细菌具有感染的抗体依赖性增强现象

宿主在抵御无数种微生物感染的过程中，体液免疫所扮演的角色是无可争辩的。然而，有证据表明，在某些情况下，抗体还有助于提高不同种类微生物对宿主的潜在感染作用，这就与传统的观点相矛盾，传统的观点认为抗体的生成是起保护作用的，或至少     

治疗性抗体的研究进展

作为一种具有靶向性的生物大分子,单克隆抗体始终是人们关注的热点之一,被广泛用于治疗肿瘤、病毒感染和抗移植排斥等。但鼠源单克隆抗体的临床应用受限于诱导产生人抗鼠抗体、肿瘤渗入量低、亲和力低和半衰期短等。随着分子生物学技术的发展及其向各学科的渗透,通过基因操作技术对抗体进行改造,可使其适用于多种疾病的治疗。抗体人源化已经成为治疗性抗体的发展趋势,同时各种抗体衍生物也不断涌现,它们从不同角度克服了抗体本身的应用局限,也为治疗人类疾病提供了利器。本文简要介绍上述技术的基本原理、特点和治疗性抗体的研究进展。     

影响微生物感染发生的各种因素

感染性疾病发生的病因十分复杂,包括社会学、生物学和环境诸方面,这些因素相互作用,导致旧传染病的再发或新传染病的发生。本文以金黄色葡萄球菌（简称金葡菌）Ａ群链球菌感染为例,讨论了这一问题。     

抗体制备技术的研究进展

自从第一个单克隆抗体产生以来,单抗已广泛地应用于疾病的诊治上。为了克服传统的鼠源性单抗存在的弊端,随着分子生物学和细胞生物学的快速发展,单克隆抗体的制备技术取得了比较大的进展,包括对鼠源性单抗的改造,人源性单抗的研制及对抗体分子结构和功能的改造,尤其是以噬菌体抗体库技术,核糖体展示技术和转基因／转染色体小鼠技术为代表的人源性单抗制备技术的研制最为瞩目。本文就单克隆抗体制备技术的研究进展做一综述。     

中枢神经系统疾病治疗性抗体药物应用进展

单克隆抗体药物是一种新兴的治疗药物,具有高选择性,被用于多种疾病的治疗,如肿瘤、免疫疾病等,也可以用于中枢神经系统疾病,如阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、中风和脑肿瘤等。然而,因为血脑屏障低通透性,限制了抗体药物在中枢神经系统疾病治疗中的应用,在很多神经系统疾病临床试验中,抗体药物并没有取得预期效果。如今,人们利用血脑屏障上内源性转运蛋白介导,设计了可以通过血脑屏障的抗体药物。对通过血脑屏障治疗性抗体药物研发进展及其应用前景进行了综述。     

再循环抗体的研究进展

单克隆抗体因其与抗原结合具有高度特异性与强亲和力,已成为抗体药物研发的主要类型。但随着天然单克隆抗体的深入研究,它的诸多缺陷也浮出水面,如与抗原结合次数有限、带来非预期的抗体清除效应和抗原累积效应。人们不再局限于天然抗体的筛选,而是想通过改造提升抗体药物的药效。近年来,一类新型再循环抗体的问世,很好地解决了天然单克隆抗体发展的瓶颈。再循环抗体可以在胞外结合抗原,在细胞内与抗原解离,使抗体结合抗原次数最大化,减少抗原介导的抗体清除效应和抗体介导的抗原累积效应,并且再循环抗体可以通过进一步的Fc改造来加强与Fc受体的亲和力。文中综述了再循环抗体的研究进展,包括其特点、改造方法及展望。     

基因工程抗体中噬菌体抗体库技术的应用

通过基因工程可以大规模地制备能与人相容的单克隆抗体或片段。其中,噬菌体抗体抗库技术可以模拟体内抗体产生和成熟过程,不经细胞杂交,甚至不经免疫制备针对任何抗原的单克隆抗体。就基因工程抗体及噬菌抗体库技术的发展与应用作一概述 。     

基因工程抗体：单克隆抗体技术发展的新时代

基因工程抗体：单克隆抗体技术发展的新时代俞晓峰,黄策（军事医学科学院微生物与流行病研究所,北京１０００７１）关键词基因工程抗体,单克隆抗体Ｋｏｈｌｅｒ和Ｍｉｌｓｔｅｉｎ于１９７５年创立的用杂交瘤技术制备单克隆抗体（ＭＡｂ）的新方法标志着细胞工程抗体时...     

布鲁氏菌抗独特型抗体的研究

在建立布鲁氏菌单克隆抗体细胞株的基础上,筛选具有保护作用的单抗A7免疫家免制备抗独特型抗体(简称二抗)。经阻断试验和竞争抑制试验证实,该二抗具有抗原“内影象”。将其提纯后配制成甘油佐剂苗免疫豚鼠和小白鼠．检测结果表明：免疫豚鼠和小白鼠产生了布鲁氏菌凝集抗体;免疫小鼠的循环T ANAE-细胞百分数明显高于对照组;免疫豚鼠在免疫后4个月时强毒菌株攻击有79．2％获得保护。因此认为,该二抗不仅具有抗原的。内影象”结构,而且具有良好的免疫原性,可供作疫苗用。     

抗体库的发展及未来

抗体库的出现为制备人源性单抗开辟了一条行之有效的途径．虽然该技术问世只有短短几年的时间,但其筛选系统已有了很大的改进;现已能够快速地从抗体库中筛选出各种具有不同用途的抗体．从而克服了传统杂交瘤技术的某些局限性．文章就抗体库的发展及其应用前景进行了概述.     

pH-dependent antigen-binding antibodies as a novel therapeutic modality

Monoclonal antibodies have become a general modality in therapeutic development. However, even with infinite binding affinity to an antigen, a conventional antibody is limited in that it can bind to the antigen only once, and this results in antigen-mediated antibody clearance when the a membrane-bound antigen is targeted, or in antibody-mediated antigen accumulation when a soluble antigen is targeted. Recently, a pH-dependent antigen-binding antibody that binds to an antigen in plasma at neutral pH and dissociates from the antigen in endosome at acidic pH has been reported to overcome this limitation and to reduce antigen-mediated antibody clearance and antibody-mediated antigen accumulation. A pH-dependent binding antibody against a soluble antigen can be further improved by Fc engineering to enhance the Fc receptor binding. Various approaches, including histidine-based engineering, direct cloning from immunized animals, and synthetic and combinatorial libraries, have been successfully applied to generate pH-dependent binding antibodies against various antigens. This review discusses the features, approaches, advantages, and challenges of developing a pH-dependent binding antibody as a novel therapeutic modality. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Recent advances in molecular engineering of antibody.     

Anti-glycan monoclonal antibodies: Basic research and clinical applications

Anti-glycan monoclonal antibodies have important applications in human health and basic research. Therapeutic antibodies that recognize cancer- or pathogen-associated glycans have been investigated in numerous clinical trials, resulting in two FDA-approved biopharmaceuticals. Anti-glycan antibodies are also utilized to diagnose, prognosticate, and monitor disease progression, as well as to study the biological roles and expression of glycans. High-quality anti-glycan mAbs are still in limited supply, highlighting the need for new technologies for anti-glycan antibody discovery. This review discusses anti-glycan monoclonal antibodies with applications to basic research, diagnostics, and therapeutics, focusing on recent advances in mAbs targeting cancer- and infectious disease-associated glycans.     

抗磺胺对甲氧嘧啶单克隆抗体的研制及其特性分析

目的制备针对磺胺对甲氧嘧啶的单克隆抗体,建立对该物质的免疫学检测方法。方法以BSA-磺胺对甲氧嘧啶为免疫原,免疫BALB／c小鼠,取脾细胞与小鼠Sp-2／0骨髓瘤细胞融合后,经筛选和亚克隆,建立杂交瘤细胞株。结果获得2株能稳定分泌抗磺胺对甲氧嘧啶抗体的细胞株。对抗体进行了特性分析,抗体的效价分别为1：400000和1：1630000,抗体类型及亚类都为IgGl。其中,单克隆抗体1H10的亲和力为1．4×109L／mol,利用该抗体采用竞争间接ELISA法检测磺胺对甲氧嘧啶的范围是1025—16μg/mL,最低检测浓度是8μg/mL。单抗1H10与其他6种磺胺药（SMM、SMZ、SM2、SD、SulfaquinoxalineSodium、Sulfametetyrazine）无交叉反应。结论单克隆抗体1H10可用于研制免疫学方法检测磺胺对甲氧嘧啶残留的产品。     

Generation of antibodies against membrane proteins

The monoclonal antibody has become an important therapeutic in the treatment of both hematological malignancies and solid tumors. The recent success of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) has broadened the extent of the potential target molecules in cancer immunotherapy. As a result, even molecules of low abundance have become targets for cytotoxic reagents.     

Isolation and optimization of camelid single-domain antibodies: Dirk Saerens' work on nanobodies

It is well established that all camelids have unique antibodies circulating in their blood. Unlike antibodies from all other species, these special antibodies are devoid of light chains, and are composed of a heavy chain homodimer. These so-called heavy-chain antibodies (HCAbs) are expressed after a V-D-J rearrangement and require dedicated constant gamma genes. An immune response is raised in these HCAbs following a classical immunization protocol. These HCAbs are easily purified from serum, and their antigen-binding fragment interacts with parts of the target that are less antigenic to conventional antibodies. The antigen binding site of the dromedary HCAb comprises one single domain, referred to as VHH or nanobody (Nb), therefore, a strategy was designed to clone the Nb repertoire of an immunized dromedary and to select the Nb with specificity for our target antigens. The monoclonal Nb is produced well in bacteria, is very stable and highly soluble, and it binds the antigen with high affinity and specificity. Currently, the recombinant Nb has been developed successfully for research purposes, as a probe in biosensors, to diagnose infections, or to treat diseases such as cancer or trypanosomiasis.     

Monoclonal antibodies for the detection and quantitation of the endogenous plant growth regulator, abscisic acid

Monoclonal antibodies (mAB) have been produced which recognize the physiologically active 2-cis-(S-form of the endogenous plant growth regulator, abscisic acid (ABA). Cross-reaction with the ABA-catabolites, phaseic and dihydrophaseic acid, is negligible, and (R)-ABA, 2-trans-ABA, the ABA-conjugate, ABA-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester, as well as the putative ABA precursor, xanthoxin, are totally unreactive. In addition to being very specific, the mAB exhibit high affinites for 2-cis-(S)-ABA: the K values were 7.9 × 10⁹ l/mol and 3.7 × 10⁹ l/mol for antibodies from two different clones. By mAB-radioimmunoassay (RIA), 4 pg 2-cis-(S)-ABA (99.5% confidence level) can be detected. mAB-RIA can be used to quantitate ABA directly in unprocessed plant extracts.     

Generation of monoclonal antibodies against non-structural protein 3AB of foot-and-mouth disease virus

To identify linear epitopes on the non-structural protein 3AB of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), BABL/c mice were immunized with the 3AB protein and splenocytes of BALB/c mice were fused with myeloma Sp2/0 cells. Two hybridoma monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) cell lines against the 3AB protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) were obtained, named C6 and E7 respectively. The microneutralization titer was 1:1024 for mAb C6, and 1:512 for E7. Both mAbs contain kappa light chains, and were of subclass IgG2b. In order to define the mAbs binding epitopes, the reactivity of these mAbs against FMDV were examined by indirect ELISA. The results showed that both mAbs can react with FMDV, but had no cross-reactivity with Swine Vesicular Disease (SVD) antigens. The titers in abdomen liquor were 1:5×10⁶ for C6 and 1:2×10⁶ for E7. In conclusion, the mAbs obtained from this study are specific for the detection of FMDV, can be used for etiological and immunological researches on FMDV, and have potential use in diagnosis and future vaccine designs.     

Properties and application to immunoassay of monoclonal antibodies to neuron-specific γγ enolase

Two monoclonal antibodies to human and bovine neuron-specific γγ enolase have been produced in the isolated hybrid cell lines, which were obtained by fusion between γγ-immunized mouse spleen cells and mouse myeloma cells (P3-NS-1/1-Ag4-1), followed by a screening procedure with an enzyme immunoassay. The monoclonal antibody to human γγ enolase (E1-G3) and that to bovine γγ enolase (B1-D6) consisted of γ2a/κ and γl/κ immunoglobulin chains, respectively. Both antibodies could bind with the respective antigen with a molar ratio of about 1:1, and were found to be specific for the γ subunit of enolase, showing reactivities with human γγ and αγ, rat γγ and αγ, and bovine γγ enolases. However, the antibodies did not cross-react with the α or β subunit of human and rat enolase isozymes. Both antibodies could partially inhibit the activity of γγ and αγ enolases. E1-G3 antibody inhibited γγ and αγ enolase activity by 70 and 30%, respectively, and B1-D6 antibody, by 90 and 40%, respectively. Both antibodies had no effect on the activity of αα and ββ enolases of human and rat origins. The applicability of E1-G3 and B1-D6 antibodies to the sandwich-type enzyme immunoassay for neuron-specific enolase (enolase γ subunit) was examined, and it was found that the assay system using E1-G3 and B1-D6 as the labeled antibodies were sufficiently sensitive for the assay of serum neuron-specific enolase concentrations.     

精准医学与微生物感染——实施精准感染病学的探讨

2015年3月,习近平主席亲自指示科技部召开了国家首次精准医学战略专家座谈会。鉴于我国在病原微生物学、免疫学、疫苗学及感染病学中的成就,本文从病因和机体免疫应答方面分析了我国开展精准感染病学的优势并提出主要切入点。通过对免疫基因组学的研究,结合环境因素及生活习惯的综合研究,将对控制感染性疾病作出创新性贡献,这具有全球性的重要价值。     

Mass spectrometry for the biophysical characterization of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are powerful therapeutics, and their characterization has drawn considerable attention and urgency. Unlike small-molecule drugs (150–600 Da) that have rigid structures, mAbs (∼150 kDa) are engineered proteins that undergo complicated folding and can exist in a number of low-energy structures, posing a challenge for traditional methods in structural biology. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based biophysical characterization approaches can provide structural information, bringing high sensitivity, fast turnaround, and small sample consumption. This review outlines various MS-based strategies for protein biophysical characterization and then reviews how these strategies provide structural information of mAbs at the protein level (intact or top-down approaches), peptide, and residue level (bottom-up approaches), affording information on higher order structure, aggregation, and the nature of antibody complexes.