细菌双组分信号转导系统

细菌能感应外界环境各种不同信号,调控菌体内相关基因表达,以适应不断变化的环境。其中双组分信号转导系统广泛存在于各种原核生物中,其基本结构为一个组氨酸蛋白激酶和一个反应调节蛋白。由于双组分系统在结构和作用机制上与人类细胞的信号转导系统有本质的不同,因而在抗微生物感染方面有着诱人的应用前景。     

Rcs双组分调节系统对细菌环境应答的分子调控研究进展

荚膜异多糖酸合成调节(Regulator of Capsule Synthesis,Rcs)系统是存在于许多肠杆菌科细菌中非典型的双组分调节系统,由3种核心蛋白(跨膜感应激酶RcsC、跨膜蛋白RcsD和响应调节剂RcsB)及多种辅助蛋白共同构成.Rcs系统能整合环境信号、调节基因表达并改变细菌的生理行为.近年来,对细菌...     

沙门菌PhoP-PhoQ双组分信号转导系统

PhoP-PhoQ是调控沙门菌毒力的重要双组分信号转导系统,由组氨酸蛋白激酶PhoQ和反应调节蛋白PhoP组成。PhoP-PhoQ可调节沙门菌对Mg2+及其他周质环境的适应性,并调控沙门菌感染中毒力基因的转录和表达。PhoP-PhoQ调控的毒力基因参与沙门菌对上皮细胞的侵袭、胞内生存、对抗菌肽的抵抗反应、脂质A的修饰、Ⅲ型分泌系统效应蛋白的分泌等环节。PhoP-PhoQ还可与其他双组分信号转导系统或调节子合作,调控沙门菌的毒力。因此,PhoP-PhoQ双组分信号转导系统在沙门菌的毒力调控中发挥重要作用。     

肠杆菌科细菌产金属β-内酰胺酶的研究进展

金属β-内酰胺酶(MBL)可广泛水解多种抗生素,对常规β-内酰胺酶抑制剂如克拉维酸、舒巴坦等不敏感。产MBL肠杆菌科细菌一直是临床公认的多重耐药病原体。尤其是在发现新德里金属β-内酰胺酶后,人们更加重视肠杆菌科细菌中检出MBL的情况,因为其所致感染日渐严重。因此,快速、准确检测出产MBL菌株是有效预防、控制感染发生与播散的重要环节。本文就肠杆菌科细菌MBL的发现及分类、耐药基因传播、检测方法等进行简要概述。     

肠杆菌科细菌鉴定的进展

本文以第９版伯杰鉴定细菌学手册（１９９４年）为基础,简述肠杆菌科细菌分类与命名历史、鉴定与鉴别特性,着重介绍１９８４￣１９９４年新增加的１０个属的生物学特性和鉴别要点。     

肠杆菌科细菌产金属β-内酰胺酶的研究进展

肠杆菌科细菌是社区获得性感染和院内感染的重要病原菌,近年来由于抗生素的大量、不合理使用,导致临床肠杆菌科细菌耐碳青霉烯类抗生素情况日趋严重,其中产金属β-内酰胺酶是导致细菌耐药的主要机制之一.本研究就对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药的肠杆菌科细菌产生的金属β-内酰胺酶的研究进展作一综述.     

碳青霉烯耐药肠杆菌科细菌的监测与分析

【摘 要】 目的 调查某医院碳青霉烯耐药肠杆菌科细菌（carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae,CRE）的分布及耐药性。方法 收集2010年至2012年门、急诊和住院患者的细菌培养和药敏结果,对碳青霉烯耐药肠杆菌科细菌感染病例进行回顾性分析追踪。结果 共检出碳青霉烯耐药肠杆菌科细菌9株,均来自ICU,阴沟肠杆菌5株,占55.6%,肺炎克雷伯菌3株,占33.3%,大肠埃希菌1株,占11.1%。药敏结果显示对复方新诺明、环丙沙星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的敏感率分别为55.7%、11.1%、11.1%,患者病情凶险,临床预后较差。结论 为某医院多重耐药菌的预防控制,以及合理使用抗生素提供依据。     

细菌Cpx双组分信号转导系统应对外界环境变化的响应调节机制研究进展

细菌能够在其他微生物无法生存的环境中生长,必然具有更加强大的适应外界环境的能力.细胞信号转导的效率决定了细菌对外界刺激做出应答反应的速率和能力.双组分调控系统是维持细菌在压力环境中存活的重要结构.Cpx双组分信号转导系统是革兰氏阴性菌中普遍存在的双组分调控系统之一,在响应外界环境变化并做出适应性反应的过程中起着主要作用...     

肠杆菌科细菌碳青霉烯酶基因的检测

摘要：目的 了解余姚地区耐碳青霉烯类药物肠杆菌科细菌的耐药情况和碳青霉烯酶耐药基因类型。方法 收集2014年3月至12月耐亚胺培南和厄他培南的肠杆菌科细菌18株,进行Hodge试验确认。对于阳性试验菌株采用PCR法检测blaKPC、blaNDM-1、blaMH、blaGES、blaSME、blaNmcA和blaSHV-387种基因。结果 18株耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌经改良Hodge试验确认阳性11株,占61.1%。经PCR检测显示11株均携带有blaKPC基因,其中肺炎克雷伯菌6株,大肠埃希菌3株,阴沟肠杆菌2株。结论 余姚地区耐碳青霉烯类药物肠杆菌科细菌的耐药机制主要是blaKPC型碳青霉烯酶。     

肠杆菌科细菌碳青霉烯酶基因的检测

目的了解余姚地区耐碳青霉烯类药物肠杆菌科细菌的耐药情况和碳青霉烯酶耐药基因类型。方法收集2014年3月至12月耐亚胺培南和厄他培南的肠杆菌科细菌18株,进行Hodge试验确认。对于阳性试验菌株采用PCR法检测bla_(KPC)、bla_(NDM-1)、bla_(MH)、bla_(GES)、bla_(SME)、bla_(NmcA)和bla_(SHV-38)七种基因。结果 18株耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌经改良Hodge试验确认阳性11株,占61.1%。经PCR检测显示11株均携带有bla_(KPC)基因,其中肺炎克雷伯菌6株,大肠埃希菌3株,阴沟肠杆菌2株。结论余姚地区耐碳青霉烯类药物肠杆菌科细菌的耐药机制主要是bla_(KPC)型碳青霉烯酶。     

In silico identification and characterization of stress and virulence associated repeats in Salmonella

So much genomic similarities yet causing different diseases, is like a paradox in Salmonella biology. Repeat is one of the probes that can explain such differences. Here, a comparative genomics approach is followed to identify and characterize repeats that might play role in adaptation and pathogenesis. Repeats are non-randomly distributed in the genomes except few typhoid causing strains. Perfect long repeats are rare compare to polymorphic ones and both are statistically consistent. Significant differences in repeat densities in stress related genes manifest its probable participation in survival and virulence. 573 and 1053 repeat loci have been identified which are exclusively associated with stress and virulent genes respectively. In Salmonella Typhi, an octameric VNTR locus is found in between acrD and yffB genes having more than 25 perfect copies across Salmonella Typhi but possesses only single copy in other serovars. This repeat can be used as a diagnostic probe for typhoid.     

Bacterial osmoadaptation: the role of osmolytes in bacterial stress and virulence

Two general strategies exist for the growth and survival of prokaryotes in environments of elevated osmolarity. The 'salt in cytoplasm' approach, which requires extensive structural modifications, is restricted mainly to members of the Halobacteriaceae. All other species have convergently evolved to cope with environments of elevated osmolarity by the accumulation of a restricted range of low molecular mass molecules, termed compatible solutes owing to their compatibility with cellular processes at high internal concentrations. Herein we review the molecular mechanisms governing the accumulation of these compounds, both in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, focusing specifically on the regulation of their transport/synthesis systems and the ability of these systems to sense and respond to changes in the osmolarity of the extracellular environment. Finally, we examine the current knowledge on the role of these osmostress responsive systems in contributing to the virulence potential of a number of pathogenic bacteria.     

Signal transduction and virulence regulation in human and animal pathogens

Abstract Pathogens have developed many strategies for survival in animals and humans which possess very effective defense mechanisms. Although there are many different ways, in which pathogenic bacteria solved the problem to overcome the host defense, some common features of virulence mechanisms can be detected even in phylogenetically very distant bacteria (Finlay and Falkow (1989) Microb. Rev. 6 1375–1383). One important feature is that the regulation of expression of virulence factors and the exact timing of their expression is very important for many of the pathogenic bacteria, as most of them have to encounter different growth situations during an infection cycle, which require a fast adaptation to the new situation by the expression of different factors. This review gives an overview about the mechanisms used by pathogenic bacteria to accomplish the difficult task of regulation of their virulence potential in response to environmental changes. In addition, the relationship of these virulence regulatory systems with other signal transduction mechanisms not involved in pathogenicity is discussed.     

DjlA negatively regulates the Rcs signal transduction system in Escherichia coli

The Rcs signal transduction system of Escherichia coli regulating capsular polysaccharide synthesis (cps) genes is activated by overexpression of the djlA gene encoding a cytoplasmic membrane-anchored DnaJ-like protein. However, by monitoring the expression of a cpsB'-lac fusion in pgsA- and mdoH-null mutants in which the Rcs system is activated, we found that the Rcs activity was further increased by deletion of djlA and decreased by low-level extrachromosomal expression of djlA. Furthermore, deletion of djlA in a wild-type strain led to small but significant increase of the basal-level activity of the Rcs system. These results demonstrate that DjlA functions as a negative regulator of the Rcs system unless abnormally overproduced.     

Introduction: Protein phosphorylation and signal transduction in bacteria

A single type of reversible protein-phosphorylating system, the ATP-dependent protein kinase/phosphatase system, is employed in signal transduction in eukaryotes. By contrast, recent work has revealed that three types of protein-phosphorylating systems mediate signal transduction in bacteria. These systems are (1) classical protein kinase/phosphatase systems, (2) sensor-kinase/response-regulator systems, and (3) the multifaceted phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system. Physiological, structural, and mechanistic aspects of these three evolutionarily distinct systems are discussed in the papers of this written symposium. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.