海葵神经毒素研究进展

过去30多年的研究表明,海葵毒液中富含多肽或蛋白类生物毒素活性物质,分子量从3000到80000Da不等。这些毒素可以特异地与某些离子通道或细胞膜受体相结合,从而影响生物的某些生理功能。按照它们功能的不同,可以将海葵毒素大致分为两大类:神经毒素和溶细胞素。由于海葵神经毒素对它们的作用位点具有高度的特异性和亲和性,使得它们成为神经生理学和药理学研究的一种重要工具。就海葵毒素的类型、结构特征、生物活性、应用状况及开发前景的新进展进行综述,以期对同类研究些微启迪。     

腔肠动物的毒素

腔肠动物是低等的后生动物,也是无脊椎动物中种数较多的一个重要类群。其触手等部位分布有大量的腔肠动物所特有的攻击及防卫性细胞——刺细胞,其中的毒液会引起动物的蜇伤中毒。腔肠动物毒素的主要成分为蛋白质、肽类、酶类和介质毒素,而肽类毒素是天然毒素中毒性最强的一种。腔肠动物在药用方面有着广阔的开发前景,随着医学科学的发展,对腔肠动物等海洋生物的药用研究日渐深入。     

剌毒鱼毒素研究进展

刺毒鱼是具有发达棘刺的有毒鱼类,其由表皮组织转化而成的毒腺能分泌毒液,毒液通过棘刺注入猎物体内,引起剧痛、痉挛、红肿、呕吐、溶血、心肌麻痹和血压下降等症状。已发现的刺毒鱼毒素主要来自鼬鱼、鲶鱼、江觚、鲈鱼等,其毒性组分主要为具有溶血活性、酶活性及神经毒性的蛋白质或多肽。目前仅有一种石头鱼（stonefish）抗毒素用于临床。本文就刺毒鱼的种类、毒素生化及药理特征的最新进展作一简要综述。     

海葵的采集、观察与保存

海葵约有l000多种,营固着生活,一般为单体。栖息于世界各地的海洋中,我国沿海各地也多有分布,它是我国海滨常见的腔肠动物,属珊瑚纲,海葵目,其中绿海葵较多些,易采到。自然界中．绿海葵生活在潮间带区域．固着于岩石上或岩石缝间,涨潮时触手完全伸展。形似向日葵的头状花序,退潮时触手和身体收缩成球形。由于海葵身体基部的附着力极强,它和岩右粘贴牢固,徒手很难采到完整的标本。须用尖头凿刀将它从岩石上分离下来,但要十分小心,不能使其基部受伤。     

基于蛇毒提取物的超级止血粘合剂的发现

正蛇毒可以伤人,也可以救人。它的主要毒性(活性)成分是蛋白质,根据作用部位及原理不同一般分为神经毒素、心脏毒素、凝血毒素、出血毒素等。研究人员分离和研究了多种毒蛇的毒液,目前基于蛇毒毒素也开发出了多种抗癌、镇痛、抗血栓的药物。受蛇毒凝血功能的启发,来自陆军军医大学西南医院联合加拿大曼尼托巴大学的研究团队将从巴西矛头蝮Bothrops atrox的毒液中提取的血凝酶(hemocoagulase,HC)引入明胶-甲基丙烯酸凝胶(Gel MA),     

PCR技术在海洋生物多肽毒素研究中的应用

随着PCR反应技术的不断改进和完善,它们在现代科学研究、生产和生活检测中的应用也越来越广,并且极大程度上促进了基因工程和蛋白质工程的快速发展.就PCR技术在芋螺毒素、海蛇毒素、海葵毒素及水母毒素等海洋生物多肽毒素基因克隆研究中的应用作简要介绍.     

海葵神经毒素基因的克隆和序列分析

根据已发现的海葵神经毒素蛋白的两端保守氨基酸序列 ,设计简并引物 .用RT PCR方法 ,从侧花海葵 (Anthopleurasp .)触手总RNA中分离出多个神经毒素新基因 .它们分别编码 3个长度都是 4 7个氨基酸的毒素蛋白 ,它们的氨基酸序列与海葵神经毒素C(Ap C)最为相似 .新基因的发现为进一步研究其生物活性及应用打下了基础 .     

蜘蛛毒素的应用开发

我国有丰富的蜘蛛资源 ,估计不少于 30 0 0种 .其中很多种蜘蛛在捕食或防卫时能从其螯爪末端排放毒液 .根据结构上的特点 ,可把这些蜘蛛毒素分为两大类 :一类是蛋白质与多肽类毒素 ;另一类是分子量较小的非肽类毒素 .由于蜘蛛毒素的研究对神经生物学、药理学的研究与发展具有非常重要的意义 ,所以 ,目前对蜘蛛毒素的研究呈现很大的发展势头 .梁宋平教授主持的湖南省蛋白质化学与分子生物学重点实验室从 90年代初开始着重研究我国蜘蛛毒素的结构与功能 .目前已从我国的虎纹捕鸟蛛、六疣蛛和长尾地蛛等毒蜘蛛的粗毒中分离到数十种不同生物功能…     

α-芋螺毒素lt1a的纯化与鉴定

芋螺毒素是芋螺毒液管中所分泌的富含半胱氨酸和各种翻译后修饰的多肽混合物.从信号芋螺毒液中纯化出一系列天然多肽.其中L3组分经N端序列测定以及酶切质谱分析,确定其一级序列为GVWDγCCKDPQCRQNHMQHCPA,其中γ为羧基化谷氨酸.该毒素具有典型的α-芋螺毒素半胱氨酸骨架,被命名为lt1a,是迄今为止被报道的最长的一条α-芋螺毒素.     

新型抗虫活性肽雷氏大疣蛛毒素4596的纯化与鉴定

雷氏大疣蛛是我国新近鉴定的蜘蛛新种,虽然动物学家们已经对其进行过分类地位与生态学特性研究,然而有关抗昆虫活性成分研究的报道较少.通过比较解剖蜘蛛毒囊、乳胶软管诱导与电脉冲刺激3种蜘蛛毒液采集技术,发现雷氏大疣蛛毒液的最佳采集方法是电脉冲刺激采毒法.该蜘蛛粗毒对蜚蠊50%致死剂量LD50值是1.486 mg/g.结合阳离子交换层析和反相高效液相色谱技术从该蜘蛛粗毒中分离纯化到一种新型多肽毒素,根据质谱分析确定其相对分子质量为4 596.38,该毒素被命名为雷氏大疣蜘蛛毒素-4596(raventoxin-4596,RVTX-4596).通过初步毒性实验证实RVTX-4596是一种新型抗昆虫毒素.     

金钱鱼毒腺cDNA表达文库的构建及EST序列分析

以金钱鱼 (Scatophagusargus)毒腺为出发材料 ,构建以真核表达载体pcDNA3 0为基础的金钱鱼毒腺cDNA表达文库 .应用SMARTTM cDNALibraryConstruction技术和生物信息学分析等方法 ,通过对文库克隆的序列测定和初步生物信息学分析 ,获得了 2 0 1个金钱鱼新表达序列标签 (ESTs) ,其中已确定全长cDNA的克隆有 2 7个 ,包括多个核糖体大小亚基蛋白 (ribosomalprotein)、细胞凋亡相关蛋白 (programmedcelldeath 10 ) ,G蛋白信号调控子 (Gproteinsignalingregulator)、胸腺素(thymosinbeta 4 )、延伸因子 (translationelongationfactor 1 alpha)和泛素 (ubiquitin)等 .金钱鱼毒腺cDNA表达文库的成功构建 ,为研究金钱鱼毒腺的活性组分及其作用机制奠定了基础 ,也是分离新基因不可多得的重要资源     

小麦抗叶锈病近等基因系TcLr41 SSH文库构建与分析

以小麦抗叶锈病近等基因系TcLr41和感病亲本Thatcher的叶片cDNA分别作为试验方和驱动方,利用抑制差减杂交技术,构建了一个包含2544个克隆的差减文库。随机提取阳性克隆质粒DNA后经PCR检测,插入片段大部分集中在200～1000bp之间,证明所构建的文库符合要求。在功能已知的基因中,推测过氧化氢酶（catalasc）基因、抗秆锈病基因（rust resistance gene）、铜蓝结合蛋白（blue copper—binding protein）基因、锌指蛋白（ring zinc finger protein）基因、胁迫反应蛋白（stress responsive protein）基因等可能是TcLr41中抗病相关差异表达基因。     

Gateway技术构建交链孢菌JH505 cDNA文库

Gateway(R)技术构建Cdna文库,利用λ噬菌体的位点特异性重组,避免使用限制性内酶切割Cdna,能够解决常规方法构建Cdna文库的技术缺陷.首次应用Gateway(R)技术构建交链孢菌Cdna文库,经检测Cdna入门文库的滴度达到1×107cfu/Ml,文库总容量为9×107cfu,平均插入片段为1510bp.通过LR重组把入门文库转换为表达文库,表达文库的滴度为1.58×106cfu/Ml,文库总容量为6.32×106cfu,平均插入片段大小为1680bp.表达文库的构建为进一步克隆植物激活蛋白基因打下了基础.     

Isolation and characterization of glucocorticoid- and cyclic AMP-induced genes in T lymphocytes.

Glucocorticoids and cyclic AMP exert dramatic effects on the proliferation and viability of murine T lymphocytes through unknown mechanisms. To identify gene products which might be involved in glucocorticoid-induced responses in lymphoid cells, we constructed a lambda cDNA library prepared from murine thymoma WEHI-7TG cells treated for 5 h with glucocorticoids and forskolin. The library was screened with a subtracted cDNA probe enriched for sequences induced by the two drugs, and cDNA clones representing 11 different inducible genes were isolated. The pattern of expression in BALB/c mouse tissues was examined for each cDNA clone. We have identified two clones that hybridized to mRNAs detected exclusively in the thymus. Other clones were identified that demonstrated tissue-specific gene expression in heart, brain, brain and thymus, or lymphoid tissue (spleen and thymus). The kinetics of induction by dexamethasone and forskolin were examined for each gene. The majority of the cDNA clones hybridized to mRNAs that were regulated by glucocorticoids and forskolin, two were regulated only by glucocorticoids, and three hybridized to mRNAs that required both drugs for induction. Inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide resulted in the induction of all mRNAs that were inducible by glucocorticoids. Preliminary sequence analysis of four of the 11 cDNAs suggests that two cDNAs represent previously undescribed genes while two others correspond to the mouse VL30 retrovirus-like element and the mouse homolog of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan core protein.     

Mass isolation of cuticle protein cDNAs from wing discs of Bombyx mori and their characterizations

Multiple cloning of cuticle protein genes was performed by sequencing of cDNAs randomly selected from a cDNA library of wing discs just before pupation, and nine different cuticular protein genes were identified. Thirty-one clones of a cuticle protein gene were identified from the 1050 randomly sequenced clones; about 3% were cuticle protein genes in the W3-stage wing disc cDNA library. The sequence diversity of the deduced amino acid sequences of isolated Bombyx cuticle genes was examined along with the expression profiles. The deduced amino acid sequences of the nine cuticle protein genes contained a putative signal peptide at the N-terminal region and a very conserved hydrophilic region known as the R and R motif. The developmental expression of cuticle genes was classified into two types: pupation (five clones were expressed only around pupation) and pupation and mid-pupal (four clones were expressed around this stage). All the isolated genes were expressed in the head, thoracic, and abdominal regions of the epidermis at different levels around pupation, but no expression was observed in the epidermis at the fourth molting stage.     

疣粒野生稻应答黄单胞杆菌水稻致病变种（Xoo）的基因芯片

探讨疣粒野生稻应答黄单胞杆菌水稻致病变种（Xoo）的基因芯片制作,通过芯片杂交筛选抗病相关基因。芯片含有2436个片段,来自于应答撖）O的疣粒野生稻差减文库和cDNA文库,通过芯片杂交及微阵列分析基因表达,选其中800个样品点测序比对。其中,35个无同源序列,大部分有同源序列的功能未知,已知功能的序列中明显上调表达的基因有：富含脯氨酸蛋白、泛素连接酶、伸展蛋白、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶II、脂类转移酶等,明显下调表达的基因有：细胞色素P450单加氧酶、醛缩酶、金属硫蛋白、硫氧还蛋白、热激蛋白等,表达无明显变化的基因有：抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、转铜伴侣、脂酶、花丝温敏H2A蛋白等。高通量基因芯片的利用及微阵列分析是筛选抗病相关基因、获取大量抗病相关信息的有效手段。     

Molecular characterization of an anther-preferential gene from rice

Expression levels of anther-expressed genes in rice were estimated by plaque hybridization. A total of 33 cDNAs, isolated randomly from an anther-enriched cDNA library, were used as probes to hybridize both anther and leaf cDNAs. The expression level of individual cDNA clones was then estimated by counting the number of plaques hybridized to each probe. Based on abundance patterns that appeared in both anther and leaf cDNA libraries, the clones were classified into three groups. This classification showed that the majority of the clones (one group) exhibited expression in both cDNA libraries at almost equal frequency. The other two groups showed either low or no expression in the leaf cDNA library. Among the cDNA clones,RA1003 (detected only in the anther cDNA library) was selected and further characterized at the molecular level. Consistent with the results of the plaque hybridization experiment, northern blot analysis also revealed no gene expression in vegetative organs, leaves, or roots. However, expression was high in the flowers, especially in the anthers. Detailed molecular studies of the gene are also described and discussed here.     

鸡法氏囊B淋巴细胞中与鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒VP2相互作用蛋白筛选

为了获得鸡法氏囊B淋巴细胞中与鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒 (IBDV) VP2相互作用的蛋白质,利用酵母双杂交系统,用IBDV VP2蛋白为诱饵蛋白,筛选鸡法氏囊B淋巴细胞cDNA表达文库。将表达文库质粒转化含IBDV VP2诱饵质粒的酵母感受态细胞,检测报告基因在相应的营养缺陷型培养基 (SD/-Leu/-Trp/-His) 上表达情况,进一步经β-半乳糖苷酶报告基因检测,筛选到16个阳性克隆。提取阳性克隆质粒,经测序分析获得5个原鸡基因序列,分别是：线粒体DNA、蛋白质O位N-乙酰葡萄糖胺糖基化转移酶、肿瘤     

Functional cDNA library for efficient expression of measles virus-specific gene products in primate cells.

A cDNA library designed for high-level expression of measles virus-specific gene products in mammalian cells was generated. From this library, functional clones which contained the entire protein-coding sequences of the nucleocapsid (N) and the phosphoprotein (P) genes were isolated. By DNA-mediated gene transfer into a line of simian virus 40-transformed monkey kidney cells, the N-specific cDNA was expressed into a single polypeptide of about 60,000 Mr, which was immunoprecipitated by monoclonal antibodies against the measles virus N protein. In contrast, the P-specific cDNA could be expressed into either one or two species of polypeptides of 75,000 or 70,000 Mr, both of which were immunoprecipitated by monoclonal antibodies against the measles virus P protein.