Anatomy of arteries of the upper extremity in various chromosomal and gene mutations

Changeability of major + arteries and their main branches has been studied in 159 preparations of the upper extremities of fetuses, newborns and children of suckling age with trisomies of 13, 18, and 21 chromosomes, anencephaly in newborns, died at asphyxia or birth injury without any visible developmental defects. Manifestation of anatomical changeability in the human being is under an essential influence of peculiarities of genotypes. In morphogenesis of the upper extremity arteries genes of 13, 18 and 21 chromosomes participate. Trisomies of 13, 18 chromosomes cause more manifested and specific changes in morphogenesis of some structures, and trisomy 21 and mutant genes, producing anencephaly , only increase variability of their structure.     

Size of cardiomyocytes in different regions of the rat heart

In rats after alcaline dissociation of the heart at the state of systol and diastol, length and width of cardiomyocytes have been measured, their volume has been calculated. Statistical characteristics of distribution connected with the first four moments have been taken into consideration. Certain size differences of cardiomyocytes in five cardiac parts have been revealed, as well as peculiarites of their variability that is connected with an individual and internal changeability. In the atria predominates the first, in the ventricles--the second. If the internal changeability of the cardiomyocytes in all the cardiac parts is mainly the same, the individual one--is different (in the atrii it is 2 times as great, in the interventricular septum it is the same as in the atrii). The individual changeability of the cardiomyocytes volume is also greater than that of their size. This also proves the variability of their proportions. The degree of their contractility makes 11--20%, differences between the cardiac parts are not significant. The data obtained could be used as normatives for various experiments.     

Succinate dehydrogenase activity in various parts of the rat heart in systole and diastole

After fixation of the rat heart at the state of systole and diastole, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity has been revealed. In distributions of the muscle fibers according to their optic density, statistic characteristics connected with the first four moments have been taken into consideration. SDH activity is different in five cardiac parts. Individual changeability is more pronounced in the all cardiac parts at diastole. In comparison to the internal one at systole, it is lower in the all parts, and at diastole--in the atria only. The ratio of the internal and individual changeability is in such a state, that it should be taken into account in all statistical calculations, connected with SDH activity determination in cardiomyocytes.     

Koryak of Kamchatka. The genetic differentiation of the population

It has been established that by the set of loci the average standardized genetic variance, Fo, is within an anticipated interval of changeability = 0.0602 less than Fo less than fil = 0.0978 and does not significantly differ from the estimates of fe. The present value of differentiation of the population, Fo, corresponds to the selectively neutral equilibrium between the random drift of genes and migrations. The changeability of loci MNSs, Rhesus, Duffy has a selectively neutral character, whereas that of loci P, Lewis, Kell has an adaptive character. The genetic structure of the koryak population is, on the whole, under a great stabilizing pressure. The genetic differentiation is expressed as a time equivalent, T = 5818 years.     

Proportionality between variances in gene expression induced by noise and mutation: consequence of evolutionary robustness

Background  

Characterization of robustness and plasticity of phenotypes is a basic issue in evolutionary and developmental biology. The robustness and plasticity are concerned with changeability of a biological system against external perturbations. The perturbations are either genetic, i.e., due to mutations in genes in the population, or epigenetic, i.e., due to noise during development or environmental variations. Thus, the variances of phenotypes due to genetic and epigenetic perturbations provide quantitative measures for such changeability during evolution and development, respectively.     

Variability of the superficial veins of the dog cerebrum with age

In 42 dogs of the nine different ages, age changeability of the brain superficial veins is described in details. Topographic-anatomical peculiarities of the dog closely resemble those of the man and, moreover, the dog is often used as an experimental model. The work fills up one of the gaps in age morphology of the experimental animals. Besides, the data represented will help to make further conclusions, comparisons and experiments.     

Effect of short-term induced hyperglycemia on the effectiveness of x-ray and neutron irradiation

A study was made of the modifying effect of a short-term induced hyperglycemia on the effectiveness of X- and neutron-radiation. It was shown that relative biological effectiveness of 6.0 MeV neutrons emitted by cyclotron U-120 was 2.33, in relation to standard X-radiation, as determined by the survival rate of irradiated HeLa cells. The short-term induced hyperglycemia increased the effectiveness of both X- and neutron-radiation; the changeability of the latter, however, was decreased as compared to X-radiation.     

Computer evaluation of reference limits.

Reference limits are necessary for medical laboratory to provide objective information on health in concrete characteristics. With respect to changeability of some factors influencing upon homeostasis, reference limits must be determined and redetermined in each clinical laboratory with the high degree of the internal quality control system. The presented program computing reference limits and providing expert consultations facilitates solution.     

Individual anatomic variability of particular thalamic nuclei in children and adolescents with respect to stereotaxic coordinates

As demonstrate macro-microscopic and stereologic investigations performed in 120 preparations of children and adolescent brain, the anterior, medial and lateral nuclei in the thalamus have a complex geometric form which does not change with age. Their linear dimentions and stereotaxic coordinates increase somewhat. These changes are described by means of mathematical models as regression equations. Individual changeability of the nuclear groups, situating within the studied ones are evidently subjugated to the same regularities. The individual variants revealed are not connected with side of the brain, form of the skull and sex. The combination of the methods used gives reliable results.     

‘Where are you from’ or ‘when did you come’? Temporal dimensions in migrants' reflections about settlement and return

In this article we explore the added value of foregrounding temporal dimensions in migration research. Age at the time of migration, length of stay in the country of settlement and individual life-cycle stages matter for migrants' settlement and return considerations. However, these factors are rarely put centre stage in analyses. We draw on data from sixty-seven informants with different country backgrounds, who had either immigrated recently, arrived as children, or were born in Norway. We find that the implications of temporal dimensions cut across national and ethnic backgrounds. Age at the time of migration and the relative proportion of life spent in the origin and in the settlement country play an important role in migrants' considerations about settlement and return; as does being single, a parent with small children, or retired. An approach foregrounding temporal dimensions thus reveals the changeability of considerations over time and highlights similarities and differences beyond ethnicity.     

福建沿海地区的景观生态建设途径探讨

景观生态学研究景观和区域尺度的资源、环境经营与管理问题 ,具有综合整体性和宏观区域性特色 ,并以中尺度的景观结构与生态过程关系研究见长[8] 。自 2 0世纪 80年代后期 ,景观生态学逐渐成为资源、环境生态方面研究的一个热点。福建沿海地区是指北从福鼎县南至诏安县的广大沿海县、市 ,行政上包括 33个县市行政单位。该区域是福建省经济最为活跃 ,发展速度最快的地区 ,近 2 0年来经济年均增长率达 18% ,随着经济的发展 ,带来了一系列的环境问题 :城市生活污水、生活垃圾、工业废料和农业化肥等都成为福建省沿海地区严重的污染源。如何协调…     

Nanomechanical strength mechanisms of hierarchical biological materials and tissues

Biological protein materials (BPMs), intriguing hierarchical structures formed by assembly of chemical building blocks, are crucial for critical functions of life. The structural details of BPMs are fascinating: They represent a combination of universally found motifs such as alpha-helices or beta-sheets with highly adapted protein structures such as cytoskeletal networks or spider silk nanocomposites. BPMs combine properties like strength and robustness, self-healing ability, adaptability, changeability, evolvability and others into multi-functional materials at a level unmatched in synthetic materials. The ability to achieve these properties depends critically on the particular traits of these materials, first and foremost their hierarchical architecture and seamless integration of material and structure, from nano to macro. Here, we provide a brief review of this field and outline new research directions, along with a review of recent research results in the development of structure-property relationships of biological protein materials exemplified in a study of vimentin intermediate filaments.     

Nanomechanical strength mechanisms of hierarchical biological materials and tissues

Biological protein materials (BPMs), intriguing hierarchical structures formed by assembly of chemical building blocks, are crucial for critical functions of life. The structural details of BPMs are fascinating: They represent a combination of universally found motifs such as α-helices or β-sheets with highly adapted protein structures such as cytoskeletal networks or spider silk nanocomposites. BPMs combine properties like strength and robustness, self-healing ability, adaptability, changeability, evolvability and others into multi-functional materials at a level unmatched in synthetic materials. The ability to achieve these properties depends critically on the particular traits of these materials, first and foremost their hierarchical architecture and seamless integration of material and structure, from nano to macro. Here, we provide a brief review of this field and outline new research directions, along with a review of recent research results in the development of structure–property relationships of biological protein materials exemplified in a study of vimentin intermediate filaments.     

Flexible and reconfigurable manufacturing systems paradigms

Reconfigurable Manufacturing System (RMS) is a new manufacturing systems paradigm that aims at achieving cost-effective and rapid system changes, as needed and when needed, by incorporating principles of modularity, integrability, flexibility, scalability, convertibility, and diagnosability. RMS promises customized flexibility on demand in a short time, while Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMSs) provides generalized flexibility designed for the anticipated variations and built-in a priori. The characteristics of the two paradigms are outlined and compared. The concept of manufacturing system life cycle is presented. The main types of flexibility in manufacturing systems are discussed and contrasted with the various reconfiguration aspects including hard (physical) and soft (logical) reconfiguration. The types of changeability and transformability of manufacturing systems, their components as well as factories, are presented along with their enablers and compared with flexibility and reconfigurability. The importance of having harmonized human-machine manufacturing systems is highlighted and the role of people in the various manufacturing paradigms and how this varies in pursuit of productivity are illustrated. Finally, the industrial and research challenges presented by these manufacturing paradigms are discussed.     

Structure of the jugular fossa

In 111 skulls and in saw-cuts of 119 pairs of the temporal bones of persons belonging to various age groups, age and individual changeability of the volume, form, thickness and foramina in the wall of the jugular fossa have been studied. During the postnatal period the jugular fossa increases in its volume twice and average meaning of its volume predominates on the right in the all age groups. The deepest place of the jugular fossa in more than half cases is displaced backward and laterally. The jugular fossa wall in the area of the inferior wall of the tympanic cavity is less thick on the right than on the left side. The foramina in the inferior wall of the tympanic cavity are found in mature persons in 6%, on the right 3 times as often as on the left; in children of younger age--in 45% and on the right more than 2 times as often as on the left.     

The role of hereditary and environmental factors in the variability of the components comprising the mass of the human upper extremity at various stages of postnatal ontogeny

The investigation has been performed in mono- and dizygotic twins of the Ukrainian ethnic and territorial groups. As a whole 196 pairs of twins, among them 80 pairs of mono- and 116 pairs of dizygotes of both sex at the age of 12-60 years have been undergone the examination. The twins selected are divided into two age groups--period of sex maturation (12-17 years of age) and that of maturity (30-60 years of age). Quantitative parameters on composition of the components of the upper extremity mass (fatty, muscular and osseous) are studied in all the twins. Coefficients of intrapaired correlation and indices of Holzinger's heritability are calculated according to an original program, using the microcomputer "Electronika B3-34". The degree of hereditary and environmental influences for development and formation of the main components of the upper extremity mass at certain stages of individual development are characterized with ontogenic changeability. With age the degree of hereditary dependence of the development and formation of the upper extremity mass components decreases, and sex dimorphism according to the degree of the hereditary dependence of the components studied is displayed as a greater hereditary determination in male persons.     

Accessibility of tryptophan residues in immunoglobulin M as an index of its conformational changeability

Demonstrated herein is the possibility of using the accessibility of tryptophan (Trp) residues in immunoglobulin M (IgM) upon modification with Koshland reagent (2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide) as an index of the conformational changeability of IgM. Of fourteen Trp's in the native IgM (per HL-region) only one appeared to be most accessible, evidently Trp312 in the mu-chain. Irreversible acidic and thermal conformational transitions in IgM increase the number of accessible Trp's approximately two-fold. Following partial enzymatic deglycosylation of IgM, deep scission of mannose in particular, all Trp's become inaccessible. Modification of the most accessible Trp increases 2-3 fold the number of tyrosine residues readily accessible upon nitration with tetranitromethane. Modification of four trp's using spin-label method data causes a sharp reduction of the mobility of the C mu 3 domain and a simultaneous decrease in the solubility of modified IgM.     

Undiagnosed fracture in a common foot variant: the biphalangeal little toe

The biphalangeal little toe is an anatomical anomaly that has been previously well described in the early anatomical literature. But, as is the case with many anomalies, there is a lack of awareness of it amongst current clinicians. We report the case of a fracture through the distal phalanx of the little toe, with a delay in the diagnosis due to confusion over the X-ray findings. X-rays revealed a biphalangeal toe with a fracture through the distal phalanx, which mimicked the usual triphalangeal toe. This is the first reported case of clinical confusion over this anatomical variation. A review of 102 human skeletal feet at the Department of Anatomy, University of Melbourne, was performed to evaluate the frequency of the biphalangeal little toe variant, revealing an incidence of 26%.     

Assembly,plasticity and selective vulnerability to disease of mouse neuromuscular junctions

Although physiological differences among neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) have long been known, NMJs have usually been considered as one type of synapse, restricting their potential value as model systems to investigate mechanisms controlling synapse assembly and plasticity. Here we discuss recent evidence that skeletal muscles in the mouse can be subdivided into two previously unrecognized subtypes, designated FaSyn and DeSyn muscles. These muscles differ in the pattern of neuromuscular synaptogenesis during embryonic development. Differences between classes are intrinsic to the muscles, and manifest in the absence of innervation or agrin. The distinct rates of synaptogenesis in the periphery may influence processes of circuit maturation through retrograde signals. While NMJs on FaSyn and DeSyn muscles exhibit a comparable anatomical organization in postnatal mice, treatments that challenge synaptic stability result in nerve sprouting, NMJ remodeling, and ectopic synaptogenesis selectively on DeSyn muscles. This anatomical plasticity of NMJs diminishes greatly between 2 and 6 months postnatally. NMJs lacking this plasticity are lost selectively and very early on in mouse models of motoneuron disease, suggesting that disease-associated motoneuron dysfunction may fail to initiate maintenance processes at “non-plastic” NMJs. Transgenic mice overexpressing growth-promoting proteins in motoneurons exhibit greatly enhanced stimulus-induced sprouting restricted to DeSyn muscles, supporting the notion that anatomical plasticity at the NMJ is primarily controlled by processes in the postsynaptic muscle. The discovery that entire muscles in the mouse differ substantially in the anatomical plasticity of their synapses establishes NMJs as a uniquely advantageous experimental system to investigate mechanisms controlling synaptic rearrangements at defined synapses in vivo.