西藏特有灌木砂生槐繁殖生长对海拔和沙埋的响应

砂生槐是西藏特有植物,主要分布在雅鲁藏布江中游地区及拉萨河,年楚河等主要支流宽谷区,为评价高原海拔引起的水热条件变化对砂生槐繁殖和生长的影响,沿雅鲁藏布江河谷600多公里海拔从3139m到3925m的样带上,对砂生板天然种群进行了调查,结果表明：沿着高原河谷海拔升市制 梯度,降水量由600mm下降到400mm,年平均气温由8.2℃下降到5.8℃,砂生槐的种群密度趋与增加,其径趋于减小,但植株高度和新枝长度并未随海拔升高呈明显升降变化。种子库密度,种子千粒重,实生苗密度,萌蘖苗密度也没有随海拔高度的变化而呈明显的升降变化。砂生板适应海拔引起的水热条件的变化在生殖方面并为作出大的调整,但在适应风沙干扰方面表现了繁殖方式的调整,即在未受沙埋时,种子繁殖趋于占主导地位,在生境受到沙埋时,营养繁殖趋于占主导地位,繁殖方式的调整可能是砂生槐适应风沙干扰的最主要对策。     

砂生槐沙生适应性初步研究

本文通过对西藏雅鲁藏布江中游下段沿江沙地主要建群植物砂生槐在沙地上繁殖特征、沙埋对其新枝生长的影响及在沙地植被演替中的地位的分析指出：砂生槐是通过种子的迁移侵入、定居于沙地,通过根蘖在沙地上繁殖,最后退化于种间竞争。一定程度的沙埋有利于砂生槐新枝生长。砂生槐在本区的最适生境是受风沙活动影响较大的覆沙阶地、半固定沙地和初期固定沙地。     

雅鲁藏布江中游河谷风沙化土地砂生槐群落结构特征

基于样方调查和等级聚类分析,研究了雅鲁藏布江中游风沙化土地不同恢复演替阶段砂生槐群落的结构特征.结果表明:雅鲁藏布江中游风沙化土地植物群落可分为砂生槐群落、固沙草群落、砂生槐＜固沙草群落、砂生槐-固沙草群落、藏沙蒿+砂生槐群落和砂生槐+藏沙蒿群落6种类型.自然恢复演替从流动沙丘上分布的砂生槐对流沙的初步固定开始,随后固沙草开始侵入群落,逐渐形成了砂生槐-固沙草群落.另一种演替途径开始于固沙草群落,砂生槐在演替过程中出现在固沙草群落中,最后亦达到砂生槐-固沙草群落阶段.在一些半固定沙地阶段,藏沙蒿开始侵入群落,形成砂生槐+藏沙蒿群落.雅鲁藏布江风沙化土地的顶极群落是以砂生槐为优势种的灌丛群落.随着坡度增加,砂生槐群落盖度和高度有降低的趋势.生物结皮对土壤的理化性质有一定的改善作用,结皮覆盖处土壤水分含量显著高于其他演替阶段的表层土壤水分含量.流动沙地砂生槐灌丛冠幅、株高和萌蘖枝数量最高,其次是固定沙地,半固定沙地最低.各阶段枯死枝数量说明固定沙地阶段以后砂生槐种群有衰退的趋势.     

西藏雅鲁藏布江中游河谷砂生槐种群种子库特征

对西藏特有豆科灌木砂生槐种子库特征研究表明 :雅鲁藏布江中游河谷阶地天然砂生槐种群种子库平均密度变化于 6 .8～ 2 5 .2粒 /m2 。相距 1 0 0 km以上的地区、相隔 1 0 0 m以上的样地以及 2 0 cm× 2 0 cm的连续小样方间种子库密度均存在显著差异 ,不同地区的种子库密度的变异 4倍左右 ,而样地间的变异 3倍左右 ,但样地内小样方间的变异则更大 ,在调查的 90 0个小样方中 ,种子库密度为 0、2 5、5 0、75、1 0 0粒 /m2 分别占 6 3%、2 6 %、8%、2 %、1 % ,种子库密度大于 1 2 5粒 /m2 不足 1 %。地区、样地和小样方尺度上的方差分别为总方差的 3% ,2 1 .2 %和 75 .8%。种子库中种子主要集中在地表 ,占 70 %左右 ,0～ 2 cm土层占 1 7.9% ,2～ 5 cm占 1 1 .9% ,5 cm以下基本没有种子存在。在地形较平坦的相对封闭的丘间低地 ,风力、流水和重力对种群的干扰相对较轻 ,可以近似地视为无干扰生境。在这种生境砂生槐种群发育较好 ,以 2 0 cm× 2 0 cm的小样方为单元 ,85 %的小样方都有种子分布。风、流水和重力都不同程度地搬运砂生槐种子 ,其中风力搬运的距离一般在 6 m左右 ,重力搬运的距离一般在 1 0 m左右。流水搬运的距离因地形、水流强度而变化较大。风力和重力搬运的距离虽然相对较短 ,但为流水的搬运     

西藏雅鲁藏布江流域中段砂生槐灌丛生物量分配及碳密度

灌丛是生态系统碳密度估算中不可或缺的部分,其面积的增加被认为是我国陆地生态系统碳密度增加的一个重要原因,也是生态系统碳汇研究中最不确定的一个因素。该文采用相对生长法和收获法测定了西藏雅鲁藏布江中游18个砂生槐(Sophora moorcroftiana)灌丛样点的群落生物量,并利用实测的各器官全碳含量估算了灌丛碳密度,主要研究结果如下:1)灌木层植株盖度和生物量体积(盖度与高度的乘积)均能较好地预测各器官的生物量,但盖度对地上部分各器官生物量的预测效果优于生物量体积;2)砂生槐灌丛群落平均总生物量为5.71 Mg·hm~(–2),变化范围2.32–8.96 Mg·hm~(–2),灌木层是群落总生物量的主体部分,平均为4.08 Mg·hm~(–2),占群落总生物量的71.45%;就地上、地下生物量的分配而言,无论是灌木层还是草本层,分配到根系的生物量更多,平均为地上部分的1.17倍,其在灌木层和草本层分别为2.08和0.86 Mg·hm~(–2);3)灌丛平均碳密度为2.48 Mg·hm~(–2),其空间分布表现为雅鲁藏布江中游西部地区较高,东部地区较低。研究结果表明砂生槐生物量更多地分配到用于吸收水分和养分以及固定、支撑植物体的根系,体现了砂生槐对雅鲁藏布江流域干旱河谷环境的适应。此外,雅鲁藏布江中游东部地区灌丛群落碳密度低于西部,主要与自然环境条件(东部海拔较低、气温较高、蒸散量较大,进一步加剧干旱)和人类活动干扰有关。在未来气候变化背景下,蒸散持续降低将有助于砂生槐灌丛碳密度的增加。     

荒漠绿洲边缘区泡泡刺种群对风沙干扰的响应

研究了位于黑河中游荒漠绿洲外缘 (荒漠与绿洲过渡带 )戈壁与沙漠两种生境下泡泡刺种群对风沙干扰的响应。结果表明 ,因风沙干扰的响应 ,泡泡刺种群以斑块状格局形式存在 ;独立灌丛沙堆的形成途径主要有 4种 :种子发育、根蘖繁殖、较大的沙堆退化 (生境破碎化 )和邻近沙堆的兼并。水分条件是泡泡刺种群生长的重要制约因素 ,长期对有限的水分资源竞争 ,使其大小和空间分布都形成了明显的特征。绿洲与戈壁交错带 (类似戈壁生境 )样地的泡泡刺种群的沙埋深度、种群高度、种群盖度、种群大小、生物量都小于绿洲与沙漠交错带 (类似沙漠生境 )样地的泡泡刺种群的相应的种群特征变量 ,而绿洲与戈壁交错带样地的泡泡刺种群密度却大于绿洲与沙漠交错带样地的相应的种群特征变量。绿洲与戈壁交错带样地的泡泡刺种群密度为33.3株 / m2 ,而绿洲与沙漠交错带样地的泡泡刺种群密度为 2 5 .4株 / m2 。两样地泡泡刺种群的沙埋深度、种群高度、盖度、密度及大小存在着显著差异 ,只有生物量无显著差异。两样地中泡泡刺的沙埋深度对泡泡刺种群特征的影响明显 ,无论戈壁还是沙漠生境 ,沙埋深度与种群高度、种群大小、种群生物量明显正相关。适度沙埋可以促进泡泡刺种群的生长 ,但当沙埋深度超过10 0 cm时 ,又会对泡泡刺种群     

雅鲁藏布江中游河岸带几种主要沙生植物种群点格局分析

以雅鲁藏布江中游河岸带几种主要沙生植物为研究对象, 采用相邻格子法分别在不同生境条件下的藏沙蒿(Artemisia wellbyi)、藏白蒿(Artemisia younghusbandii)和砂生槐(Sophora moorcroftiana)种群设立4个20 m × 30 m的样方, 运用点格局分析方法, 研究了这几种沙生植物的种群结构、空间分布、空间关联及其影响因素, 以期为西藏高寒河谷风沙化土地植被恢复提供依据。结果表明: 1)藏沙蒿种群结构呈增长型, 藏白蒿和砂生槐种群结构呈衰退型。藏沙蒿和藏白蒿种群在所有尺度上均呈集群分布, 砂生槐种群随着尺度增大表现为集群→随机→集群→随机分布。沙生植物种群分布格局主要是由较小的大小级决定的, 而较大的大小级是造成种群分布格局波动的主要因素。2)这几种沙生植物种间正关联往往存在于一定的尺度范围内, 种间关联时常出现不同关联方式交替出现和摆动的现象。半裸露砂砾地和半固定沙地藏沙蒿-砂生槐种间关联均表现为无关联→正关联→无关联→正关联, 半裸露砂砾地藏沙蒿-毛瓣棘豆( Oxytropis sericopetala)种间关联表现为正关联→无关联→正关联→无关联→负关联, 藏白蒿-砂生槐种间关联表现为正关联→无关联。3)这几种沙生植物种群均随植株形体增大, 聚集强度减弱, 大小级较小时表现为集群分布, 随着大小级增大, 表现为随机分布或随机与集群分布交错出现。不同大小级的空间正关联随着植株形体大小差异的增大而减弱, 甚至会转变为负关联, 各大小级在较小的空间尺度上易表现为正或无空间关联。     

不同种群密度下高原鼠兔的行为模式

在2003年高原鼠兔(Ochotonacurzoniae)的繁殖初期、繁殖盛期、繁殖中期和繁殖末期,采用目标动物取样法对其不同种群密度条件下的行为模式进行研究,探讨高原鼠兔的行为变化和种群密度的相互关系。结果表明:在繁殖盛期和繁殖中期,低密度种群内雌性高原鼠兔的观望时间均显著高于高密度种群内,而在其它两个时期内无明显不同;雄性高原鼠兔的观望时间在不同密度间比较均无显著差异;同一密度条件下,雄性高原鼠兔的观望行为持续时间和发生频次均表现显著的季节性变化,而雌性高原鼠兔无明显差异。高原鼠兔的地面活动时间在不同种群密度间比较无显著差异。低密度种群内,雄性高原鼠兔的地面移动距离和频次均呈显著的季节性差异,而雌性高原鼠兔的差异不显著;高密度种群内,雌、雄个体的地面移动距离和频次都具有显著的季节性差异。在高原鼠兔的社会行为中,亲昵行为和攻击行为强度在不同种群密度间比较均无显著差异;在同一密度条件下,亲昵行为和攻击行为强度也没有表现出明显的季节性变化。以上结果说明高原鼠兔的行为变化与其繁殖期和性别有明显的关系,而在密度间无明显的差异,其主要原因是在不同的繁殖期,动物的繁殖投入不同,导致行为模式产生差异     

不同干扰形式对砂生槐群落结构特征的影响

在雅鲁藏布江中游流域以放牧、封育和水淹3种不同干扰形式下的砂生槐群落为研究对象,从林分特征、物种组成、优势种种群发育状况和物种多样性等对群落特征进行对比研究,以揭示不同干扰形式对砂生槐群落结构的影响.结果显示:(1)砂生槐群落以群落A(放牧)的林分状况最好,其次为群落B(封育),群落C(水淹)最差;(2)不同干扰形式下群落中植物种类分别为群落A(13种)＞群落C(9种)＞群落B(6种);(3)优势种群生长状况说明放牧和封育形式下砂生槐生长情况基本一致,高度级和幅度级小的个体均较多,而水淹干扰下群落仅有少数生长旺盛的个体存在,种群呈衰退趋势;(4)物种多样性指数为群落A＞群落B＞群落C.研究表明:一定程度放牧干扰能够促进砂生槐种群更新,增加群落物种丰富度和物种多样性,封育可促进砂生槐种群萌蘖更新,而水淹则促使群落衰退.     

拉萨半干旱河谷植被对地表节肢动物多样性的影响

调查不同植被恢复措施下拉萨半干旱河谷地表节肢动物类群多样性以及群落结构,为揭示地表节肢动物多样性对植被恢复措施的响应具有重要意义。采用陷阱法对青藏高原半干旱河谷砂生槐灌丛、人工杨树林和藏沙蒿灌丛样地地表节肢动物群落组成、类群多样性以及功能群结构进行调查,计算各处理地表节肢动物类群相对多度、类群丰富度、多样性指数、Cody指数和S9rensen指数。共采集半干旱河谷地表节肢动物个体数738,隶属5纲15目51科。砂生槐灌丛样地收集节肢动物40科,占所有类群78.4%,杨树人工林和藏沙蒿灌丛样地调查到土壤节肢动物类群为30和23科,分别占总科数的58.8%和45.1%。各植被恢复类型在目的分类单元下,双翅目、膜翅目和弹尾目类群相对多度较高,而在科的分类单元下,驼跳科、蚁科和漏斗网蛛科为拉萨半干旱河谷优势地表节肢动物类群。砂生槐灌丛节肢动物类群丰富度和多样性指数最高,人工杨树林最低。砂生槐灌丛和藏沙蒿灌丛地表节肢动物营养功能群均以捕食性为主。不同植被群落间群落相似性也有差异,砂生槐与藏沙蒿灌丛间相似性较高,而人工杨树林与藏沙蒿之间较低。不同植物群落组成和结构影响土壤理化特性、地表凋落物数量、质量和微生境条件,进而影响地表节肢动物群落组成、数量和营养功能群。砂生槐灌丛样地具有较高节肢动物类群丰富度和捕食性动物类群,有利于拉萨半干旱河谷地区地表节肢动物多样性维护。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000