绒山羊源大肠杆菌噬菌体φPTK的分子生物学特性及对小鼠大肠杆菌感染的防治效果

【背景】抗生素耐药问题是影响人类及养殖业健康的重要因素,噬菌体能特异性裂解细菌,成为抗生素替代品研究热点,是解决抗生素耐药难题、促进养殖业健康发展的新途径。【目的】通过研究绒山羊源大肠杆菌烈性噬菌体φPTK (phage target of K1)的分子生物学特性,同时利用小鼠感染模型研究φPTK对小鼠大肠杆菌感染的防治效果,为绒山羊大肠杆菌病的防控提供新策略。【方法】用聚乙二醇-氯化钠(PEG 8000-NaCl)浓缩φPTK后,采用透射电子显微镜观察其超微形态结构;运用苯酚-氯仿法提取φPTK核酸后通过Illumina HiSeq高通量测序分析其全基因组结构,使用Mauve比较基因组学分析,通过MEGA绘制噬菌体进化树;通过构建小鼠感染模型分析φPTK对小鼠感染大肠杆菌的防治效果。【结果】透射电镜显示φPTK头部为正多面体形,直径90 nm,有长约112 nm、直径约18 nm的可收缩长尾;φPTK基因组全长169 688 bp,GC含量37.72%,有264个开放阅读框,含穿孔素-裂解酶(holin-lysin)裂解系统,有抗穿孔素蛋白和裂解抑制辅助蛋白,未发现抗生素耐药基因和毒力基因;比较基因组分析表明,φPTK为一株新的绒山羊源大肠杆菌烈性噬菌体;小鼠大肠杆菌感染前和感染后分别使用φPTK进行预防和治疗的试验表明,未使用φPTK的阳性对照组小鼠全部死亡,预防组和治疗组小鼠存活率分别为80%和60%。【结论】噬菌体φPTK是一株能够在小鼠大肠杆菌感染中具有较好预防效果的有尾噬菌体目(Caudovirales)肌尾噬菌体科(Myoviridae)绒山羊源大肠杆菌烈性噬菌体,本研究为绒山羊噬菌体生物制剂的创制奠定了基础。     

一株裂解性奶牛乳房炎源大肠杆菌噬菌体的分离鉴定及生物学特性分析

【目的】从新疆石河子地区奶牛粪样中分离裂解性大肠杆菌噬菌体(Escherichia coli phage),对其进行纯化及生物学特性分析。【方法】利用双层平板法从奶牛粪样中分离、纯化噬菌体,将纯化后的噬菌体浓缩液用醋酸双氧铀负染后通过透射电子显微镜观察其形态特征。对该噬菌体进行全基因组测序和遗传进化分析,同时测定噬菌体的宿主谱、最佳感染复数、一步生长曲线、热稳定性及酸碱稳定性。【结果】分离并纯化出一株裂解性噬菌体vB_EcoM_XJ2,噬菌斑圆形不透明,直径0.7 mm–1.2 mm;电镜显示其头部呈正多面体对称,有可伸缩性尾部;核酸类型为双链DNA,基因组大小为75.617 kb,G+C%含量为42.09%;其核酸序列与大肠杆菌噬菌体NJ01和vB_EcoP_SU10相似性高达94%。生物学特性研究显示该噬菌体能裂解多株临床分离的大肠杆菌;能耐受60°C左右高温,在pH 5.0–11.0范围内效价稳定;最佳感染复数为0.1,潜伏期为15 min,暴发期为95 min,裂解量约为10.6 PFU/cell。【结论】vB_EcoM_XJ2是一株在不同温度、不同酸碱性环境中有较强适应能力的裂解性肌尾科大肠杆菌噬菌体。     

一株强裂解性大肠杆菌T1样噬菌体新成员的分离与鉴定

【目的】自然界中噬菌体种类繁多,其裂菌功能在针对细菌耐药方面具有潜在应用价值。不同噬菌体也呈现出显著的基因多样性及宿主特异性。从上海某猪场仔猪肠内容物样品中分离、纯化大肠杆菌的裂解性噬菌体,分析其生物学特性和病毒学特征,为探索应用噬菌体治疗细菌性感染提供研究材料。【方法】采用双层琼脂平板法分离、纯化噬菌体,观察噬菌斑特征,通过电镜观察噬菌体形态特征,测定其裂菌谱、最佳感染复数、一步生长曲线和生物学特性,进行噬菌体全基因组测序和遗传进化分析。【结果】分离、纯化获得一株能高效裂解大肠杆菌K-12菌株的噬菌体,命名为v B_Eco S_SH2(SH2),噬菌斑呈圆形、大而透明、边缘整齐。电镜观察SH2的头部呈二十面体立体对称,尾部较长。噬菌体的潜伏期为10 min,暴发期为60 min,裂解量高达121 PFU/感染细胞,其最佳感染复数为0.1。基因组测序和比对结果表明,SH2的核酸类型为ds DNA,基因组全长为49 088 bp,G+C%含量为45%,Gen Bank登录号为KY985004,结合电镜观察及BLASTp分析,确定其属于有尾噬菌体目长尾噬菌体科成员。同源性及进化分析表明,该噬菌体为大肠杆菌T1样噬菌体的新成员。【结论】分离鉴定了一株裂解效率极高的大肠杆菌T1样噬菌体,并确认其为T1样噬菌体新成员,为研究大肠杆菌噬菌体及其抗菌应用提供了新的实验材料。     

粪肠球菌噬菌体vB_E. faecalis_IME196的生物学特性及其全基因组分析

【目的】从医院污水中分离一株能裂解多耐药粪肠球菌的噬菌体,分析该噬菌体的生物学特性,并进行全基因组测序和分析,为治疗和控制多耐药粪肠球菌感染提供基础。【方法】以耐药粪肠球菌为宿主,从医院污水分离噬菌体,双层平板法检测噬菌体效价、最佳感染复数(MOI)和一步生长曲线,纯化后负染法电镜观察噬菌体形态;蛋白酶K/SDS法提取噬菌体全基因组,酶切处理后琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析,使用Ion Torrent测序平台进行噬菌体全基因组测序,测序后进行噬菌体全基因组序列组装、注释、进化分析和比较分析。【结果】分离到一株粪肠球菌噬菌体,命名为v B_E.faecalis_IME196(IME196);其最佳感染复数为0.01,一步生长曲线显示IME196的潜伏期为30 min,暴发量为50 PFU,电镜观察该噬菌体为长尾噬菌体,结合BLASTp分析确定其属于尾病毒目长尾噬菌体科,基因测序表明,噬菌体IME196核酸类型为DNA,基因组全长为38 895 bp,G+C含量为33.9%。【结论】分离鉴定一株粪肠球菌噬菌体,进行了全基因组测序和分析,为以后预防和控制粪肠球菌的感染提供了一个新的途径,为噬菌体治疗多重耐药细菌奠定了基础。     

粘质沙雷菌裂解性噬菌体ФSM9-3Y的分离和鉴定

目的从医院污水中分离粘质沙雷菌噬菌体,并分析其生物学特性,为进一步研究针对耐药性粘质沙雷菌的噬菌体制剂提供依据。方法采用双层琼脂平板法分离纯化针对粘质沙雷菌的裂解性噬菌体,观察噬菌体对宿主菌的裂解特异性,通过负染法电镜观察噬菌体的形态结构,提取噬菌体核酸进行酶切电泳,测定噬菌体的最佳感染复数和一步生长曲线,SDS-PAGE电泳初步分析噬菌体的结构蛋白和非结构蛋白。结果从医院污水分离出7株可裂解粘质沙雷菌的噬菌体,对其中一株噬菌体(命名为ФSM9-3Y)的生物学特征进行了初步研究。电镜显示噬菌体呈蝌蚪状,头部为20面体立体对称、直径约70 nm;尾部长约50 nm。ФSM9-3Y的最佳感染复数为1。一步生长曲线表明;ФSM9-3Y的潜伏期约30 min,暴发时间70 min,暴发量为629 PFU/cell。凝胶电泳显示噬菌体基因组为双链DNA、大小约54 kb。SDS-PAGE呈现至少包括13种蛋白,相对分子质量范围在25～130 kD,其中主要蛋白的相对分子质量约为48 kD。结论此次分离的噬菌体ФSM9-3Y为裂解性噬菌体,根据形态和结构特征,粘质沙雷菌噬菌体ФSM9-3Y属于有尾病毒目,肌尾噬菌体科。     

一株粪肠球菌噬菌体的分离及其生物学特性研究

目的:利用临床耐药粪肠球菌分离裂解性噬菌体,为应用噬菌体治疗耐药粪肠球菌感染提供基础。方法:利用噬菌斑实验分离噬菌体并观察噬菌斑形态;双层平板培养法测定噬菌体效价、最佳感染复数及一步生长曲线;负染法电镜观察噬菌体形态;蛋白酶K/SDS法提取噬菌体基因组,酶切处理后琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析。结果:分离出一株噬菌体IME-EF1,该噬菌体能裂解多株临床分离的粪肠球菌;电镜观察呈蝌蚪形,最佳感染复数为1;通过绘制一步生长曲线,证明该噬菌体感染后的潜伏期为25 min,爆发期为35 min,裂解量为60 pfu。结论:研究结果表明利用临床分离的耐药粪肠球菌分离裂解性噬菌体是可行的,有望为耐药粪肠球菌的抗生素替代疗法奠定基础。     

一株宽谱裂解性溶藻弧菌噬菌体ФV170的分离鉴定及生物学特性

【背景】溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)是水产养殖中重要的条件致病菌,对海水养殖业造成了极大的危害。传统的抗生素疗法引发的耐药问题已经成为全球面临的严峻挑战之一,而作为可替代抗生素的噬菌体疗法已被证实能够有效治疗弧菌病。【目的】深入研究溶藻弧菌噬菌体ФV170的生物学特性,为该菌株在水产动物病害控制中的应用提供数据支持。【方法】以溶藻弧菌V170为宿主菌,采用斑点法从凡纳滨对虾养殖水体中筛选噬菌体,并以双层平板法对噬菌体进行纯化、生长、效价等方面的研究;利用电镜观察噬菌体形态;通过酶切方法分析噬菌体的基因组大小及其类型。【结果】分离得到一株宽谱裂解性噬菌体ФV170,其噬菌斑边缘整齐且通透,12 h直径达1.5 mm。鉴定结果显示,噬菌体ФV170头部为正廿面体的立体对称结构,直径为60 nm-65 nm,尾部长为65 nm-75 nm,宽14 nm-18 nm,核酸类型为dsDNA,基因组大小约为45 kb,对氯仿不敏感,属于有尾噬菌体目(Caudovirales)肌尾噬菌体科(Myoviridae)。此外,噬菌体ФV170可裂解15株溶藻弧菌中的7株,属于种内宽谱;最佳感染复数为0.01;一步生长曲线显示潜伏期为10 min,裂解量为101.3;对65°C以上温度敏感。【结论】分离得到一株宽谱裂解性溶藻弧菌噬菌体,该噬菌体具有治疗海水养殖过程中溶藻弧菌病的潜力。     

林麝源铜绿假单胞菌噬菌体vB＿PaeM＿PAMD02的生物学特性与全基因组序列分析

【背景】圈养林麝一半以上的死亡是由铜绿假单胞菌引起的化脓性疾病导致。另外,由于细菌的抗性增加,噬菌体是继抗生素后的另一抗菌选择。【目的】以分离自病死林麝肺脏的铜绿假单胞菌为宿主菌分离一株噬菌体,对其进行生物学特性、全基因组序列分析与体内抑菌试验。【方法】通过双层平板法分离纯化一株裂解性噬菌体,测定其裂解谱、最佳感染复数、一步生长曲线、热稳定性、最适生长pH等生物学特性,通过电镜观察其具体形态,进行全基因组测序与序列分析,并进行小鼠体内抑菌试验。【结果】分离到一株裂解性铜绿假单胞菌噬菌体并命名为vB＿PaeM＿PAMD02,该噬菌体具有透明且边缘清晰无晕环的噬菌斑,其裂解谱较窄,最佳感染复数为0.1,裂解潜伏期为40 min,裂解暴发量较高,热稳定性较高,可耐受弱碱环境。其全基因组大小为66 264 bp,GC含量为55.59%,序列注释结果显示该噬菌体具有92个开放阅读框,不含毒力与耐药基因,属于肌尾噬菌体科。小鼠体内抑菌试验结果显示了PAMD02对其宿主菌良好的抑菌效果。【结论】本研究分离的噬菌体PAMD02有较高的裂解效率,对不利环境有较好的耐受性,不含毒力基因与耐药基因,具有应用...     

粪肠球菌噬菌体vB_EfaP_IME195的生物学特性及其全基因组分析

【目的】以粪肠球菌为宿主菌,从医院的污水中筛选出相应的粪肠球菌噬菌体v B_Efa P_IME195,简称IME195,研究其生物学特性;并通过高通量测序得到其全基因组,深入研究其基因组学特征。【方法】以临床的耐药粪肠球菌为宿主菌,利用医院污水筛选噬菌体并纯化;对噬菌体IME195生物学特性进行了深入研究,包括电镜观察噬菌体形态、最佳感染复数、一步生长曲线、噬菌体IME195对紫外线的敏感度、对温度的耐受程度、对p H的耐受程度、对氯仿是否敏感;通过蛋白酶K/SDS法提取噬菌体IME195全基因组;Ion Torrent高通量测序;测序后进行噬菌体全基因组序列组装、注释、进化分析和比较分析。【结果】通过噬菌体梯度稀释,双层培养基平板法得到噬菌斑边缘分明、斑体透明的裂解性噬菌体IME195,最佳感染复数为0.01,一步生长曲线显示IME195的潜伏期为30 min,暴发量为11。该噬菌体对紫外线比较敏感,对5%浓度的氯仿不敏感,噬菌体对高温比较敏感,该噬菌体在p H 6.0-8.0范围内具有良好的裂解活性;电镜观察结果显示该噬菌体属于尾病毒目短尾噬菌体科;全基因组分析表明:噬菌体IME195基因组大小只有18 607 bp(Gen Bank登录号为KT932700),G+C含量仅为33%。BLASTn比对结果表明,该噬菌体和Gen Bank中的噬菌体v B_Efae230P-4只有82%的相似性。对噬菌体IME195进行了全基因组功能注释和进化分析。【结论】分离鉴定了一株粪肠球菌噬菌体,进行了生物学特性、全基因组测序和生物信息学深入分析,为噬菌体治疗多重耐药细菌奠定了基础。     

屎肠球菌噬菌体vB_EfaS_29生物学特性及基因组分析

【背景】随着屎肠球菌耐药性越来越严重,亟需筛选获得新的、裂解效率高且遗传背景清晰的裂解性噬菌体,丰富噬菌体资源,为噬菌体疗法提供可用的菌株。【目的】从江苏省南京市西岗奶牛场粪便样品中分离出一株裂解性屎肠球菌噬菌体,研究其生物学特性及分析基因组学特征。【方法】通过双层平板法对其进行纯化,观察噬菌斑特征,透射电镜观察噬菌体形态,测定一步生长曲线、pH耐受性、温度耐受性以及最佳感染复数,对噬菌体进行全基因组测序及遗传进化分析。【结果】分离并纯化的一株裂解性屎肠球菌噬菌体命名为vB_EfaS_29,其噬菌斑圆形透亮,外周无晕环。该噬菌体头部呈二十面体,头部直径约52.4 nm,尾长约157.1 nm,为长尾噬菌体科。该噬菌体的最佳感染复数为0.1,最高耐受温度为70℃左右,当pH值在6.0-9.0时其效价稳定。一步生长曲线表明,其潜伏期为10 min,暴发期约为50 min,暴发量为80。基因组全长41 014 bp,GC含量为34.99%,共有63个开放阅读框(Open Reading Frame,ORF),其中36个被注释出已知基因,基因组中不含毒力基因、耐药基因及整合基因。进化分析显示以裂解酶编码氨基酸为靶标对比,该噬菌体与GenBank上的粪肠球菌噬菌体vB_EfaS_DELF1相似性大于99%,但是以噬菌体衣壳蛋白编码氨基酸为靶标比对发现,该噬菌体肠球菌与其他噬菌体遗传距离均较远。【结论】分离出一株裂解性屎肠球菌噬菌体,对其进行生物学特性及基因组分析,为噬菌体研究和应用提供理论依据及研究基础。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.