宏基因组技术在极端环境酯酶挖掘中的应用

酯酶(esterase)可以催化酯水解和合成、多肽合成、内酯合成、酯交换等多种反应,在工业领域被广泛应用,故开发具有高活力、耐盐、耐碱、耐酸、耐高温等特殊性质的酯酶具有重要意义,而来自于极端环境微生物的酯酶往往具有这些特殊的性质.从环境中获得酯酶基因的传统方式主要依赖于微生物的纯培养和基于单菌的测序技术,但是自然界中可...     

酯酶同工酶多态性及其在昆虫分类学中的应用价值

同工酶 (isozyme)是具有相同或相似的催化功能而分子结构不同的一类酶。自从 Hunter和 Markert[1] 创立了同工酶酶谱 (zymogram)技术以来 ,同工酶的研究得到了很大的发展 ,酶谱的变化已作为鉴定物种、研究分类与进化、遗传与变异的重要指标。酯酶同工酶 (esterase isozyme)是能水解酯键的一组酶 ,在生物体内广泛存在。许多实验证明 :它在种系的鉴定中具有很重要的参考价值。本文旨在对其分类学价值进行探讨。1　酯酶的定义和分类酯酶 (esterase)是催化酯类化合物水解的酶系 ,其作用是水解脂肪族酯 (aliphatic ester)和芳香族酯 (aromatic e…     

微生物脂肪酶的研究与应用

脂肪酶（Lipase,Ec3．1．1．3）是一类特殊的酯键水解酶,广泛地存在于动物组织、植物种子和微生物体中,它能催化天然底物油脂（甘油三脂）水解,产生脂肪酸和甘油。在水解过程中存在中间产物甘油单酯和甘油二酯。从催化特性来看,脂肪酶可以催化酯类化合物的分解、合成和酯交换,具有化学选择性和高度的立体异构专一性,且反应不需辅酶,反应条件温和,副产物少。脂肪酶的另一显著特点是：它只能在异相系统（即油-水界面）或有机相中作用,这不仅发展了“界面酶学”,也促进了“非水酶学”的研究和深入。脂肪酸是最早研究的酶类之一,已…     

阿魏酸酯酶基因工程菌研究进展

阿魏酸酯酶能水解阿魏酸、多聚阿魏酸与木聚糖以及木质素之间形成的酯键,有利于植物细胞壁的降解。介绍阿魏酸酯酶的微生物来源、阿魏酸酯酶基因工程菌构建和阿魏酸酯酶与其他酶相互协同作用等的研究进展。     

阿魏酸酯酶和纤维素酶在水解汽爆稻草中的协同作用

利用阿魏酸酯酶, 水解天然木质纤维素原料中半纤维素与木质素之间的阿魏酸酯键, 从破坏两者共价键连接的角度, 探索阿魏酸酯酶促进纤维素酶水解汽爆稻草中纤维素的可行性。结果显示, 当阿魏酸酯酶加入量为240 mu/g底物、水解72 h时, 汽爆稻草纤维素的酶解率、不溶性底物失重率较不加阿魏酸酯酶分别增加了32.00%、32.77%; 阿魏酸酯酶(300 mu/g底物)作用120 min后, 纤维素酶对汽爆稻草纤维素的酶解率、不溶性底物失重率分别增加了29.85%、32.48%。通过比较不同酶法处理后的汽爆稻草的可及度和红外光谱图发现, 阿魏酸酯酶能有效地水解原料中的酯键, 提高原料可及度50%以上。由此表明, 阿魏酸酯酶和纤维素酶之间存在较大的协同作用, 添加阿魏酸酯酶能够提高纤维素酶对天然木质纤维素的酶解效率。     

微生物硫酸酯酶研究进展:来源、催化机制及应用

手性醇是合成医药、农用化学品和其他精细化学品的关键中间体。硫酸酯酶可催化水解硫酸酯键裂解形成无机硫酸盐和相应的仲醇。笔者综述了硫酸酯酶微生物来源、催化反应机制及其应用,也介绍了固定化提高催化稳定性及通过添加金属离子或有机助溶剂提高硫酸酯酶选择性的方法。     

猪肝酯酶催化苯乙二醇环碳酸酯水解最佳反应条件的研究

猪肝酯酶是手性合成中重要的水解酶,在猪肝酯酶的催化下,苯乙二醇环碳酸酯发生水解,生成苯乙二醇。实验围绕影响猪肝酯酶催化反应活性的4个主要因素进行了系统研究,得到了最优的酶浓度（15g/L）、pH值（8.0）、温度（25~30℃）及有机溶剂种类和浓度（二氧六环,65%v/v）,为猪肝酯酶催化苯乙二醇环碳酸酯反应的进一步研究奠定了基础。     

用改进的热休克法制备大肠杆菌碱性磷酸单酯酶

碱性磷酸单酯酶(AKpase)[E.C.3.1.3.1]是专切磷酸单酯键的最常用工具酶之一,它广泛地存在于动植物组织以及微生物中。目前,从大肠杆菌中提取AKpase有四种方法:(1)热休克法;(2)渗透休克法;(3)溶菌酶-     

乙酰胆碱酯酶的结构与功能研究进展

乙酰胆碱酯酶是多分子型复杂蛋白质,广泛分布于各种组织,其主要功能是催化水解神经递质乙酰胆碱,近年来发现其有非胆碱能活性。同一组织不同分子型乙酰胆碱酯酶其催化机制及K_m具有相似性,但其一级结构不同。乙酰胆碱酯酶催化效率很高,其催化机制包括靠近、定向、一般酸碱催化及电荷接力系统等过程。乙酰胆碱酯酶在粗面内质网内合成,其代谢过程受某些因素的调节,在某些病理状态下酶活性发生改变。     

库蚊羧酸酯酶研究进展

在昆虫对有机磷杀虫剂抗性的研究中 ,羧酸酯酶 (ｃａｒｂｏｘｙｌｅｓｔｅｒａｓｅｓ)的过量产生是库蚊对有机磷杀虫剂 (ＯＰ)产生抗性的主要机制。羧酸酯酶能够与进入昆虫体内的有机磷杀虫剂快速结合 ,将杀虫剂在到达靶标作用位点前阻隔或降解 ,使其无法发挥原有的杀伤效用。1 .羧酸酯酶的命名库蚊中羧酸酯酶的命名一般根据其水解α 和 β 乙酸萘酯的先后顺序和电泳迁移率不同而定 ;在淀粉电泳中 ,当等量α 乙酸萘酯(α ＮＡ)和 β 乙酸萘酯 (β ＮＡ)同时存在时 ,优先水解α ＮＡ呈蓝色的为酯酶Ａ ,优先水解 β ＮＡ呈红色的为酯酶Ｂ[1] …     

Isoenzyme Polymorphism in Flowering Plants

Esterases, leucine aminopeptidases, catalases and acid phosphatases from pollen of Oenothera organensis were studied electrophoretically. A study was made using several different extraction media to see the effect it had on esterase migration and stainability. It was found that different extraction media resulted in significant changes in migration rates and stainabilities of the esterase isozymes. Anodal esterases and leucine aminopeptidases from 13 inbred lines of maize were studied and are reported. Preliminary genetic studies of two of the esterase isozymes from maize pollen are reported. A survey of anodal esterases and leucine aminopeptidases from the pollen of 11 genera of diverse angiosperms is presented.     

Physicochemical Characterization of Tween 80-Hydrolyzing Esterases Produced by Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria

Tween 80-hydrolyzing esterases produced by various species of rapidly growing mycobacteria were partially purified from sonicated cell lysates by diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose and subsequent Sephadex G-150 column chromatographies. The amount of the esterase produced per gram of bacterial cells varied markedly with each species. Mycobacterium smegmatis, M. chelonei, and M. phlei were high producers and M. chitae and M. diernhoferi were low producers of Tween-hydrolyzing esterase. The resistance of each mycobacterial strain to oleic acid correlated well with their esterase-producing ability. All the esterases studied were adsorbed on DEAE cellulose in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.5), indicating that they are acidic proteins. Esterases of M. smegmatis, M. chitae, M. fortuitum, and M. phlei were eluted from DEAE at high concentrations (0.11–0.18 m) of ammonium sulfate, while those of M. parafortuitum and M. diernhoferi were eluted at lower concentrations (0.05–0.08 m). With Sephadex G-150 gel filtration, all esterases were shown to have similar molecular weights (36,000 to 58,000). On the basis of heat-stability and trypsin- or chymotrypsin-sensitivity, these esterases were divided into three groups: one was heat-stable and protease-sensitive (M. smegmatis and M. fotuitum), another was heat-labile and protease-resistant (M. chelonei), and the other was the intermediate of the above two groups (M. diernhoferi).     

Enhancement of cheese flavors with microbial esterases

The characteristic flavor of hard Italian cheeses is associated with the presence of fatty acids, particularly butyric acid, liberated from milk fat during the ripening process. To ensure proper development and control of flavor, animal pregastric esterases or lipases are routinely added to the milk before coagulation of the curd. Such esterases are also used to generate flavor in enzyme modified cheese and other dairy products. Esterases from microbial sources have been investigated as agents to enhance flavor in cheese. We have found that an esterase from Mucor miehei exhibits the type of lipolytic activity needed for this application. Romano and fontina cheeses of excellent quality have been prepared by the use of this esterase. It has also been used successfully in the preparation of enzyme modified cheese, and, in turn, processed American cheese.     

Enantioselectivity suggests a cytosolic origin for a commercial pig liver esterase preparation

A widely utilized pig liver esterase preparation has been found to be derived essentially exclusively from the cytosolic fraction of pig livers. Esterases in cytosol and microsomes prepared from a fresh pig liver hydrolyzed the S- and R-enantiomers of racemic oxazepam 3-acetate (rac-OXA) with specific activity ratios of approximately 2.3:1 and 1:62, respectively. Product formations were analyzed by chiral stationary phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The commercial pig liver esterase preparation showed greater activity toward S-OXA than did the esterases in the cytosolic fraction prepared from fresh pig liver. The results established that (i) esterases contained in microsomes and cytosol of pig liver have opposite enantioselectivity in the hydrolysis of rac-OXA and (ii) the commercial pig liver esterase preparation has a cytosolic origin. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

EstB from Burkholderia gladioli: a novel esterase with a beta-lactamase fold reveals steric factors to discriminate between esterolytic and beta-lactam cleaving activity

Esterases form a diverse class of enzymes of largely unknown physiological role. Because many drugs and pesticides carry ester functions, the hydrolysis of such compounds forms at least one potential biological function. Carboxylesterases catalyze the hydrolysis of short chain aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic ester compounds. Esterases, D-alanyl-D-alanine-peptidases (DD-peptidases) and beta-lactamases can be grouped into two distinct classes of hydrolases with different folds and topologically unrelated catalytic residues, the one class comprising of esterases, the other one of beta-lactamases and DD-peptidases. The chemical reactivities of esters and beta-lactams towards hydrolysis are quite similar, which raises the question of which factors prevent esterases from displaying beta-lactamase activity and vice versa. Here we describe the crystal structure of EstB, an esterase isolated from Burkholderia gladioli. It shows the protein to belong to a novel class of esterases with homology to Penicillin binding proteins, notably DD-peptidase and class C beta-lactamases. Site-directed mutagenesis and the crystal structure of the complex with diisopropyl-fluorophosphate suggest Ser75 within the "beta-lactamase" Ser-x-x-Lys motif to act as catalytic nucleophile. Despite its structural homology to beta-lactamases, EstB shows no beta-lactamase activity. Although the nature and arrangement of active-site residues is very similar between EstB and homologous beta-lactamases, there are considerable differences in the shape of the active site tunnel. Modeling studies suggest steric factors to account for the enzyme's selectivity for ester hydrolysis versus beta-lactam cleavage.     

Glucuronoyl esterase--novel carbohydrate esterase produced by Schizophyllum commune

The cellulolytic system of the wood-rotting fungus Schizophyllum commune contains an esterase that hydrolyzes methyl ester of 4-O-methyl-d-glucuronic acid. The enzyme, called glucuronoyl esterase, was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from a cellulose-spent culture fluid. Its substrate specificity was examined on a number of substrates of other carbohydrate esterases such as acetylxylan esterase, feruloyl esterase and pectin methylesterase. The glucuronoyl esterase attacks exclusively the esters of MeGlcA. The methyl ester of free or glycosidically linked MeGlcA was not hydrolysed by other carbohydrate esterases. The results suggest that we have discovered a new type of carbohydrate esterase that might be involved in disruption of ester linkages connecting hemicellulose and lignin in plant cell walls.     

The enzyme cytochemistry and composition of elasmobranch granulocytes

Peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, β-glucuronidase, α-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE), α-naphthyl butyrate esterase, naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase, acetyl-L-tyrosine-α-naphthyl esterase (ATNE), tosyl-L-lysine-α-naphthyl esterase (TLNE) and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) were studied in 17 species of elasmobranchs in which granulocytes had previously been identified at the ultrastructural level.
Eosinophils, eosinophilic and neutrophilic granulocytes contained variable acid phosphatase, esterases and PAS, but they were strongest in neutrophilic granulocytes; particularly ANAE. Esterases were released into surrounding plasma and therefore probably function as ectoenzymes. In eosinophils and some neutrophilic granulocytes there were indications of weak peroxidase, but this could not be conclusively demonstrated. Alkaline phosphatase was diffuse between granules in some eosinophils of Pavoraja , and (β-glucuronidase was diffuse in neutrophilic granulocytes of Etmopterus baxteri , otherwise granulocytes lacked these enzymes. Neutrophilic granulocytes stained moderately to strongly for ATNE and weakly and inconsistently for TLNE in Squalus acanthias and Dalatias licha . with a similar reaction in granular lymphocytoid and thrombocytoid cells of Galeorhinus ausiralis and Raja nasuta . The enzyme composition of these granulocytes is discussed.     

Nonspecific esterases of Mus musculus

Seventeen genes controlling the expression of carboxylic ester hydrolases, commonly known as esterases, have been identified in the mouse Mus musculus. Seven esterase loci are found on chromosome 8, where two clusters of esterase loci occur. It seems probable that the genes within these clusters have arisen from a common ancestral gene by tandem duplication. Close linkage of esterase genes is also found in the rat, rabbit, and prairie vole. Some mouse esterases appear to be homologous with certain human esterases. The function of these nonspecific enzymes is still unknown.     

Esterases as pesticide biomarkers in crayfish (Procambarus clarkii, Crustacea): tissue distribution, sensitivity to model compounds and recovery from inactivation

The specific activities of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase and carboxylesterase were assayed in the digestive gland and in nervous and muscle tissues of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii. Since acetylcholinesterase prevails in nervous tissue and carboxylesterase in digestive gland, they are proposed as biomarkers. Muscle had negligible activities of all esterases, and all tissues had a low butyrylcholinesterase activity. Esterases were mostly cytosolic in digestive gland and muscle, but membrane-bound in nervous tissue; use of Triton X-100 is not recommended due to its widely diverging effects in esterase assays. Phenylmethylsulphonylfluoride inhibited acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase in extracts from all tissues, and in digestive gland only carboxylesterase. In digestive gland, tetra[monoisopropyl]-pyrophosphorotetramide inhibited all esterases with different sensitivities, while in muscle and nervous tissue it only partially inhibited all esterases. Carbamates inhibited 100-fold more strongly than organophosphates acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase activities. Carboxylesterase was inhibited by carbaryl and chlorpyrifos, but not by eserine and malathion. In vitro conditions to evaluate recovery from inactivation of esterases by model pesticides were established for acetylcholinesterase and carboxylesterase. The new reactivation protocol could be useful as a biomarker of pesticide exposure to differentiate between dilution-reversible inhibitions, indicating carbamate exposure, from dilution-irreversible effect, attributed to organophosphate exposure.     

Glycerol Ester Hydrolase Activity of Lactic Acid Bacteria

Seventeen strains of lactic acid bacteria were assayed for their glycerol ester hydrolase activity by using an improved agar-well technique, and eight strains by determining the activity in cell-free extracts using a pH-stat procedure. All cultures tested showed activity and hydrolyzed tributyrin more actively than they did tricaproin. The cell extract studies demonstrated that the cells contained intracellular esterases and lipases. The culture supernatant fluid was without activity. The lipase and the esterase differed in their relative activity to each other in the different extracts and in the ease by which they could be freed from the cellular debris. It is suggested that the lipase of these organisms is an endoenzyme and the esterase an ectoenzyme.