景观生态网络研究进展

作为生态学重要的概念与方法,生态网络是景观生态学研究的热点问题,也是耦合景观结构、生态过程和功能的重要途径。景观生态网络对于保护生物多样性、维持生态平衡、增加景观连接度具有重要意义。从景观生态网络的相关理论、研究进展、研究方法模型等进行分析,并对其应用前景进行展望,主要介绍了传统景观格局分析、网络分析、模型模拟等方法的适用性与特点,并分析了景观生态网络在城市景观格局优化、自然保护区规划、生物多样性保护、土地规划等领域的应用,最后提出了研究的主要问题。     

中国湿地生态站现状、发展趋势及空间布局

湿地调查与监测是全面了解和掌握湿地变化,开展湿地保护和修复的前提和基础。湿地生态站是开展湿地长期监测和野外试验的平台,对研究湿地生态系统过程与功能,揭示湿地变化机理具有重要作用。系统梳理了我国现有的湿地生态站,分析了当前湿地生态站建设中面临的问题,指出：与国际主要生态观测网络相比,我国综合性湿地生态站数量较少、比例偏低,导致在湿地生态系统监测和评估上存在较大空缺;现有生态站存在层级结构不合理、监测指标体系不规范等问题,制约了国家尺度湿地生态系统监测评估的需求。研究基于中国湿地生态站的现状,提出综合性湿地生态站布局原则,认为：应反映湿地生态系统类型代表性及湿地的空间分布特征,体现综合站-区域站-卫星站的层级结构特点,服务国家湿地保护和生态修复的战略需求。按照上述布局原则,对今后综合性湿地生态站的空间布局提出建议。同时,对湿地站发展定位、聚焦的前沿科学问题、湿地联网研究及国际合作方面提出了展望。     

基于GIS、景观格局和网络分析法的厦门本岛生态网络规划

 以厦门本岛2000年Landsat-TM卫星影像解译的土地利用现状图、绿地系统现状图与规划图为基础资料,在地理信息系统（GIS）支持下,运用景观格局分析方法,选用多种景观指数,评价了厦门本岛绿地系统的现状与已有规划。在此基础上,应用网络分析法构建了旨在优化生态网络的不同新方案。通过α指数、β指数、γ指数等网络结构指数,进行不同方案的比较,从中选出最优的规划方案。将选出的生态网络E的廊道宽度设为50 m,叠加到厦门市绿地系统规划图上,并应用景观指数,定量评价了该优化方案对厦门本岛绿地系统的改善情况。其结果表明：该优化方案能使景观的破碎化程度得到改善,绿地斑块形状的复杂性程度进一步增加,景观连接度得到提高,说明优化方案生态网络E可进一步明显改善厦门本岛现有绿地系统的数量和质量。我们的研究结果也表明：应用景观指数和网络分析法相结合的方法,不仅可以定量评价城市绿地系统现状以及规划的合理性,而且可以优化城市生态网络的方案,使其更符合城市生态网络建设的整合性、和谐性、流通性、安全性、多样性和持续性原则。     

Effects of budget constraints on conservation network design for biodiversity and ecosystem services

Limited budgets and budget cuts hamper the development of effective biodiversity conservation networks. Optimizing the spatial configuration of conservation networks given such budget constraints remains challenging. Systematic conservation planning addresses this challenge. Systematic conservation planning can integrate both biodiversity and ecosystem services as conservation targets, and hence address the challenge to operationalize ecosystem services as an anthropocentric argument for conservation. We create two conservation scenarios to expand the current conservation network in the Dutch province of Limburg. One scenario focuses on biodiversity only and the other integrates biodiversity and ecosystem services. We varied conservation budgets in these scenarios and used the software Marxan to assess differences in the resulting network configurations. In addition, we tested the network’s cost-effectiveness by allocating a conservation budget either in one or in multiple steps. We included twenty-nine biodiversity surrogates and five ecosystem services. The inclusion of ecosystem services to expand Limburg’s conservation network only moderately changed prioritized areas, compared to only conserving biodiversity. Network expansion in a single time-step is more efficient in terms of compactness and cost-effectiveness than implementing it in multiple time-steps. Therefore, to cost-effectively plan conservation networks, the full budget should ideally be available before the plans are implemented. We show that including ecosystem services to cost-effectively expand conservation networks can simultaneously encourage biodiversity conservation and stimulate the protection of conservation-compatible ecosystem services.     

基于生态系统服务供需的广东省绿地生态网络建设分区

绿地生态网络是城市地域生态持续性的重要保障,分区管控则是实现省域绿地生态网络差异化建设目标的基本原则。考虑到生态系统服务的供给和需求能够有效表征绿地生态网络建设的生态本底与生态需求,以县域为研究单元,采用修正的生态系统服务价值量核算生态系统服务供给量,以土地利用开发程度、人口密度和地均GDP表征生态系统服务需求量,基于供需分析提出广东省绿地生态网络建设分区方案。研究结果表明,按照各区县生态本底和生态需求差异分为四大类型区:Ⅰ城市生态节点保育型,包含13个区县,包含潮州市湘桥区、汕头市金平区、佛山市顺德区、广州市南沙区、黄埔区、荔湾区、越秀区、海珠区、深圳市盐田区、罗湖区、南山区、肇庆市端州区、珠海市金湾区等,为生态本底好-生态需求高的区域,在建设中应重点关注城市大型绿地游憩、科教等社会-生态复合功能;Ⅱ城市生境斑块修复型,包含34个区县,主要分布在珠三角核心区及粤东沿海地区,为生态本底差-生态需求高的区域,在建设中需要加大资金投入、完善城市绿色基础设施;Ⅲ为城郊潜在节点重构型,包含21个区县,主要分布在珠三角的江门、惠州、粤西沿海区域以及粤东中部,为生态本底差-生态需求低的区域,应以生态经济为导向,在产业空间重构的基础上,以城市反哺乡村,推进区域生态空间优化;Ⅳ城郊源地网络连通型,包含55个区县,主要分布在广东省北部地区,为生态本底好-生态需求低地区,应强化生态源地的保护,保障生态系统服务流向周边区域的持续输送。分区方案基本表征了广东省县域生态本底和生态需求的空间差异,能够为绿地生态网络建设提供规划指引。     

自然保护区生态安全设计的方法研究

由于生态破坏和自然栖息地的丧失,造成野生动植物种群的破碎化．自然保护区已成为孤立的生境岛屿,目前以单个、孤立保护区为主的生物多样性保护模式是远远不够的,应在广泛的时空尺度上保护生态过程和生物多样性各组成成份,建立一个整体的保护网络．根据国内外生物多样性保护的要求和发展趋势,提出了自然保护区生态安全设计的概念,它是综合考虑了生态、社会、经济的一种协调设计战略,首先从区域层次研究保护区网络的优化设计;其次,在网络的每个节点(保护区),研究保护区的面积、形状和内部功能分区;最后,研究网络与节点的连接(廊道)．自然保护区网络设计应维持生态系统的地域完整性和生态过程完整性,采用迭代法、整数规划方法和地理途径方法,为一个或多个保护目标勾画出多种保护规划蓝图。     

基于生态网络的生态安全格局评价

生态网络可用于描述、评价生境破碎条件下景观空间组织方式与物种存续的关系.本文以青岛市为研究区域,基于最小成本路径方法模拟得到2005年林地、湿地生态网络,并基于廊道累计成本值对得到的生态网络进行分级.利用介数指数、相关长度-逐块筛选指数对生态网络中斑块与廊道等结构要素进行重要性区分,形成生态网络结构体系.并在评价2005—2013年新增建设用地对生态网络影响的基础上,提出应对建设用地变化的生态安全格局.结果表明: 在生态网络框架基础上,图形理论的相关评价方法能够量化评价识别生态用地的具体属性(如生态网络斑块的面积)和生态用地之间的功能联系;2005—2013年间,青岛市新增建设用地对湿地侵占面积较大,且没有考虑具体林地、湿地在整个地区生态系统连通性维护中的作用;基于生态网络的生态安全格局的划定可以优化地区生态基底,为生态保护与恢复提供更加精确的空间决策依据,同时为城市空间扩张提供科学合理的空间指引.     

Identifying mismatches between conservation area networks and vulnerable populations using spatial randomization

Grassland birds are among the most globally threatened bird groups due to substantial degradation of native grassland habitats. However, the current network of grassland conservation areas may not be adequate for halting population declines and biodiversity loss. Here, we evaluate a network of grassland conservation areas within Wisconsin, U.S.A., that includes both large Focal Landscapes and smaller targeted conservation areas (e.g., Grassland Bird Conservation Areas, GBCAs) established within them. To date, this conservation network has lacked baseline information to assess whether the current placement of these conservation areas aligns with population hot spots of grassland‐dependent taxa. To do so, we fitted data from thousands of avian point‐count surveys collected by citizen scientists as part of Wisconsin''s Breeding Bird Atlas II with multinomial N‐mixture models to estimate habitat–abundance relationships, develop spatially explicit predictions of abundance, and establish ecological baselines within priority conservation areas for a suite of obligate grassland songbirds. Next, we developed spatial randomization tests to evaluate the placement of this conservation network relative to randomly placed conservation networks. Overall, less than 20% of species statewide populations were found within the current grassland conservation network. Spatial tests demonstrated a high representation of this bird assemblage within the entire conservation network, but with a bias toward birds associated with moderately tallgrasses relative to those associated with shortgrasses or tallgrasses. We also found that GBCAs had higher representation at Focal Landscape rather than statewide scales. Here, we demonstrated how combining citizen science data with hierarchical modeling is a powerful tool for estimating ecological baselines and conducting large‐scale evaluations of an existing conservation network for multiple grassland birds. Our flexible spatial randomization approach offers the potential to be applied to other protected area networks and serves as a complementary tool for conservation planning efforts globally.     

基于物种分布的北京平原生态网络构建

高强度的城市化活动导致了生物栖息地破碎化、退化和消失,是生物多样性减少的主要原因。建立城市地区生态网络是保护生物多样性的重要途径。因其他物种数据可获得性差,以观测的典型鸟类群落为指示物种,探讨构建生态网络,可为城市生物多样性保护提供新思路。以北京市平原区为研究范围,重点基于86种鸟类分布大数据,通过Maxent模型掩膜生成栖息地源地并进行分级,在GIS技术的支撑下,以土地利用数据建立鸟类活动阻力面,采用最小累积阻力模型算法,模拟并形成了平原地区分级的生物多样性保护网络。研究结果表明,河湖湿地和城市公园组成了北京平原地区生态网络的优势景观类型,占平原区生态空间的81%。基于景观类型大小与物种数量的线性关系筛选出分级生物栖息地,其中一级生物栖息地58个,二级生物栖息地146个,通过模型模拟形成了平原地区生物多样性保护的一二级生态网络,共948条网络,长3760km。筛选出重要生态节点12处,关键生态廊道6条,是保护平原地区生物多样性的重要生态设施。该生态网络的实施对于提升首都平原区的生物多样性具有重要价值,研究结果可为国土生态空间优化提供重要科学依据和参考。     

Reshaping our understanding of species’ roles in landscape‐scale networks

In network ecology, landscape‐scale processes are often overlooked, yet there is increasing evidence that species and interactions spill over between habitats, calling for further study of interhabitat dependencies. Here, we investigate how species connect a mosaic of habitats based on the spatial variation of their mutualistic and antagonistic interactions using two multilayer networks, combining pollination, herbivory and parasitism in the UK and New Zealand. Developing novel methods of network analysis for landscape‐scale ecological networks, we discovered that few plant and pollinator species acted as connectors or hubs, both within and among habitats, whereas herbivores and parasitoids typically have more peripheral network roles. Insect species’ roles depend on factors other than just the abundance of taxa in the lower trophic level, exemplified by larger Hymenoptera connecting networks of different habitats and insects relying on different resources across different habitats. Our findings provide a broader perspective for landscape‐scale management and ecological community conservation.     

Connectivity and invasive species management: towards an integrated landscape approach

Invasive plants and animals are a major cause of global biodiversity loss. Invasive Species Management (ISM) helps conserve localized populations and ecosystems, but rarely have its potential benefits been explored at the landscape scale. We explore how ISM can enhance landscape connectivity, and how its incorporation into conservation planning algorithms could help design optimal reserve networks. Conversely, conservation planning and connectivity modelling can optimize targeting of ISM, achieving benefits for a wider range of taxa and ecological processes, without the need for additional resources. Empirical research must investigate the spatial pattern of benefits from ISM, and when to target priority conservation sites or the areas (matrix) between them. By bolstering populations within—and increasing connectivity between—focal patches, ISM should move beyond conserving individual sites to creating functionally connected networks of conservation areas.     

德国生态网络构建方法及多层次规划研究

生态网络作为德国自然保护领域的重要战略,在《联邦自然保护法》中占有重要地位。在由联邦自然保护局资助的多项研究项目中,德国逐渐形成了一套较为成熟、统一的生态网络构建方法及技术标准,并成为各州及地方开展生态网络规划的技术框架。德国的生态网络规划强调在跨国、国家、州及地方各个层级之间的实施和并在落实方法上积极探索了自然保护与空间规划两大政策领域间的整合。通过介绍德国生态网络的相关政策、构建方法、跨界合作以及在各州及地方的实践等,以期能为中国的生态网络规划与建设提供借鉴。     

The big ecological questions inhibiting effective environmental management in Australia

The need to improve environmental management in Australia is urgent because human health, well‐being and social stability all depend ultimately on maintenance of life‐supporting ecological processes. Ecological science can inform this effort, but when issues are socially and economically complex the inclination is to wait for science to provide answers before acting. Increasingly, managers and policy‐makers will be called on to use the present state of scientific knowledge to supply reasonable inferences for action based on imperfect knowledge. Hence, one challenge is to use existing ecological knowledge more effectively; a second is to tackle the critical unanswered ecological questions. This paper identifies areas of environmental management that are profoundly hindered by an inability of science to answer basic questions, in contrast to those areas where knowledge is not the major barrier to policy development and management. Of the 22 big questions identified herein, more than half are directly related to climate change. Several of the questions concern our limited understanding of the dynamics of marine systems. There is enough information already available to develop effective policy and management to address several significant ecological issues. We urge ecologists to make better use of existing knowledge in dialogue with policy‐makers and land managers. Because the challenges are enormous, ecologists will increasingly be engaging a wide range of other disciplines to help identify pathways towards a sustainable future.     

醴陵市绿色屋顶生态系统服务潜力评估及规划

近年来,生态系统服务评估逐渐地被运用到城市绿色基础设施的规划建设当中,发掘能提供高生态效益的绿色屋顶潜力区域是增加城市生态空间有效途径.以提供城市空气净化、雨水截留、生物栖息地、热环境调节四个方面的生态服务为目标,借助GIS平台确定醴陵市绿色屋顶生态空间潜力区域并提出规划策略,为醴陵市以绿色屋顶形式完善城市生态空间结构...     

Modelling dendritic ecological networks in space: an integrated network perspective

Dendritic ecological networks (DENs) are a unique form of ecological networks that exhibit a dendritic network topology (e.g. stream and cave networks or plant architecture). DENs have a dual spatial representation; as points within the network and as points in geographical space. Consequently, some analytical methods used to quantify relationships in other types of ecological networks, or in 2‐D space, may be inadequate for studying the influence of structure and connectivity on ecological processes within DENs. We propose a conceptual taxonomy of network analysis methods that account for DEN characteristics to varying degrees and provide a synthesis of the different approaches within the context of stream ecology. Within this context, we summarise the key innovations of a new family of spatial statistical models that describe spatial relationships in DENs. Finally, we discuss how different network analyses may be combined to address more complex and novel research questions. While our main focus is streams, the taxonomy of network analyses is also relevant anywhere spatial patterns in both network and 2‐D space can be used to explore the influence of multi‐scale processes on biota and their habitat (e.g. plant morphology and pest infestation, or preferential migration along stream or road corridors).     

《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》指引下中国生物多样性主流化实施路径探析

《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》制定了未来一段时期全球范围内生物多样性保护的重要行动,包括将生物多样性及其多重价值纳入经济和社会活动的主流。中国作为联合国《生物多样性公约》(CBD)缔约方之一,在持续推进生物多样性主流化方面作出了不懈努力且成效显著。该文通过探讨解析生物多样性主流化的概念内涵,梳理总结我国生物多样性主流化的具体实践和阶段成效,对标《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》目标,围绕政府、企业、公众不同行为主体,提出新时期我国全方位推进生物多样性主流化的4个主要实施路径:(1)引入统一的行动框架;(2)发挥政府治理的主导作用;(3)联动企业采取共同行动;(4)提高公众意识以促进其广泛参与,致力于将生物多样性融入各级政府部门政策机制及社会生产生活实践活动中,为完善生物多样性治理决策提供参考。