relationships and the high degrees of similarity in both actin and P450 genes strongly indicate that these Helicoverpa species are extremely closely related.     

Evolution, ecology and management of resistance in Helicoverpa spp. to Bt cotton in Australia

Prior to the widespread adoption of two-gene Bt cotton (Bollgard II?) in Australia, the frequency of resistance alleles to one of the deployed proteins (Cry2Ab) was at least 0.001 in the pests targeted namely, Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa punctigera. In the 7 years hence, there has been a statistically significant increase in the frequency of alleles conferring Cry2Ab resistance in field populations of H. punctigera. This paper reviews the history of deploying Bt cotton in Australia, the characteristics of the isolated Cry2Ab resistance that likely impact on resistance evolution, aspects of the efficacy of Bollgard IIχ, and the behavioural ecology of Helicoverpa spp. larvae as it pertains to resistance management. It also presents up-to-date frequencies of resistant alleles for H. punctigera and reviews the same information for H. armigera. This is followed by a discussion of current resistance management strategies. The consequences of the imminent release of a third generation product that utilizes the novel vegetative insecticidal protein Vip3A are then considered. The area planted to Bt-crops is anticipated to continue to rise worldwide and many biotechnical companies intend to add Vip3A to existing products; therefore the information reviewed herein for Australia is likely to be pertinent to other situations.     

棉铃虫对辛硫磷抗性的风险评估与预报

在室内用辛硫磷对采自江苏东台的棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera连续筛选了12代,平均成活率为37.6%,抗性上升了4.9倍。据Tabashnik介绍的方法,估计了抗性现实遗传力为0.0865。并预报了棉铃虫对辛硫磷的抗性发展速率。还对抗性风险评估、影响抗性发展速率的因素及抗性治理进行了讨论。     

Evaluating new insecticides for the control of Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on capsicum and zucchini

Abstract  The efficacy of insecticides in controlling Helicoverpa spp., predominantly H. armigera (Hübner), on capsicum and zucchini was tested in small plot trials. Indoxacarb, methoxyfenozide, spinosad, emamectin benzoate and novaluron provided control, as measured by the percentage of damaged fruit, equal to or better than standard treatments of methomyl or methomyl alternated with methamidophos on capsicum. The Helicoverpa nucleopolyhedrovirus gave control equivalent to the standard treatment, as did Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai , but B. thuringiensis kurstaki was ineffective. Helicoverpa armigera larvae were present in zucchini flowers but did little damage to the fruit. None of the insecticides significantly reduced the percentage of damaged zucchini fruit compared with the untreated control. Bifenthrin, spinosad, emamectin benzoate and methoxyfenozide were effective in controlling larvae in flowers, while methomyl, B. thuringiensis aizawai , B. thuringiensis kurstaki and novaluron were not effective. Data indicated that all the insecticides effectively controlled larvae of Diaphania indica (Saunders), cucumber moth, in the zucchini flowers. There has been a limited range of insecticides available to manage Helicoverpa spp. in these vegetable crops, but these trials demonstrate the effectiveness of a number of newer insecticides that could be used and that would be compatible with integrated pest management programs in the crops.