8例呼吸道滴虫感染临床特点分析

为提高对呼吸道滴虫感染的认识和诊断水平,对8例呼吸道滴虫感染患者临床特点进行分析。患者均有基础疾病,临床表现呼吸道分泌物明显增多,其他症状不典型,所有患者在病原体检测前均误诊。确诊手段咽拭子涂片阳性5例,纤维支气管镜灌洗液阳性1例;气管切开套管内吸出痰液阳性1例;支气管插管套管内吸出痰液阳性1例。停用抗生素及激素,改用灭滴灵治愈。对于有易患因素者,基础病治疗效果不好时,应注意继发呼吸道滴虫感染可能,及早行生理盐水涂片镜检滴虫。一旦确诊即停用易引起菌群失调的药物,改用灭滴灵治疗效果良好。     

纤维支气管镜局部注药治疗耐药支气管内膜结核

目的:探讨和评价经纤维支气管镜局部注药对耐药肺结核合并支气管内膜结核患者的可行性和疗效.方法:对120例确诊为耐药肺结核合并支气管内膜结核患者,在进行全身抗结核治疗的同时依据患者志愿,随机分为两组,一组即单纯化疗者,另一组化疗+支气管镜注药组.比较两组病人在临床症状、痰菌阴转、影像学及纤维支气管镜下的疗效差异.结果:耐药肺结核合并支气管内膜结核经全身抗结核治疗辅以支气管镜局部给药,疗效显著优于单纯全身抗结核治疗.结论:使用支气管镜治疗耐药支气管内膜结核,可明显提高疗效、缩短病程,值得在临床上广泛应用.     

中枢神经系统奴卡菌感染诊治分析附一例鼻疽奴卡菌脑脓肿

目的:了解中枢神经系统(CNS)奴卡菌感染的临床特点、诊治方法及预后。方法:对青岛大学附属医院收治的1例脑奴卡菌感染病例进行报道,并检索相关文献报道的脑奴卡菌感染共31例,对以上32例进行回顾性分析。结果:32例患者中,22例存在基础疾病,18例有糖皮质激素或免疫抑制剂治疗史。主要临床表现为头痛,发热,恶心、呕吐,口齿不清,意识障碍,肢体功能障碍等。7例接受复方磺胺甲噁唑单药治疗,17例接受复方磺胺甲噁唑联合其他抗生素治疗,8例接受喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类、β-内酰胺类等联合治疗。23例好转或治愈,9例死亡。结论:免疫功能低下是中枢神经系统奴卡菌病的危险因素;奴卡菌培养阳性是确诊该病的惟一方法;应及早应用磺胺类药物,必要时结合外科手术治疗。     

肺癌患者放化疗后肺部感染病原菌及其耐药性分析

目的 分析引发肺癌患者放化疗后肺部感染的病原菌种类及其对常见抗菌药物的耐药性。方法 选取2018年1月至2021年12月厦门大学附属中山医院收治的128例肺癌放化疗后发生肺部感染的患者,收集患者呼吸道痰液和支气管肺泡灌洗液标本,分离、培养菌株标本,采用VITEK-60全自动细菌鉴定分析仪进行菌株鉴定,采用K-B纸片法和ATB Fungus-3试纸条法进行体外药敏试验。结果 128例肺癌患者放化疗后,从其痰液和支气管肺泡灌洗液标本中共分离出158株细菌,其中革兰阴性菌101株（63.9%）、革兰阳性菌39株（24.7%）、真菌18株（11.4%）。革兰阴性菌以肺炎克雷伯菌（51株,32.3%）和铜绿假单胞菌（23株,占14.6%）为主,革兰阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌（18株,11.4%）和肺炎链球菌（16株,10.1%）为主,真菌以白假丝酵母菌为主（11株,占7.0%）。铜绿假单胞菌对哌拉西林耐药率为87.0%,肺炎克雷伯菌对环丙沙星完全耐药（100.0%）,对亚胺培南敏感（耐药率为0.0%）。未发现耐万古霉素的金黄色葡萄球菌和肺炎链球菌。结论 肺癌患者放化疗后引发肺部感染的病原菌种类增多且...     

纤支镜检查对菌阴性肺结核的诊断价值

目的探讨纤支镜检查技术对菌阴性肺结核的诊断价值。方法通过回顾性分析153例痰涂片、痰培养和PCR分析均为结核杆菌阴性疑诊为肺结核最终确诊为肺结核的患者病例资料。观察肺结核病灶在纤支镜下的表现,并于镜下行组织活检、刷检、组织盲检,支气管肺泡灌洗液涂片及PCR检查和痰结核分枝杆菌涂片检查。结果回顾性分析发现肺结核纤支镜下改变主要为粘膜充血肿胀(23.5%)、粘膜溃疡糜烂(19.6%)、粘膜表面灰白色苔状物或豆腐渣样物质覆盖(15.7%)和支气管瘢痕或狭窄(13.1%)。纤支镜下组织活检、刷检、组织盲检,支气管肺泡灌洗液涂片及PCR检查和痰结核分枝杆菌涂片检查,诊断为肺结核的患者占最终明确诊断为肺结核的百分比分别为41.2%(63/153),47.1%(72/153),11.1%(17/153),56.9%(87/153),55.6%(85/153)和32.0%(49/153)。结论菌阴性肺结核镜下改变多样无特征性,纤支镜检查技术对菌阴性肺结核的明确诊断具有重要价值,多种纤支镜技术联合能够明显提高菌阴性肺结核的诊断率。     

星型奴卡菌感染两例并文献复习

目的:探讨星型奴卡菌感染的临床表现及诊断、治疗、预后,及星型奴卡菌细菌学鉴定、生化反应、及药敏实验的阳性所见。方法:报告广州军区总医院2例星型奴卡菌病的临床资料并复习相关文献,对其临床表现、诊断、治疗及预后进行回顾性分析。结果:两例星型奴卡菌病患者经治疗后痊愈出院,定期随访,未复发。结论:奴卡菌病属于严重的机会性感染,病原菌的分离和鉴定是诊断本病的首要条件,应及早使用磺胺类药物,必要时予外科辅助治疗。     

儿童肺炎肺实变住院患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液病原分析

本研究分析肺炎肺实变患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液病原谱构成,旨在为临床经验性抗感染治疗提供指导。收集2019年1月-2020年1月复旦大学附属儿科医院纤维支气管镜室诊治的住院肺炎病例临床资料,其中肺实变的诊断基于影像学证据,依托国家儿童医学中心病原学检测平台,并参考感染传染科医生解读,本研究对肺炎伴肺实变患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液标本的病原学检测结果进行回顾性分析。结果显示,286例肺炎患儿的286份支气管肺泡灌洗液标本被纳入研究,平均年龄5.5(5.8±3.1)岁,其中195例(68.2%)存在肺炎伴肺实变。总病原体检出率为76.6%(219/286),肺实变和无肺实变肺炎患儿病原体检出率分别为77.9%(152/195)和73.6%(67/91),差异无统计学意义;检出的前5种病原体均为肺炎支原体、腺病毒、鼻病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒和副流感病毒3型。5周岁及以上患儿肺炎支原体检出率达最高77.0%(127/165),肺实变病例和无肺实变病例肺炎支原体检出率分别为67.2%(131/195)和61.5%(56/91),差异无统计学意义。本研究结果提示,肺炎支原体、腺病毒、鼻病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒和副流感病毒3型是导致本研究目标人群患病的主要病原体;病原体检出率高低与是否肺实变无关。     

新型隐球菌合并鼻疽奴卡菌皮肤感染1例报道

<正>皮肤隐球菌感染在近年来逐渐受到重视,占隐球菌感染的10%~15%。长期使用糖皮质激素是皮肤隐球菌的主要病因之一[1]。但同时合并鼻疽奴卡菌感染少见。现报道1例新型隐球菌合并鼻疽奴卡菌皮肤感染的病例。经过氟康唑联合复方磺胺甲噁唑抗感染治疗,病情好转,出院后继续按医嘱巩固治疗。1资料与方法患者6个月前无明显诱因左足背起红肿结节,伴疼痛、低热38度,当地医院行脓肿切开引流术,真菌培养"阳性",口服伏立康唑治疗10d,红肿消     

细菌性肺炎导致感染后咳嗽患者气道炎症及内环境改变的临床研究

目的通过对比实验组及对照组细胞学、病理学等检查结果,了解细菌感染后咳嗽引起气道上皮及气道内细胞学、内皮、神经递质等与感染后咳嗽相关因素的改变。方法将250名痰培养阳性确诊肺炎后感染出现咳嗽的患者和170名志愿者分成试验组和对照组,通过电子支气管镜行活检术、支气管肺灌洗术(bronchoavleolar lavage,BAL),收集活组织1块、灌洗液25mL行病理学及细胞学检查,并进行对比。结果实验组中气道上皮病理活检提示较多脱落的基底膜,结构发生改变;肺灌洗液中细胞总数、嗜酸性粒细胞、肥大细胞、淋巴细胞数量较对照组明显增多(χ~2=8.714,P=0.021),而中性粒细胞和上皮细胞两组对比,差异无统计学意义(χ~2=4.714,P=0.057);白三稀B4(LTB4)及IL-5明显升高,其中LTB4升高最明显(χ~2=7.539,P=0.011),TNF-α两组差异无统计学意义(χ~2=2.104,P=0.064)。结论细菌性肺炎感染后咳嗽的患者气道内存在上皮损害、细胞学异常及白三稀等物质代谢异常,而这些改变与患者慢性咳嗽密切相关。     

同伴教育在支气管内膜结核行支气管镜局部注药治疗患者中的应用

目的评价同伴教育在支气管内膜结核行支气管镜局部注药治疗患者中的应用效果。方法将80例支气管内膜结核行支气管镜局部注药治疗患者随机分为观察组和对照组各40例。对照组采用常规护理,观察组在常规护理基础上接受同伴教育。两组患者在干预3个月后均进行遵医行为问卷调查。结果观察组患者在服药依从、纤支镜注药依从、定期复查、合理饮食、劳逸结合、消毒隔离、情绪调节和纤支镜治疗配合8个方面依从性得分均高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论同伴教育在支气管内膜结核行纤维支气管镜下注药治疗患者中的应用效果良好,值得临床推广。     

继发肺结核合并两株不同表型烟曲霉感染病例1例

患者,男,69岁,因反复咳嗽、咳痰8个月,加重伴咯血4 d就诊。患者7年前曾患肺结核,抗痨治疗1年后治愈。就诊后第1次纤支镜灌洗液标本宏基因组二代测序检出结核分枝杆菌,血清和纤支镜灌洗液曲霉抗原半乳甘露聚糖试验阳性,第2次纤支镜灌洗液真菌培养出两种形态的烟曲霉(白色株和蓝绿色典型株),两株烟曲霉药敏试验结果相同且具有高度同源性。临床诊断继发肺结核合并侵袭性烟曲霉感染,予抗痨、伏立康唑抗真菌治疗,出院后继续抗痨,抗真菌治疗,定期随访复查胸部CT及痰涂片查抗酸杆菌。     

Nocardia cyriacigeorgica is a significant pathogen responsible for nocardiosis in Japan and Thailand

Nocardia cyriacigeorgica is a recently described species. During routine diagnostic testing of 121 clinical isolates, we found that about one fourth of the strains from Japan (19 isolates) and Thailand (8 isolates), which were identified in our laboratories as N. asteroides, in fact belong to N. cyriacigeorgica. To our knowledge, this is the first report of infection due to N. cyriacigeorgica in Japan and Thailand, and the third report of infection anywhere in the world. Although N. cyriacigeorgica is usually differentiated from other Nocardia species by utilization of glucose and gluconate, we found that it can also be differentiated by a characteristic synergistic effect between imipenem (IPM) and tobramycin (TOB).     

圣乔治教堂诺卡菌引起的肺部感染1例

诺卡菌肺部感染可引起肺诺卡菌病,因其无特异性的临床表现,容易误诊、漏诊。因此,临床实验室的培养鉴定能力非常重要,若不能及时诊治,则会导致病死率较高。诺卡菌病临床较为少见,为引起临床实验室对诺卡菌的鉴定和药敏试验的重视,本文报道了上海市嘉定区中心医院2019年2月收治的1例由圣乔治教堂诺卡菌(Nocardia cyriacigeorgica)感染引起的肺诺卡菌病病例,针对其临床特征、实验室检测及治疗等进行分析,期望对临床诊治诺卡菌病有所帮助。     

Computed tomography and bronchoscopy in chest radiographically occult main-stem neoplasm diagnosis and Nd-YAG laser treatment in 8 patients.

We studied 8 adult patients with variable symptoms of cough, dyspnea, stridor, wheezing, or hemoptysis. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy in all showed complete or nearly complete endobronchial obstruction of a main-stem bronchus by neoplasm with a mean bronchial diameter of 1.9 mm +/- 1.6 mm (mean +/- standard deviation). In 4 patients, a lobar bronchus was also completely obstructed. No mass was visible on chest radiographs of any patient; however, computed tomography in each showed main-stem endobronchial obstruction, lobar obstruction (4 instances in 3 patients), and in 6 patients hypoperfusion of the involved lung. Computed tomographic scan showed additional abnormalities that were unsuspected on viewing chest radiographs or at bronchoscopy, including mediastinal adenopathy in 3 patients and an extraluminal tumor component in 4. After therapy with Nd-YAG laser, main-stem airway diameter increased to a mean of 9.6 mm +/- 1.0 mm (P less than .05) and pulmonary functions improved. Results suggest the complementary role of computed tomography and fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the detection and laser-treatment planning of chest radiographically occult severe neoplastic obstruction of the main-stem bronchus.     

纤维支气管镜吸痰联合肺泡灌洗在肺癌术后合并肺部感染患者中的临床应用价值

目的:探讨纤维支气管镜吸痰联合肺泡灌洗在肺癌术后合并肺部感染患者中的临床应用价值。方法:选择2017年1月-2020年12月间来江苏省人民医院接受治疗的82例肺癌术后合并肺部感染患者,根据随机数字表法分为对照组(纤维支气管镜吸痰、常规治疗)和研究组(纤维支气管镜吸痰、常规治疗、肺泡灌洗),各41例,对照组给予常规抗感染加纤维支气管镜吸痰治疗,研究组在对照组基础上结合肺泡灌洗治疗,观察两组疗效,对比两组呼吸功能、生活质量和外周血辅助性T细胞17(Th17细胞)/调节性T细胞(Treg)变化。结果:研究组的临床总有效率优于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗1周后,两组气道阻力(Raw)、气道峰压(PIP)、呼吸做功(WOB)降低,且研究组低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗1周后,两组Th17细胞占单个核细胞百分比、白介素-6(IL-6)、白介素-17(IL-17)降低,且研究组低于对照组(P<0.05),治疗1周后,两组Treg细胞占单个核细胞百分比、白介素-10(IL-10)升高,且研究组高于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗1周后,两组社会/家庭状况、生理状况、与医生的关系、功能状况、附加的关注情况、情感状况等领域评分升高,且研究组高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:纤维支气管镜吸痰联合肺泡灌洗可促进肺癌术后合并肺部感染患者呼吸功能改善,调节外周血Th17细胞/Treg细胞失衡,促进生活质量提高。     

Database of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid proteins

Bronchoalveolar lavage during fiberoptic bronchoscopy is extensively used for investigating cellular and biochemical alterations of the epithelial lining fluid in various lung disorders. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) offers the possibility to simultaneously display and analyze proteins contained in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). We present the current status of 2-DE of BALF samples with an updated listing of the proteins already identified and of their level and/or posttranslational alterations in lung disorders. Alternatives to 2-DE of BALF samples and future prospects of proteomics to unravel lung functions and pathologies are discussed.     

An unusual murine behavior following infection with log-phase Nocardia asteroides type 6 strain GUH-2 (Nocardia cyriacigeorgica GUH-2)

Nocardia asteroides (Nocardia cyriacigeorgica) strain GUH-2 infects the brains of mice following intravenous injection. Non-lethal infections resulted in a transitory increase of bacterial numbers in the brain followed by the development of permanent impaired movements at a time when bacteria appeared to be eliminated from the brain. These signs included headshake, rigidity, stooped posture, dyskinesia, retropulsion, and abnormal tail positioning in approximately 20% of infected animals. The attached video presents a typical mouse following infection with this organism, as compared to an age- and gender-matched uninfected control mouse.     

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: detection of parasites in sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid by monoclonal antibodies.

Diagnosis of pneumocystis pneumonia is based on identifying Pneumocystis carinii cytochemically in material from the lung. The silver methenamine staining methods most commonly used are technically difficult and lack specificity. The diagnostic value of immunocytological identification of the parasite was evaluated by using mouse monoclonal antibody 3F6, specific for human pneumocystis, to identify P carinii in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and sputum by immunofluorescence and was compared with that of other variables. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed on 25 patients positive for HIV antibody with clinically suspected pneumocystis pneumonia and 40 patients negative for HIV antibody who presented with interstitial disorders of the lung. Lavage fluid showed pneumocystis only in the patients positive for antibody, the parasite being detected in 19 by immunofluorescence and in 17 by a modified silver methenamine staining method. Chest x ray films obtained at the time of bronchoscopy showed interstitial or alveolar shadowing in 17 of the 19 patients, but clinical symptoms and the presence of antibodies to pneumocystis did not seem to be predictive. Sputum samples were collected during 43 episodes of clinically suspected pneumocystis pneumonia in patients positive for HIV antibody. Pneumocystis was detected consistently more commonly by immunofluorescence than the silver strain in sputum collected routinely and induced by inhalation of saline. In 17 patients bronchoalveolar lavage followed sputum collection, and the sensitivity of detection of pneumocystis in immunofluorescence in sputum compared with lavage fluid was 57% (8/14). Immunofluorescence was suitable for specimens fixed in ethanol and seemed highly specific and more sensitive than the standard cytochemical methods for identifying pneumocystis.     

Cytologic diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii infection by bronchoalveolar lavage in acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Twenty-six patients with pulmonary infiltrates and suspected acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) underwent 29 fiberoptic bronchoscopies, including bronchoalveolar lavage. Seventeen of the 18 patients (94.4%) shown to have Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia were diagnosed by examination of the bronchoalveolar lavage specimen. Minor complications occurred in 7 of 29 total bronchoscopies and included transient fever and hypoxemia. Bronchoalveolar lavage is a safe, easy and effective procedure for making the diagnosis of P. carinii pneumonia in patients at high risk for AIDS and should be included routinely when performing fiberoptic bronchoscopy.