纳帕海高原湿地浮游病毒丰度及其与可溶性有机碳关系

【背景】浮游病毒在有机碳循环中具有重要作用。【目的】研究纳帕海高原湿地不同季节水样及土样中的浮游病毒和细菌丰度,并分析不同季节浮游病毒丰度与可溶性有机碳的关系。【方法】利用荧光显微镜技术检测不同季节水样中浮游病毒和细菌丰度,利用流式细胞仪技术检测不同季节土壤样品中病毒颗粒和细菌丰度。【结果】雨季所有样品浮游细菌和浮游病毒丰度分别为3.38×10~6/mL和4.38×10~7/mL,旱季所有样品的浮游细菌和浮游病毒丰度分别为8.85×10~5/mL和9.66×10~6/mL,浮游细菌和浮游病毒丰度年平均值分别为2.13×10~6/mL和2.67×10~7/mL。不同季节浮游细菌和浮游病毒的丰度有显著性差异,雨季明显高于旱季(P0.01)。雨季细菌碳产量为8.01μg C/(L·h),旱季为10.30μg C/(L·h)。雨季浮游病毒裂解细菌贡献的可溶性有机碳(Dissolved organic carbon,DOC)占总DOC库的32.38%-76.38%,而旱季为8.23%-47.87%。【结论】浮游病毒在纳帕海高原湿地有机碳循环中具有重要作用。     

纳帕海高原湿地浮游病毒丰度及与环境因子相关性研究

目的利用EFM技术对纳帕海湿地不同季节7个水样样品中的浮游病毒丰度开展了调查,并对影响浮游病毒丰度的环境因子进行了相关性分析。方法元素检测,叶绿素a检测,荧光显微镜检测浮游细菌及浮游病毒的丰度。结果从生态分布上来看旱季和雨季浮游病毒丰度的平均值分别为3.63×10~6/mL和3.71×10~7/mL,浮游病毒丰度季节性变化不显著。从对影响浮游病毒丰度的环境因子相关性分析来看,旱季浮游病毒与Chl-a具有弱负相关性(r=0.49,P0.05);而雨季浮游病毒丰度与Chl-a具有显著正相关性(r=0.37,P0.05),表明雨季纳帕海湿地浮游病毒丰度受Chl-a含量的影响较大。旱季浮游病毒丰度与温度显著负相关,虽然在雨季浮游病毒丰度与温度也呈负相关,但并不显著;在雨季,水体pH变化较明显,而浮游病毒丰度与水体pH呈显著负相关,表明湿地的来水主要在雨季,而离子组成变化大。虽然在雨季和旱季,从多点采样的平均值来看浮游病毒丰度并无明显差异,但从一些局部的采样点来看,雨季的浮游病毒丰度显著高于旱季,说明在纳帕海区域浮游病毒的分布并不平均,因采样点环境的不同会产生明显的区别。结论对纳帕海高原湿地浮游病毒生态分布的调查,是对该地域生态学研究的补充,使得这一独特地理环境的微生物研究更加系统化。     

淡水湿地浮游病毒的空间分布

在2006年3～7月间,对湖北省内15个营养水平不同的湿地水体中浮游病毒的分布规律开展了大规模研究.采用荧光显微直接计数法测定了浮游病毒丰度,同时还测量水体透明度、水温、pH、总氮、总磷、COD、叶绿素a浓度及活菌数. 结果显示,浮游病毒丰度不但与活菌数和叶绿素a浓度显著相关(P<0.05),而且也与COD和水温极显著相关(P<0.01),这一结果说明有机物浓度和水温分别是决定淡水湿地中浮游病毒空间和时间分布的重要因素. 进一步的分析还表明在富营养化水体中,浮游病毒与活菌数的相关性(P<0.05)高于与叶绿素a浓度的相关性(P>0.05),说明噬菌体(而不是浮游植物病毒)是富营养化水体中浮游病毒的优势种类.     

江苏沿岸海域浮游病毒的时空分布

在2006.7—2007.12期间,采用SYBR Green I染色-荧光显微直接计数法,对江苏沿海海域浮游病毒丰度进行了四个季度的调查,同时调查还包括细菌丰度、叶绿素a浓度。浮游病毒水平分布呈现中间高,两侧低。苏北浅滩海域病毒含量最高,最高值为47.90×106个/mL;吕泗海域最低,最低值为0.03×106个/mL。季节变化表现为冬季最高,夏季次之,春秋季相当。垂直分布也变现为明显的季节变化,除秋季外,表层浮游病毒丰度高于底层水体。浮游病毒与细菌丰度比(VBR)为0.30—180.08,平均为18.35。春季浮游病毒与叶绿素a、细菌之间均存在较强的相关性,相关系数分别为0.79和0.74(P<0.01);而在秋季,浮游病毒只与细菌有较强的相关性(r=0.79,P<0.01),这说明不同季节,浮游病毒的主要宿主会发生变化。     

模拟水流扰动对香溪河库湾浮游病毒-宿主动态的影响

【背景】浮游病毒是淡水生态系统的重要组成部分,在调节浮游细菌和藻类群落结构及调控系统物质循环过程中起着重要的作用。水库具有不同于湖泊的水动力过程,产生的扰动可能影响浮游病毒的调控功能。【目的】研究水力扰动对浮游病毒-宿主动态的影响,为阐释水库生境下浮游病毒生态功能提供理论依据。【方法】以香溪河库湾原水为材料,模拟不同流速扰动对病毒-宿主动态的影响;通过病毒丰度、宿主丰度、宿主裂解率、宿主溶源诱导率等参数的变化反映这种动态变化过程,并分析其与环境因子间的关系。【结果】0.05 m/s和0.10 m/s的流速扰动强度对浮游植物和浮游细菌生长有显著促进作用,但扰动对浮游病毒丰度的影响不显著;扰动能促进病毒介导的浮游植物和细菌裂解率上升,而且0.05 m/s扰动强度的促进作用大于0.10 m/s;同时,扰动显著降低了浮游植物溶源诱导率,但引起浮游细菌溶源诱导率的显著上升(P<0.05)。【结论】模拟扰动对浮游病毒-宿主动态过程产生了显著的影响,表明水库浮游病毒维持种群延续的生态策略可能与湖泊浮游病毒存在差异。     

东太湖地区湿地水质与浮游细菌群落结构关联性研究北大核心

[目的]考察东太湖地区湿地水质与浮游细菌群落结构之间的关联,探索对湿地水质具有指示作用的微生物。[方法]应用高通量测序研究浮游细菌群落结构;通过相关性分析考察了浮游细菌群落多样性与水质的关联,并运用LEf Se分析定位不同水质水样的标志微生物。[结果]东太湖湿地浮游细菌主要分布于放线菌门(相对丰度34.78%)、变形菌门(26.30%)及蓝细菌门(19.28%)等7个门;水质指标综合得分与浮游细菌群落香农-威纳指数和辛普森指数分别显著相关(r=-0.597,p<0.05;r=0.694,p<0.01);蓝细菌门与伯克氏菌科的相对丰度在不同水质水样中差异最为显著(LDA得分>4.0)。[结论]东太湖地区,较高的浮游细菌多样性表征较好的湿地水质;蓝细菌相对丰度较高(27.80%)指示湿地水质较差,而伯克氏菌相对丰度较高(5.48%)指示湿地水质相对较好。     

三峡库区典型支流浮游细菌的生态分布及其影响因素

2013年夏季对三峡库区3条典型支流朱衣河、梅溪河、草堂河进行了采样调查,分析了浮游细菌丰度的分布特征及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明:浮游细菌丰度在调查的水体中存在明显空间差异,变化范围为0.53×105~10.55×105个·m L-1,平均值为2.71×105个·m L-1;平均细菌丰度从大到小依次为梅溪河、朱衣河、长江干流和草堂河;3条支流浮游细菌丰度垂向分布特征均表现为表层中层底层。相关性分析表明,溶解氧、p H、叶绿素a与浮游细菌丰度具有显著的相关性,为该水域浮游细菌丰度空间分布的主要限制因子。根据浮游细菌丰度,各调查水域均处于富营养状态。     

仿刺参养殖池塘浮游病毒丰度与环境因子的相关性分析

为了揭示仿刺参养殖池塘生态系统中浮游病毒与环境因子的关系,于2008年3—11月对大连市谢屯地区的仿刺参养殖池塘中的浮游病毒丰度进行了定期检测,同时对水温、pH、溶解氧、盐度、叶绿素a含量、化学需氧量、无机氮、活性磷酸盐、异养细菌等因子进行了监测,对浮游病毒丰度与这些环境因子之间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明:仿刺参养殖池塘中浮游病毒的平均丰度为8.32×1010VLPs.L-1(最高值为4月的18.2×1010VLPs.L-1,最低值为11月的1.31×1010VLPs.L-1),外海水中浮游病毒平均丰度为6.45×1010VLPs.L-1(最高值为4月的12.6×1010VLPs.L-1,最低值为6月的2.02×1010VLPs.L-1),仿刺参养殖池塘中营养盐、水温、pH及盐度对浮游病毒丰度的影响较大,而外海水中叶绿素a和异养细菌对浮游病毒丰度的影响较大。     

深圳近海表层浮游细菌分布特征及其环境影响因素

于2015年3月、5月、8月和10月在深圳市近岸海域(珠江口、深圳湾和大亚湾)采集表层水样,利用流式细胞仪测定总浮游细菌、高DNA含量亚群细菌(HNA)、低DNA含量亚群细菌(LNA)的丰度,分析它们的时空分布特点,阐释环境因子对浮游细菌时空分布格局的影响。结果表明,珠江口、深圳湾和大亚湾海域表层浮游细菌的平均丰度依次降低,分别为3.82×10~6个/mL、7.67×10~6个/mL和3.38×10~6个/mL。珠江口海域浮游细菌丰度由远岸到近岸递增,深圳湾海域湾内各站位浮游细菌丰度差异较小,大亚湾海域浮游细菌丰度空间差异不显著(P0.05)。浮游细菌丰度时间差异主要受温度影响,空间差异主要受营养盐和叶绿素a影响。HNA亚群丰度时空差异性比LNA亚群的大,HNA亚群受温度影响显著(P0.01),而LNA亚群与温度相关性不显著(P0.05)。环境对HNA和LNA亚群丰度的影响有许多相似之处,但两者对某些环境因子有着不同的响应,说明它们在近海表层生态系统中可能扮演着部分重叠但略有不同的角色。     

纳帕海高原湿地真菌群落多样性和组成的分布

【背景】位于滇西北的纳帕海高原湿地,是我国唯一的低纬度、高海拔、季节性半封闭型高原湿地。真菌在湿地生态系统的维持和稳定中发挥着特殊作用,然而关于纳帕海高原湿地真菌群落多样性和组成的研究目前仍无报道。【目的】对纳帕海高原湿地不同季节和土壤类型真菌群落多样性和组成及与环境因子的关系开展系统研究分析,促进对高原湿地微生物多样性的深入认识。【方法】采用荧光定量PCR和高通量测序技术,分析了纳帕海高原湿地不同季节和土壤类型中真菌的数量、群落多样性和组成及其与环境因子的关系。【结果】真菌数量级的变化对于人为干扰下的湿地土壤退化是敏感的响应指标。在真菌群落组成中,约有60%以上未确定的分类信息,40%有确定分类信息的包括6个门17个纲37个目53个科63个属,大部分分类信息集中在Ascomycota门,相对优势属为Gibberella。通过分类水平、OTU水平和β多样性分析比较,在纳帕海高原湿地整体真菌群落多样性和组成受季节变化影响不显著,但不同土壤类型的变化呈显著差异,推测是由于不同采样区植物根际效应和种类的影响。CCA (Canonical correlation analysis)分析表明,在不同采样区受不同土壤理化因子的影响。【结论】揭示了纳帕海高原湿地土壤真菌群落多样性和组成的区域特征,从微生物学角度进一步提出了对纳帕海高原湿地环境保护和恢复的重要性。     

纳帕海高原湿地噬藻体g20基因系统发育多样性分析

【背景】噬藻体是感染蓝藻的病毒,是水生系统的重要组成部分。它们对宿主种群死亡率有重要影响,是控制蓝藻水华生消的潜在因子,对蓝藻群落结构的调控具有重要意义。大量研究揭示了海洋和淡水环境中噬藻体的高度多样性,但目前对高原湿地中噬藻体的多样性知之甚少。【目的】阐明我国纳帕海高原湿地噬藻体g20基因的遗传多样性,为进一步开展高原湿地微生物资源及其生态功能研究提供理论基础。【方法】采集雨季的水体样品,以衣壳蛋白基因g20为标记基因,利用特异性引物Cps1和Cps8对其进行PCR扩增,得到26条不同的g20基因有效序列,并将其与其他生境中g20基因序列进行主坐标分析和系统发育分析。【结果】与其他海洋和淡水的噬藻体序列相比,纳帕海高原湿地中噬藻体的序列与其他稻田序列更为相近;但也存在部分序列单独聚簇,这可能为纳帕海高原湿地中独有的噬藻体类型。【结论】表明该地区的噬藻体较丰富,并具有一定的独特性。     

Dynamic of Virioplankton Abundance and Its Environmental Control in the Charente Estuary (France)

The Charente River provides nutrient- and virus-rich freshwater input to the Marennes Oléron Basin, the largest oyster-producing region in Europe. To evaluate virioplankton distribution in the Charente Estuary and identify which environmental variables control dynamic of virioplankton abundance, five stations defined by a salinity gradient (0–0.5, 0.6–5, 13–17, 20–24, and higher than 30 PSU) were surveyed over a year. Viral abundance was related to bacterioplankton abundance and activities, photosynthetic pigments, nutrient concentration, and physical parameters (temperature and salinity). On a spatial scale, virus displayed a decreasing pattern seaward with abundance ranging over the sampling period from 1.4 × 10⁷ to 20.8 × 10⁷ viruses mL⁻¹ making virioplankton the most abundant component of planktonic microorganisms in the Charente Estuary. A good correlation was found between viral and bacterial abundance (r_s = 0.85). Furthermore, bacterial abundance was the most important predictor of viral abundance explaining alone between 66% (winter) and 76% (summer) of viral variability. However, no relation existed between viral abundance and chlorophyll a. Temporal variations in viral distributions were mainly controlled by temperature through the control of bacterial dynamics. Spatial variations of viral abundance were influenced by hydrodynamic conditions especially during the winter season where virioplankton distribution was entirely driven by mixing processes.     

基于宏基因组分析纳帕海高原湿地微生物及其碳氮代谢多样性

由于地理位置特殊和生态系统类型的复杂多样性,高原湿地在水源供给、温室气体调节、生物多样性保护等方面具有不可忽视的生态作用。纳帕海高原湿地是特殊的低纬度高海拔湿地类型,目前关于其微生物多样性的研究较少。文中基于宏基因组学方法对纳帕海高原湿地微生物的基因组进行测序,在细菌域中鉴定出184个门、3 262个属、24 260个种;在古菌域中检测到13个门、32个属;在真菌域中共有13个门、47个属。土壤和水体的物种多样性具有明显差异：在门水平上,土壤中酸杆菌门、变形菌门和放线菌门为优势菌门,水体则以变形菌门和拟杆菌门为主。通过宏基因组分析获得纳帕海微生物群落的多样性数据,并对高原湿地中固碳途径和氮代谢途径进行了初步分析。研究表明碳、氮代谢基因丰度较高,湿地微生物固碳途径主要以卡尔文循环、还原性三羧酸循环和3-羟基丙酸循环为主,变形菌门、绿弯菌门、泉古菌门为主要固碳菌群;对于氮循环,水中以固氮和异化硝酸盐还原过程为主,土壤则以硝化和反硝化过程为主,变形菌门、硝化螺旋菌门、疣微菌门、放线菌门、奇古菌门和广古菌门的微生物为氮循环的主要贡献者。本研究揭示的纳帕海高原湿地微生物多样性,为湿地环境的综合治理和保护提供了新的知识。     

Phytoplankton community structure and environment in the Kenyan waters of Lake Victoria

• 1 Phytoplankton species composition, numerical abundance, spatial distribution and total biomass measured as chlorophyll a concentration were studied in relation to environmental factors in September 1994 (dry season) and March 1995 (rainy season), respectively, in the Kenyan waters of Lake Victoria; 103 species were recorded.
• 2 Blue‐green algae (Cyanophyceae) were most diverse, followed by diatoms (Bacillariophyceae), green algae (Chlorophyceae) and dinoflagellates (Dinophyceae).
• 3 Twinspan separated the phytoplankton communities in the Nyanza Gulf and those in the open lake during both seasons. During the dry season, the Nyanza Gulf was strongly dominated by blue‐greens, while diatoms dominated in the open lake. During the rainy season, blue‐greens remained dominant in the Nyanza Gulf although the number of species found was lower than during the dry season; in the open lake, blue‐greens replaced diatoms as the dominant group and there were more species than in the dry season.
• 4 Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that the phytoplankton species distribution was significantly correlated with turbidity during the dry season and with SiO₂ during the rainy season. Chlorophyll a concentrations ranging from 2.0 to 71.5 mg m^‐3 in the dry season and 2.0–17.2 mg m^‐3 in the rainy season confirm earlier reports of increasing phytoplankton biomass in Lake Victoria since the 1960s.

     

Drivers of interannual variability in virioplankton abundance at the coastal western Antarctic peninsula and the potential effects of climate change

An 8‐year time‐series in the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) with an approximately weekly sampling frequency was used to elucidate changes in virioplankton abundance and their drivers in this climatically sensitive region. Virioplankton abundances at the coastal WAP show a pronounced seasonal cycle with interannual variability in the timing and magnitude of the summer maxima. Bacterioplankton abundance is the most influential driving factor of the virioplankton, and exhibit closely coupled dynamics. Sea ice cover and duration predetermine levels of phytoplankton stock and thus, influence virioplankton by dictating the substrates available to the bacterioplankton. However, variations in the composition of the phytoplankton community and particularly the prominence of Diatoms inferred from silicate drawdown, drive interannual differences in the magnitude of the virioplankton bloom; likely again mediated through changes in the bacterioplankton. Their findings suggest that future warming within the WAP will cause changes in sea ice that will influence viruses and their microbial hosts through changes in the timing, magnitude and composition of the phytoplankton bloom. Thus, the flow of matter and energy through the viral shunt may be decreased with consequences for the Antarctic food web and element cycling.     

Communities of bacteria and viruses in waters of the Gulf of Ob and Taz Estuary

The study of the most abundant components in freshwater plankton in the Gulf of Ob and Taz Estuary in the summer–autumn season has demonstrated that the abundance and biomass of bacteria are stable and typical for mesotrophic waters during active microalgae vegetation. The abundance of viral particles varies in the range which is reported for unproductive or medium-productive water bodies. The environmental factors affecting affect the development and patterns of bacterio- and virioplankton distribution are considered.     

Spatial distribution and morphologic diversity of virioplankton in Lake Donghu, China

The spatial distribution and morphological diversity of virioplankton were determined in Lake Donghu which contains three trophic regions: hypertrophic, eutrophic and mesotrophic region. Virioplankton abundance measured by transmission electron microscope (TEM) ranged from 7.7 × 10⁸ to 3.0 × 10⁹ ml^–1, being among the highest observed in any natural aquatic system examined so far. The spatial distribution of virioplankton was correlated significantly with chlorophyll a concentration (r = 0.847; P < 0.01) at the sampling sites in Lake Donghu. 76 morphotypes were observed. Most morphotypes have tails, belonging to Siphoviridae, Myoviridae and Podoviridae. The majority of tailed phages in the lake were Myoviridae. Morphotypes which were rarely reported, such as prolate-headed virus-like particles, lemon-shaped virus-like particle, and viruses resembling Tectiviridae and Corticoviridae were all observed in the lake. It is concluded that the high viral abundance might be associated with high density of phytoplankton including algae and cyanobacteria. There was high viral diversity in this eutrophic shallow lake. In addition, cyanophage represented an important fraction of the virioplankton community in Lake Donghu.