小麦,玉米接种耐氨固氮菌试验初步分析

１９８９—１９９２年,在广东省部分县市进行了小麦、王米施用耐氨固氮菌大田对比试验,小麦接种耐氨固氮菌后,接菌区小麦的穗氏、有效穗、每穗粒数均比不接菌区明显增加,株高、成穗率、千粒重比对照略有增加,平均每亩比对照增产１６．７ｋｇ干麦,平均增产率为８．１％。玉米接种耐氨固氮菌后,接菌区玉米的茎粗、收获时的青叶片数、单苞重均比对照区明显增加,秃顶度比对照区明显减小,晒干率：出米率略有增加,平均每亩比对照增产５２．８ｋｇ玉米,平均增产率为１１．８９％。     

解磷固氮菌剂的研制及其对小麦的增产效应

研究了固氮菌（Ａｌｃａｌｉｇｅｎｓｆａｅｃａｌｉｓ）和磷细菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｍａｇａｔｈｅｒｕｍｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔｉｃｕｍ）同时存在于土壤中相互促进其生长和增强生理活性的过程。并研制出解磷固氮复合细菌肥料。用该菌肥接种小麦,产量增加１０％－１７．９％,平均增产１３．２％,每亩增产小麦３０．４２ｋｇ。分析了产量构成因子,结果表明,接种的比不接种每平方米增加穗数１０．１个,每穗粒子增加１．８２,千粒重增加０．９７ｇ。     

施氮和隔根对玉米植株生长、产量和根际微生物的影响

采用根系分隔试验,研究不同施氮水平(0.1、0.3、0.5和0.7 g· kg-1)下,玉米-大豆间作系统中根系互作对玉米植株生长、产量和根际微生物的影响.结果表明:根系互作和增施氮肥可以增加玉米株高、叶片长和叶片宽,提高玉米叶绿素含量.未隔根处理玉米成熟期的根干质量与隔根处理相比差异不显著.在0.1、0.3、0.5和0.7 g· kg-1施氮水平下,未隔根处理的单株生物量分别增加8.8％、6.3％、3.6％和0.7％,单株经济产量分别增加17.7％、10.0％、8.2％和0.9％.未隔根处理真菌和固氮菌数量与隔根相比显著增高;随着施氮水平的提高,根际细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量均呈逐渐增加趋势,而固氮菌的数量呈先增加后下降的趋势.玉米成熟期的根冠比与细菌、真菌和放线菌数量呈显著负相关,与固氮菌数量相关性不显著.根系互作有利于改善玉米植株生长,增加玉米产量和根际微生物数量,但其效果会随供氨水平的提高而减弱.     

大穗小麦部分生理特性研究

对目前试验试种的代表性大穗小麦品系部分生理特性进行了研究。结果表明：（１）大穗小麦的根系吸收能力高于一般小麦品种,根系活力比对照品种提高２３．９３％－２８．０９％,根干重增加７．１％。（２）大穗小麦的净光合速率孕穗期高于对照,灌浆期以后逐渐降低;相应各时期的呼吸强度均高于对照,证明大穗小麦属于高光合高呼吸消耗类型。（３）蒸腾强度在各时期均高于对照品种。     

甘蔗固氮内生菌——重氮营养醋杆菌的研究进展

在巴西,许多地区甘蔗的栽培已有几十甚至几百年的历史,尽管氮素供应明显不足,但甘蔗的产量和土壤中的氮素储备并没有随时间的推移而下降。认为甘蔗可能得益于生物联合固氮。通过氮平衡和１５Ｎ技术已证明生物的联合固氮作用对牧草和甘蔗等农作物的生长有重要的农学意义。认为甘蔗所吸收的氮素中有８０％可能来自生物固氮作用,只有少数来自施放到土壤中的化合态氮［１］。迄今已从甘蔗根际中分离到１１个属的固氮细菌,但是这些存在于甘蔗根际固氮菌的数量都不足以解释发生于甘蔗中的高效固氮作用．对甘蔗与固氮菌的联合共生固氮作用的深…     

禾本科植物联合固氮研究及其应用现状展望

综述了近年来从禾本科植物体内和根际发现的内生固氮菌和根际固氮菌的种类、特征及对宿主的促生机理,以及固氮菌接种剂在农业生产中的应用现状和存在的问题,指出影响联合固氮菌接种效果的主要因素有土著微生物的竞争;植物基因型差异和环境条件的变化,如结合态氮(氨、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐等)对固氮酶的合成阻遏和较高的氧分压对联合固氮菌的固氮效率影响．提出了发掘和利用禾本科植物的生物固氮潜力的努力方向：从自然界分离筛选获得广谱高效固氮菌株;应用基因工程构建耐铵、泌铵型联合固氮菌;诱导禾本科植物形成固氮根瘤;充分发挥植物内生固氮菌的优势．     

间作大豆对甘蔗根际土壤细菌及固氮菌多样性的影响

为探讨间作大豆(Glycine max)对甘蔗(Saccharum officinarum)根际土壤细菌及固氮细菌多样性的影响, 收集和开发固氮菌资源, 筛选高效甘蔗联合固氮体系, 选用3个甘蔗栽培品种‘ROC22’、‘GT21’、‘B8’与大豆品种‘Guizao 2’进行间种栽培, 采用巢式PCR特异扩增细菌16S rRNA基因片段和固氮细菌nifH基因片段, 并结合变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术, 对间作大豆的甘蔗根际土壤细菌及固氮细菌进行系统演化和多样性分析。聚类分析结果显示, 间作大豆改变了甘蔗根际土壤细菌及固氮细菌原来的群落组成结构, 尤其对固氮菌群落组成的改变更大, 但对群落物种的优势度影响较小。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson多样性指数分析结果表明, 甘蔗-大豆间作显著影响甘蔗根际土壤中细菌和固氮菌的多样性, 其中对固氮细菌多样性的影响较大。不同甘蔗品种的根际土壤细菌和固氮菌在间作大豆条件下表现出不同的多样性, ‘ROC22’和‘GT21’间作处理甘蔗根际土壤固氮细菌的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数显著高于单作处理, 而‘ROC22’与大豆间作处理的甘蔗根际土壤固氮菌多样性最为丰富。在大豆生长盛期, 间作处理的甘蔗根际土壤细菌多样性最为丰富, 不同处理间的差异也最大, 随后下降。总体来看, 甘蔗-大豆间作显著地影响根际土壤细菌和固氮菌的群落结构和群落多样性, 有助于对甘蔗合理间作栽培模式的认识和筛选高效甘蔗联合固氮体系。     

桉树与联合固氮菌相互作用的研究

联合固氮菌-催娩克氏菌（Klebsiella oxytoca NG13/pMC73A)接种木栖植物桃金粮种（Myrtaceae)桉树属（Eucalyptus)的苗木,研究它们之间相互作用关系。扫描电镜观察结果表明;联合固氮菌不但可以在桉树根表定殖,而且还可进入根内定殖,并在接种桉树的根际,根表和根内均分离到该菌,接种联合固氮菌能刺激桉树根系的分泌作用,并对根系分泌物的氨基酸,糖及激素的含量有所影响,联合固氮菌对桉树生长有明显的促进作用。     

桉树与联合固氮菌相互作用的研究*

联合固氮菌-催娩克氏菌(Klebsiella oxytoca NG13/pMC73A)接种木本植物桃金娘科(Myrtaceae)桉树属(Eucalyptus)的苗木,研究它们之间相互作用关系。扫描电镜观察结果表明:联合固氮菌不但可以在桉树根表定殖,而且还可进入根内定殖,并在接种桉树的根际、根表和根内均分离到该菌。接种联合固氮菌能刺激桉树根系的分泌作用,并对根系分泌物的氨基酸、糖及激素的含量有所影响。联合固氮菌对桉树生长有明显的促进作用。     

氮肥运筹对免耕水稻根系生长、根际土壤特性及产量的影响

为探索氮肥运筹对免耕条件下水稻根系生长以及对根际土壤特性、产量的影响,以金优253为材料进行试验。结果表明：平衡施肥显著提高单株根系干重、根长、单株生物量、根半径、单株根表面积、根长密度及根系活力,实收单产高于重穗肥和重基肥处理,且与重基肥差异达95％的显著水平,主要是有效穗数、结实率的增加。平衡施肥显著提高0~10 cm土层的0~2 mm根际土壤有机质、碱解氮含量及脲酶、蔗糖酶活性。因此平衡施肥能明显促进免耕水稻根系生长和有效穗数的增加,对提高水稻产量具有促进作用。     

The development of Azospirillum as a commercial inoculant for improving crop yields

Bacteria of the genus Azospirillum are nitrogen-fixing organisms that live in close association with plants in the rhizosphere. The Azospirillum-plant association leads to the enhanced development and yield of different host plants under appropriate growth conditions. This increase in yield is attributed mainly to an improvement in root development, an increase in the rate of water and mineral uptake by roots, and to a lesser extent, biological N(2) fixation. Worldwide data accumulated in the field over the past 20 years indicates that Azospirillum is capable of promoting the yield of agriculturally important crops in different soils and climatic regions. A.brasilense shows both chemotaxis and chemokinesis in response to temporal gradients of different chemoeffectors, thereby increasing the chance of root-bacterial interactions. Phytohormones synthesized by Azospirillum influence the host root respiration rate, metabolism and root proliferation and hence better the mineral and water uptake in inoculated plants. Positive effects of combined inoculation with Rhizobium have been reported for different legumes and were related to the favorable influence of Azospirillum on the nodule number, plant development, dry weight, and N(2) fixation. Additionally, A. brasilense produces the reserve material polyhydroxybutyrate comprising up to 70% of the cell dry weight This substance has received much attention recently as it can be extracted and formed into a biodegradable thermoplastic.     

The effect of native and ACC deaminase-containing Azospirillum brasilense Cd1843 on the rooting of carnation cuttings

Carnation cuttings treated with non-transformed and 1-aminocyclopropane (ACC) deaminase-containing Azospirillum brasilense Cd1843 produced significantly more roots than untreated controls and fewer roots than cuttings treated with 0.1% indolebutyric acid (IBA). The roots produced by cuttings treated with ACC deaminase-containing Azospirillum brasilense Cd1843 were the longest roots resulting from any of the treatments, followed by non-transformed Azospirillum brasilense Cd1843, 0.1% IBA, and treatment with water. The results are interpreted in terms of a previously proposed model of bacterial promotion of plant growth by ACC deaminase and indoleacetic acid, and may have implications for the use of plant growth-promoting bacteria in the flower industry.     

Microorganisms reveal what plants do not: wheat growth and rhizosphere microbial communities after Azospirillum brasilense inoculation and nitrogen fertilization under field conditions

Plant and Soil - Azospirillum brasilense is one of plant growth promoting bacteria used to improve plant growth and grain yield of cereal crops. The level of inoculation response is defined by...     

Enhanced micropropagation response and biocontrol effect of Azospirillum brasilense Sp245 on Prunus cerasifera L. clone Mr.S 2/5 plants

Inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense Sp245 exerts beneficial effects on micropropagated plants of Prunus cerasifera L. clone Mr.S 2/5, as seen in the results of a comparative analysis of inoculated and non-inoculated explants, during both the rooting and acclimatation phases. The presence of Azospirillum brasilense Sp245 increased root system, root hair biomass production and apical activity. Although the presence of the bacteria had a positive effect on rooting, the addition of indolebutyric acid (IBA) to Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium was seen as indispensable in order to promote the rooting of explants. Aside from the promotion of plant growth, A. brasilense Sp245 protects plants against pathogen attacks, such as Rhizoctonia spp., with a plant survival rate of nearly 100% vs. 0% as seen in the negative control. The biocontrol effect of A. brasilense Sp245 on the fungal rhizospheric community has been confirmed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles of the rhizospheric microbial community. This study indicates that A. brasilense Sp245 could be employed as a tool in plant biotechnology.     

Development and growth effects in the Sorghum–Azospirillum association

Sorghum plants were inoculated with a pigmented strain of Azospirillum brasilense (Cd) or were not inoculated and received an N-amended nutrient solution (1.0 mmol/l NH₄NO₃). A third set of plants were non-inoculated and not fertilized with N (control). Plants were grown in a steam-sterilized, low-fertility soil and harvested after growing for 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks. Dry weights for Azospirillum -inoculated plants were significantly greater than the N-fertilized sorghum at weeks 2 and 4, but A. brasilense -colonized plants weighed significantly less than the N-fertilized sorghum at weeks 8 and 10. Shoot and root N concentrations increased for N-amended plants but remained fairly steady for sorghum inoculated with strain Cd indicating enhanced N-use efficiency in plants colonized with the endophyte. In general, the concentration of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in Azospirillum -colonized plants was relatively less than that in N-amended sorghum early in ontogeny when the growth rate of the inoculated plants was greatest. The number of inoculated Cd cells per plant was correlated with percentage increase in dry weight ( r = 0.92*) or total N content ( r = 0.93*) relative to the N-fertilized plants. Growth enhancement relative to N-fertilized sorghum was not observed when the number of Azospirillum cells per gram of root dropped below 1.0 x 10⁵ (or 3.0 x 10⁶ cells/plant). Therefore, the persistence of Azospirillum in the endorhizosphere of sorghum had a direct impact on host growth, physiology and nutrition.     

Plasmid P85 from Azospirillum brasilense SP245: study of the circle of possible hosts and incompatibility with plasmids from Azospirillum brasilense SP7]

The possibility of the stable inheritance of the plasmid p85 mobilized derivatives from Azospirillum brasilense Sp245 in the cells of the bacterial genera Rizobiaceae (Agrobacterium tumfaciens) and Pseudomonadaceae (Pseudomonas putida) has been shown. The plasmid p85 participates in coding for the physiologically active products (the plant hormones). It is not inherited by the Escherichia coli strains. For the first time the incompatibility of azospirillium plasmids has been demonstrated on the example of the plasmid p85 from Azospirillum brasilense Sp245 and the plasmid p115 from Azospirillum brasilense Sp7.     

Laccase activity in melanin-producing strains of Sinorhizobium meliloti

Laccase-like activity was detected in melanin-producing strains of Sinorhizobium meliloti mainly in cells at the stationary growth phase when copper was added to the medium. The laccase showed both syringaldazine and ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) oxidase activities and was activated by the addition of 1.7 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate. Activity was totally inhibited by the addition of 1.0 mM EDTA, suggesting that the enzyme is a metal-dependent one. The enzyme was found to be cytosolic having an optimum pH of 5.0, an estimated molecular mass of 95 kDa and a K(m) of 4 microM for syringaldazine. Both laccase and tyrosinase activities were detected in melanin-producing S. meliloti strains. Plant growth-promoting (PGP) effect in rice by a laccase-producing S. meliloti strain when co-inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense Cd was observed. PGP effect by co-inoculation significantly increased plant yield compared to A. brasilense by itself. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report on laccase production in rhizobia and cooperation between Azospirillum and Sinorhizobium in rice.     

Trehalose accumulation in Azospirillum brasilense improves drought tolerance and biomass in maize plants

Bacteria of the genus Azospirillum increase the grain yield of several grass crops. In this work the effect of inoculating maize plants with genetically engineered Azospirillum brasilense for trehalose biosynthesis was determined. Transformed bacteria with a plasmid harboring a trehalose biosynthesis gene-fusion from Saccharomyces cerevisiae were able to grow up to 0.5 M NaCl and to accumulate trehalose, whereas wild-type A. brasilense did not tolerate osmotic stress or accumulate significant levels of the disaccharide. Moreover, 85% of maize plants inoculated with transformed A. brasilense survived drought stress, in contrast with only 55% of plants inoculated with the wild-type strain. A 73% increase in biomass of maize plants inoculated with transformed A. brasilense compared with inoculation with the wild-type strain was found. In addition, there was a significant increase of leaf and root length in maize plants inoculated with transformed A. brasilense . Therefore, inoculation of maize plants with A. brasilense containing higher levels of trehalose confers drought tolerance and a significant increase in leaf and root biomass. This work opens the possibility that A. brasilense modified with a chimeric trehalose biosynthetic gene from yeast could increase the biomass, grain yield and stress tolerance in other relevant crops.     

Wheat inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense Sp6 and some mutants altered in nitrogen fixation and indole-3-acetic acid production

Abstract Inoculation of wheat seedlings with Azospirillum brasilense Sp6 produced an increase in the number and length of the lateral roots as a plant response. Inoculation with a Nif⁻ mutant, A. brasilense SpF103, which is producer of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), yielded a very similar plant response. However, inoculation with a Nif⁻ mutant, A. brasilense SpF57, which is a low producer of IAA, did not elitic any response from the plant. The data suggest that the root system response of wheat seedlings to bacterial inoculation is due mainly to production of auxin-type substances by the microorganism.     

Key physiological properties contributing to rhizosphere adaptation and plant growth promotion abilities of Azospirillum brasilense

Azospirillum brasilense is a plant growth promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) that is being increasingly used in agriculture in a commercial scale. Recent research has elucidated key properties of A.?brasilense that contribute to its ability to adapt to the rhizosphere habitat and to promote plant growth. They include synthesis of the auxin indole-3-acetic acid, nitric oxide, carotenoids, and a range of cell surface components as well as the ability to undergo phenotypic variation. Storage and utilization of polybetahydroxyalkanoate polymers are important for the shelf life of the bacteria in production of inoculants, products containing bacterial cells in a suitable carrier for agricultural use. Azospirillum brasilense is able to fix nitrogen, but despite some controversy, as judging from most systems evaluated so far, contribution of fixed nitrogen by this bacterium does not seem to play a major role in plant growth promotion. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the understanding of physiological properties of A.?brasilense that are important for rhizosphere performance and successful interactions with plant roots.