山西庞泉沟自然保护区森林群落物种多样性

在对山西庞泉沟自然保护区森林群落进行数量分类的基础上,运用丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数对保护区内森林群落的物种多样性进行了研究,并对森林群落各层片之间的物种多样性进行了相关性分析.结果表明:(1)森林群落15个群丛的丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数能很好地反映各群丛多样性变化规律.(2)各群丛的丰富度指数和物种多样性指数总体上呈现草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层,草本层的均匀度最小,大多数森林群落乔木层和灌木层的均匀度比较接近.(3) Patrick指数、Simpson指数、Shannon指数以及Pielou指数和Alatalo指数之间表现极显著差异性(P＜0.01).(4)群丛3(华北落叶松-土庄绣线菊+美蔷薇-东方草莓群丛)灌木层和草本层之间呈显著负相关(r=-0.643,P＜0.05);群丛8(白桦+山杨-灰栒子+美蔷薇-中亚苔草群丛)乔木层和灌木层呈显著负相关(r=-0.458,P＜0.05),灌木层和草本层则呈显著正相关(r=0.404,P＜0.05);群丛11(白杄-中亚苔草+烟管头草)的乔木层和草本层之间呈显著负相关(r=-0.949,P＜0.05).     

贵州部分森林群落物种多样性初步研究

 本文根据贵州省178个森林群落样地的数据研究了群落物种的多样性。测定的指标有群 落物种丰富度,群落Simpson多样性指数和群落均匀度。测定结果表明;不同垂直带生物气 候条件下的森林群落有不同的多样性。相同垂直带生物气候条件下,基质生境相同时,不同森林植被亚型的群落的多样性近似,基质生境不同时,群落多样性则不同;同一群落类型的各个样地的多样性也有变化,结构不同的群落个体,其多样性指数不同,演替趋势也不同。乔木第二亚层的多样性普遍地高于乔木第一亚层。同一演替系列中,越接近顶极阶段多样性越高。多样性指数与群落物种丰富度,均匀度呈紧密的正相关,与群落个体总数没有相关。认为多样性测定在比较、说明群落的结构、类型、组织特征、生境、演替等方面有一定意义。     

农药污染对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

根据95种不同的单一联底物上的BIOLOGGN微平板系统的反应所构造的多样性指数，结果表明农药严重污染的土壤微生物群落的Shannon指数和均度、Simpson指数、Mclntosh指数和均度均显著低于无污染的对照。说明农药严重污染导致土壤微生物群落功能多样性的下降，减少了能利用有关碳底物的微生物的数量，降低微生物对单一碳底物的利用能力。     

长沙黄花国际机场鸟类群落物种多样性分析

为了获得长沙黄花国际机场鸟击防范工作所需的鸟类基础性资料,从2005年9月~2006年8月,通过对机场地区5种生境类型鸟类群落的调查与监测,记录到鸟类112种,属16目32科。其中46种属东洋界种类、45种属古北界种类、21种属广布种;留鸟46种、夏候鸟25种、冬候鸟29种、旅鸟12种。经RB频率指数测算,鸟类群落的优势种为白头鹎(Pycnonotus sinensis)、乌鸫(Turdus merula)和树麻雀(Passer montanus)。按鸟类生境分布系数划分,广布型的鸟类有44种,是该区鸟类群落组成的主体。鸟类群落的Shannon-Weiner物种多样性指数为1.607,均匀性指数为0.784。     

污水处理活性污泥微生物群落多样性研究

为研究污水处理活性污泥微生物多样性,提取了活性污泥宏基因组DNA,并采用细菌通用引物27F和1492R扩增了上海污泥厂活性污泥细菌16S rDNA片段,构建了细菌16S rDNA克隆文库,并对该文库中的微生物群落进行了分析。共获得200条高质量序列并建立系统发育树,结果显示活性污泥主要的细菌类群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)(91.9%)、厚壁菌门(Firmicures)(4.6%)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)(2%)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)(0.5%)、硝化螺菌门(Nitrospirae)(1%)。其中,明显的优势菌群为Alcaligenes feacalis(55%)、Pseudomonas aeruginosa(12.8%)和Stenotrophomonas(12.8%),优势菌的产酶能力在活性污泥中显示生态修复功能菌的作用。     

人体鼻咽部微生物群落多样性研究进展

定殖于鼻咽部的微生物与人体始终处于动态生态平衡,对于维持人体健康发挥着重要作用,也与多种上呼吸道疾病的发生发展有密切关系。鼻咽部微生物之间及其与宿主之间的相互作用是引发人体上呼吸道疾病的重要因素。微生物的培养方法与分子生物学技术的结合使人们越来越深入地了解人体鼻咽部微生物群落的组成和结构。定殖于人体鼻咽部的微生物以肺炎链球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae)和流感嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus influenzae)等潜在致病菌为主。本文将分别从鼻咽部微生物与机体的平衡关系、鼻咽部微生物群落的研究方法以及鼻咽部微生物群落的组成及其相互关系三个方面,综述近年来鼻咽部微生物群落结构的相关研究进展,从而为指导实践提供可靠的理论依据。     

青海湖地区芨芨草群落特征及其物种多样性研究

以青海湖地区典型的芨芨草群落为研究对象,用样带法进行了调查。根据野外调查资料分析了青海湖地区芨芨草群落的群落学特征,应用生物多样性的原理和方法计测了青海湖地区芨芨草群落的物种丰富度指数(R0,R1)、物种多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener指数H′、Simpson指数D和Hill指数n1、n2)及均匀度指数(E1、E2)。结果表明,青海湖地区芨芨草群落的组成成分简单,植物种类比较贫乏,北温带分布的属占优势;生活型以地面芽植物种类居多,是该群落中处于优势地位的生活型;芨芨草群落垂直结构分异较为明显;芨芨草群落的丰富度指数、均匀度指数和物种多样性指数表现出基本一致的变化趋势。群落植物多样性指数的大小受立地生境和人为活动的综合影响,对于芨芨草群落而言,生境条件越适宜,优势种地位越明显,丰富度指数和物种多样性指数越低;过度放牧地带丰富度指数和物种多样性指数较低。     

分子生物学方法在微生物多样性研究中的应用

微生物多样性是生物多样性的重要组成部分。由于微生物和大生物（动、植物）相比,存在着多种显著差异,因此其多样性,保护及利用也有所不同,尤其是研究方法亟待完善,提高。近年来,分子生物学方法广泛用于微生物多样性的研究并取得了一系列研究成果。本文从四个方面加以介绍：１）微生物总ＤＮＡ制备及其遗传多样性检测方法;２）１６ＳｒＲＮＡ基因序列研究;３）核酸杂交分析技术;４）ＤＮＡ动力学的研究。今后的发展趋势是加     

中国沙拐枣属天然群落特征及其物种多样性研究

根据野外调查资料,应用生物多样性的原理和方法计测了群落的物种丰富度指数(R0、R1)、物种多样性指数(H′、D)、均匀度指数(E)以及优势度指数(C)以分析中国沙拐枣属天然群落的群落学特征。结果表明(1)中国沙拐枣属天然群落组成成分简单,共出现种子植物91种,分属22科62属,科属组成较为分散;生活型组成中1年生植物种类多,数量大,占总数的35.16%;沙拐枣属天然群落的垂直结构明显;(2)多样性分析表明,中国沙拐枣属天然群落物种组成单一,结构简单,其中群落多样性最低分别为塔克拉玛干沙拐枣(Calligonum roborowskii)群落和沙拐枣(C.mongolicum)(若羌)群落。群落多样性最高分别为沙拐枣(C.mongolicum)(采南)群落、小沙拐枣(C.pumilum)群落和艾比湖沙拐枣(C.ebi-nuzicum)群落。不同沙拐枣属植物所形成的群落差异主要表现在物种组成以及物种多样性水平,这种差异表现主要是1年生和多年生草本植物的物种多样性。(3)丰富度指数和物种多样性指数表现出基本一致的变化趋势,而生态优势度指数则表现相反的趋势。物种的丰富度指数和多样性指数与群落的结构以及立地环境条件等有密切的关系,结构复杂的群落较其它群落的多样性指数高,但由于特殊生境所形成的单优群落物种多样性指数则较低。     

种植体周围炎生物膜的微生物群落多样性研究进展

种植体周围炎是发生在骨性结合种植体周围组织的炎症,是由微生物引发的感染性疾病,可引起种植体周围支持组织丧失而导致种植失败。阐明种植体周围炎生物膜的微生物学基础,可为制定相应防治策略提供理论依据。随着测序技术的发展,基于16S rRNA基因的测序分析技术逐渐应用于与口腔种植体相关的微生物学研究,使人们对种植体周围炎生物膜的微生物群落多样性有了更全面的了解,也进一步认识到种植体周围炎和牙周炎菌斑生物膜的微生物结构存在显著差别。本文根据基于16S rRN基因A序列分析技术的最新研究成果,对种植体周围炎菌斑生物膜的微生物学研究进展作一综述。     

Quantitative real-time PCR approaches for microbial community studies in wastewater treatment systems: Applications and considerations

Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) has been widely used in recent environmental microbial ecology studies as a tool for detecting and quantifying microorganisms of interest, which aids in better understandings of the complexity of wastewater microbial communities. Although qPCR can be used to provide more specific and accurate quantification than other molecular techniques, it does have limitations that must be considered when applying it in practice. This article reviews the principle of qPCR quantification and its applications to microbial ecology studies in various wastewater treatment environments. Here we also address several limitations of qPCR-based approaches that can affect the validity of quantification data: template nucleic acid quality, nucleic acid extraction efficiency, specificity of group-specific primers and probes, amplification of nonviable DNA, gene copy number variation, and limited number of sequences in the database. Even with such limitations, qPCR is reportedly among the best methods for quantitatively investigating environmental microbial communities. The application of qPCR is and will continue to be increasingly common in studies of wastewater treatment systems. To obtain reliable analyses, however, the limitations that have often been overlooked must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.     

含氟有机废水处理过程活性污泥微生物群落研究进展

随着有机氟化物在各领域的广泛应用,含氟有机废水处理面临巨大挑战。活性污泥作为有机废水处理的核心技术之一,微生物在其中发挥着极其重要的作用。本综述首先聚焦在活性污泥微生物群落多样性、组成、结构和功能及其与含氟废水类型、处理工艺和处理效率之间的关系,进而讨论了功能微生物降解/转化有机氟化物的途径和作用机制,最后展望了结合分离培养降解有机氟化物的关键微生物,以及微生物组学技术解析活性污泥微生物群落构建、互作、代谢等核心问题,以提高对含氟有机废水微生物降解机理的认识,优化含氟有机废水处理工艺。     

《微生物学》中“微生物物种多样性”的教学内容和教学方式探讨

微生物学是各类高校生命科学学院及医、药、农、林、食品等有关专业本科生的必修专业基础课,地位十分重要。对微生物多样性的研究是各相关领域中的重要研究热点,且不断取得丰硕的研究成果。然而,目前大多数高等教育规划教材《微生物学》缺乏对微生物多样性知识点、研究方法及相关领域研究进展的系统介绍,在一定程度上局限了学生对该知识点的学习和掌握,不利于拓展学习视野。在分析了相关概念、研究方法并对比国内外主流《微生物学》相关教材的基础上,结合教材的专业倾向,我们建议在《微生物学》教材中适当增加微生物多样性知识点内容及该领域研究进展,让学生与时俱进,进一步接轨专业研究前沿。     

海洋微生物多样性及其分子生态学研究进展

海洋微生物多样性的深入研究将有助于微生物资源更好的开发和利用,海洋微生物多样性有很大的研究价值和研究空间。海洋中大多数微生物处于未可培养状态,在分子生态学基础上对海洋未可培养微生物进行研究是当今微生物多样性研究的主要方向。近年来相关研究进展迅速,研究方法不断更新。主要从分子生态学角度对微生物多样性研究现状进行概述并详细分析探讨了相关的研究方法,而且从分子生态学与海洋微生物多样性研究相结合的层面,对本领域的研究进行展望。旨在为海洋微生物多样性的研究及海洋资源的可持续开发与利用提供参考。     

微生物菌剂在难降解有机污染治理的研究进展

大量的难降解有机污染物被排放到环境中,因其蓄积性、持久性和生物毒性,对人类健康和生态环境造成严重危害。近年来,利用微生物菌剂治理难降解有机污染物的研究已取得较好的进展。综述微生物菌剂在国内外的发展历程,介绍微生物菌剂制备中常用的固定化技术及载体材料,并分析总结微生物菌剂在酚类物质、多环芳烃和多氯联苯等有机污染物治理中的研究进展。在此基础上,提出治理难降解有机污染物的微生物菌剂研发所存在的主要问题及其展望。     

Effects of an electric field and zero valent iron on anaerobic treatment of azo dye wastewater and microbial community structures

A zero valent iron (ZVI) bed with a pair of electrodes was packed in an anaerobic reactor aiming at enhancing treatment of azo dye wastewater. The experiments were carried out in three reactors operated in parallel: an electric field enhanced ZVI-anaerobic reactor (R1), a ZVI-anaerobic reactor (R2) and a common anaerobic reactor (R3). R1 presented the highest performance in removal of COD and color. Raising voltage in R1 further improved its performance. Scanning electron microscopy images displayed that the structure of granular sludge from R1 was intact after being fed with the high dye concentration, while that of R3 was broken. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis indicated that the abundance of methanogens in R1 was significantly greater than that in the other two reactors. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis showed that the coupling of electric field and ZVI increased the diversity of microbial community and especially enhanced bacterial strains responsible for decolorization.     

Electroactive mixed culture derived biofilms in microbial bioelectrochemical systems: the role of pH on biofilm formation, performance and composition

The pH-value played a crucial role for the development and current production of anodic microbial electroactive biofilms. It was demonstrated that only a narrow pH-window, ranging from pH 6 to 9, was suitable for growth and operation of biofilms derived from pH-neutral wastewater. Any stronger deviation from pH neutral conditions led to a substantial decrease in the biofilm performance. Thus, average current densities of 151, 821 and 730 μA cm(-2) were measured for anode biofilms grown and operated at pH 6, 7 and 9 respectively. The microbial diversity of the anode chamber community during the biofilm selection process was studied using the low cost method flow-cytometry. Thereby, it was demonstrated that the pH value as well as the microbial inocula had an impact on the resulting anode community structure. As shown by cyclic voltammetry the electron transfer thermodynamics of the biofilms was strongly depending on the solution's pH-value.     

Performance evaluation and microbial community analysis of the composite filler micro-embedded with Pseudomonas putida for the biodegradation of toluene

The composite filler micro-embedded with Pseudomonas putida (P. putida) was prepared and the biodegradation performance of the filler was evaluated in a biofilter. Five phases were set up to evaluate the performance of the biofilter under different toluene inlet loadings and transient shock loadings. In particular, the microbial community structure in the biofilms and fillers was measured by sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. The results show that the biofilter packed with the composite fillers was suitable for the biodegradation of toluene. The biofilter could start up quickly with high removal efficiency (RE), and remain above 90 % RE when the empty bed residence time (EBRT) was 18 s and the inlet loading rates were not higher than 41.4 g/(m³·h). Moreover, the biofilter could tolerate substantial transient shock loadings. The high removal efficiency and elimination capacity contributed to rich bacterial communities for the efficient degradation of toluene. The dominant microbial communities at the phylum level were mainly Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. It is noteworthy that the abundance of Bacteroidetes at phylum level and Chungangia and Stenotrophomonas at genus level increased significantly during the re-start period.