人偏肺病毒F蛋白与细胞融合机制研究进展

人偏肺病毒(Human metapneumovirus,hMPV)是一种新发呼吸道病毒。hMPV感染可引起广泛的呼吸道疾病,目前已越来越受到人们的重视。多数副粘病毒与宿主细胞膜的融合过程依赖吸附蛋白和融合蛋白的共同参与。hMPV的特别之处在于其融合蛋白(F)既可以结合受体,又可以介导膜融合。本文从hMPV包膜表面具有双重功能的F蛋白入手,简要介绍F蛋白的结构和生理功能,重点阐述F蛋白介导的细胞融合机制和特性,对近几年来国内外研究进展进行了回顾与展望。     

北京地区人偏肺病毒膜表面糖蛋白G编码基因和特征的分析

为了解北京地区人偏肺病毒(hMPV)膜表面糖蛋白G编码基因的特征,提取2003年和2004年各6份hMPV阳性的临床呼吸道标本中的RNA,经用随机引物合成cDNA后,用特异性引物扩增G蛋白全基因,克隆至pBS-T载体中并进行测序。用生物软件与GenBank中hMPV的基因序列进行比较和种系进化分析。12株hMPV可以分为两个主要的进化簇1和2。每个进化簇还可以再分为不同的亚进化簇。3株(2003年)hMPV属于进化簇1;9株(3株2003年和6株2004年)hMPV属于进化簇2。这12株hMPV G蛋白基因的核苷酸长度在624~711nt,使用了两种不同的终止密码,编码的氨基酸长度为208~236 aa,蛋白质分子量为22.9~25.8kD。与进化簇2相比,进化簇1的3株hMPV都出现了3个核苷酸的缺失,但未改变读码框架。同一进化簇内的hMPV G蛋白基因核苷酸和氨基酸的同源性分别为95.7%~100%和91.8%~100%,不同进化簇间的核苷酸和氨基酸的同源性分别为56.3%~57.4%和34.3%~38.2%。疏水性分析表明这12株hMPV G蛋白是典型的Ⅱ型跨膜锚定蛋白,分别与两个进化簇代表株的疏水图一致。这些hMPV的G蛋白氨基酸的替换集中在胞外区。它们都含有高百分比的脯氨酸(P)、丝氨酸(S)和苏氨酸(T),含有相当数量的位于胞外区的O-连接糖基化位点。这些hMPV的G蛋白的N-连接糖基化位点数目和位置不尽相同。通过对G蛋白基因的分析显示,2003年和2004年北京地区流行的hMPV分属于两种不同的进化簇。基因分析显示hMPV的G蛋白是高糖基化的膜表面蛋白,具有与同属于副粘病毒科、肺病毒亚科的人呼吸道合胞病毒(hRSV)的G蛋白相似的基因特征,推测其功能和在感染免疫中的作用相当于hRSV的G蛋白,但有待进一步深入研究予以证实。     

人偏肺病毒融合蛋白F的原核表达及初步应用

为了探讨人偏肺病毒(hMPV)融合蛋白(F)在原核表达系统中的表达效果及其应用价值,用大肠杆菌表达系统表达hMPV F1亚单位蛋白并用镍柱(Ni-NTA)进行亲和层析纯化,并以其为抗原,用Western Blot方法进行人血清抗体检测的探索。根据F蛋白的疏水性、抗原位点和表面可及性的预测结果选择F1亚单位为目标区域,在大肠杆菌BL21中分别得到了带有6个组氨酸(His)标记的不同基因型hMPV的F1亚单位蛋白的高效表达,目的蛋白大小约37.0 kD,主要以包涵体形式存在。Western Blot检测显示表达的目的蛋白可以特异性地结合抗hMPV的豚鼠多克隆抗体以及确定为hMPV急性感染患者的血清,而且与副粘病毒科肺病毒属的呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)和副流感病毒(PIV)(2和3型)之间没有交叉反应,显示表达的F1蛋白的特异性和抗原性良好。应用该表达蛋白进行部分人群血清抗体检测的探索,结果显示人群血清抗hMPV-F蛋白的IgG抗体总阳性率约为66%~67%,0~2岁组的血清抗体阳性率随年龄增长呈现逐渐下降趋势,新生儿的抗体阳性率最高,达85%左右,>1岁~2岁组幼儿阳性率最低,提示母传抗体的存在。随后各年龄组人群随年龄的增长血清抗体阳性率逐渐增高,>60岁年龄组人群抗体水平最高,上述结果提示<2岁儿童为hMPV的易感人群。     

非洲猪瘟病毒编码蛋白功能研究进展

非洲猪瘟(African swine fever,ASF)是非洲猪瘟病毒(African swine fever virus,ASFV)感染家猪或野猪引起的一种急性、出血性、高度接触性传染病,其特征是病程短、高热和出血性病变,急性感染死亡率高达100%,严重威胁全球养猪业但目前尚未开发出有效的疫苗和治疗方法。ASFV是非洲猪瘟病毒科非洲猪瘟病毒属的唯一成员,为大型双链DNA病毒,主要在巨噬细胞胞质中复制,其基因组约170?193 kb,含有150?167个开放阅读框,编码150?200种蛋白质。目前已知功能的病毒编码蛋白约有50个,大部分为病毒的结构蛋白,仍有一半以上的ASFV编码蛋白功能尚不清楚。除结构蛋白以外,病毒含有完整的酶和与病毒转录有关的因子,编码调节宿主细胞功能及与病毒免疫逃逸相关的蛋白等。本文综述了ASFV的结构蛋白、非结构蛋白以及参与免疫逃逸等相关蛋白功能的研究进展,以期为ASFV病毒蛋白研究及疫苗研发提供相关借鉴。     

人偏肺病毒疫苗研究最新进展

正人偏肺病毒(Human metapneumovirus,h MPV)和它相近的同病毒科成员呼吸道合胞病毒一样,是儿童下呼吸道感染的主要病因。h MPV也是世界范围内引起免疫功能低下者和老年人发病及死亡的常见原因。感染的反复发生也加重了医疗负担。然而,目前并没有针对h MPV的特异性预防措施。本文着重概述目前关于阐述h MPV疫苗的研究进展的文献。我们认为对宿主应答中病毒蛋白的作用更好的     

住院肺炎患儿偏肺病毒和呼吸道合胞病毒感染研究

为探讨沈阳地区肺炎患儿中偏肺病毒(hMPV)和呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)感染情况,用反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法对部分因肺部感染住院患儿进行了病原学研究。结果显示,hMPV感染率为9%;而RSV感染率为46%,其中A型占40%,B型占60%。研究结果表明,在婴幼儿肺炎患儿中RSV感染率高于hMPV感染率,两者所致肺炎在发病年龄、性别及临床症状上无显著区别。     

呼吸道合胞病毒G蛋白的相关研究

呼吸道合胞病毒G蛋白介导病毒附着在宿主细胞表面,且具有亚型间抗原结构变异大的特点,其抗原变异推测是呼吸道合胞病毒逃避已存在免疫监视,引起反复感染的原因,了解G蛋白与免疫反应的关系对研制呼吸道合胞病毒亚单位疫苗,有效地防治该病毒感染具有重要意义。     

尼帕病毒融合蛋白和受体结合蛋白基因DNA免疫的研究

构建了表达哺乳动物密码子优化的NiV囊膜蛋白F和G基因的真核表达质粒pCAGG-NiV-F和pCAGG-NiV-G.细胞融合试验表明,重组NiV融合蛋白F和受体结合蛋白G在pCAGG-NiV-F、pCAGG-NiV-G共转染BHK细胞中获得表达,并具有良好生物学活性.真核表达质粒pCAGG-NiV-F、pCAGG-NiV-G和pCAGG-NiV-F pCAGG-NiV-G DNA分别按100μg/只的剂量肌肉注射免疫6周龄BALB/c小鼠,间隔4周加强免疫,第二次加强免疫3周后采血,分离血清备用.分别以重组杆状病毒感染Sf9细胞表达的重组NiV融合蛋白(rNF)和受体结合蛋白(rNG)为包被抗原,应用间接ELISA检测上述质粒DNA免疫血清中的特异性抗体,具有较高的敏感性和特异性.另外,中和试验结果表明,DNA免疫小鼠产生的特异抗体可有效中和NiV囊膜蛋白F和G介导的伪型VSV重组病毒侵入NiV易感宿主细胞的感染性,并且受体结合蛋白G基因DNA诱导中和抗体的滴度高于融合蛋白F基因DNA.结果表明,DNA疫苗具有防制尼帕病毒性脑炎的潜力.     

近年北京人偏肺病毒基质蛋白、小疏水蛋白和粘附糖蛋白的遗传变异特征分析

为了探讨北京地区儿童中流行的人偏肺病毒(Human metapneumovirus,hMPV)结构蛋白基因特征,本研究着重对hMPV北京地区地方株的基质蛋白(Matrix protein,M)、小疏水蛋白(Small hydrophobic protein,SH)和粘附蛋白(Attachment protein,G)基因进行了基因特征的分析。本研究对2006年至2010年42株hMPV的M蛋白、49株SH蛋白和55株G蛋白基因特征进行了分析,进化分析显示北京地区流行的hMPV的这3个编码蛋白基因分别属于A2、B1和B2基因亚型。地方株M基因高度保守,A和B基因型之间存在7个氨基酸位点的变异(型内高度保守)。不同基因型(A和B)和不同基因亚型(A2和B1、A2和B2)之间的SH基因的氨基酸同源性在60.7%～64.4%之间,而同一基因亚型内的氨基酸同源性则在93.3%～100%之间;同一基因型不同基因亚型之间(B1和B2)的氨基酸同源性在84.7%～88.7%之间。不同年份不同基因亚型G蛋白具有遗传多样性,使用不同的终止密码、核苷酸缺失和插入导致其核苷酸长度不同,变异程度相当高。不同基因型和不同基因亚型之间的G基因的氨基酸同源性在34.0%～38.6%之间,同一基因亚型内的氨基酸同源性在81.5%～100%之间;同一基因型不同基因亚型之间的氨基酸同源性在64.3%～69.2%之间。2008年至2010年的B2基因亚型的毒株大多数在多个位点出现了相同的氨基酸突变,同时出现了2个氨基酸的插入或重复插入,这些毒株在B2基因亚型内形成了一个新的进化簇。抗原位点预测分析显示不同基因亚型的SH和G蛋白的抗原位点均存在差异。     

狂犬病毒G蛋白和N蛋白在痘苗病毒天坛株中共同表达

本文构建了一个能同时表达狂犬病毒糖蛋白（Ｇ）和核蛋白（Ｎ）两种蛋白的重组组痘苗病毒。用Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ ｂｌｏｔ和免疫荧光等方法证明Ｇ和Ｎ基因已重组到痘苗病毒ＴＫ基因区,而且能良好地表达。并证明该重组病毒在小鼠中具有良好的免疫效果。     

A novel 111‐nucleotide duplication in the G gene of human metapneumovirus

In 2017, novel human metapneumovirus (HMPV) A2b subgroup strains with a 111‐nucleotide duplication in the G gene was detected by the present team. These strains were related to previously identified HMPV A2b strains with a 180‐nucleotide duplication; however, they appeared to be different strains, produced by an independent duplication event. The recent evolution of HMPV suggests that careful monitoring of this virus is required.

     

G蛋白亚单位基因家族研究进展

G蛋白由α、β、γ三个亚单位组成异源三聚体。目前已发现16个α、6个β和12个γ基因。G蛋白亚单位基因家族相当保守并且原始,几乎所有G蛋白基因外显子-内含子连接均遵从GT-AG规则,并且各亚单位基因编码区内含子结构和位置显示出很高的保守性。多数G蛋白基因具有持家基因的特点。G蛋白基因在基因组中的分布存在着丛集的倾向,有5对α基因呈二联串连排列。     

Efficient isolation of human metapneumovirus using MNT‐1, a human malignant melanoma cell line with early and distinct cytopathic effects

Isolation of human metapneumovirus (HMPV) from clinical specimens is currently inefficient because of the lack of a cell culture system in which a distinct cytopathic effect (CPE) occurs. The cell lines LLC‐MK2, Vero and Vero E6 are used for isolation of HMPV; however, the CPE in these cell lines is subtle and usually requires a long observation period and sometimes blind passages. Thus, a cell line in which an early and distinct CPE occurs following HMPV inoculation is highly desired by clinical virology laboratories. In this study, it was demonstrated that, in the human malignant melanoma cell line MNT‐1, obvious syncytium formation occurs shortly after inoculation with HMPV‐positive clinical specimens. In addition, the growth and efficiency of isolation of HMPV were greater using MNT‐1 than using any other conventional cell line. Addition of this cell line to our routine viral isolation system for clinical specimens markedly enhanced isolation frequency, allowing isolation‐based surveillance. MNT‐1 has the potential to facilitate clinical and epidemiological studies of HMPV.

     

Co-infection of human metapneumovirus with adenovirus or respiratory syncytial virus among children in Japan

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is one of the etiological agents of acute respiratory tract infections. From June 2005 to May 2006, we collected 185 clinical specimens from children in Osaka City, Japan, and detected 41 hMPV RNA. Of the 41 specimens, four (9.8%) also contained other viruses (3 with adenovirus [AdV] and 1 with respiratory syncytial virus [RSV]). The clinical symptoms of patients coinfected with AdV were indistinct from those of patients mono-infected with hMPV. The symptoms of the one patient co-infected with RSV were clinically severe. Further research is needed to clarify the effect of hMPV on other respiratory viruses or vice versa.     

Crystal structures and increased stabilization of the protein G variants with switched folding pathways NuG1 and NuG2

We recently described two protein G variants (NuG1 and NuG2) with redesigned first hairpins that were almost twice as stable, folded 100-fold faster, and had a switched folding mechanism relative to the wild-type protein. To test the structural accuracy of our design algorithm and to provide insights to the dramatic changes in the kinetics and thermodynamics of folding, we have now determined the crystal structures of NuG1 and NuG2 to 1.8 A and 1.85 A, respectively. We find that they adopt hairpin structures that are closer to the computational models than to wild-type protein G; the RMSD of the NuG1 hairpin to the design model and the wild-type structure are 1.7 A and 5.1 A, respectively. The crystallographic B factor in the redesigned first hairpin of NuG1 is systematically higher than the second hairpin, suggesting that the redesigned region is somewhat less rigid. A second round of structure-based design yielded new variants of NuG1 and NuG2, which are further stabilized by 0.5 kcal/mole and 0.9 kcal/mole.     

Phosducin-like protein acts as a molecular chaperone for G protein betagamma dimer assembly

Phosducin-like protein (PhLP) is a widely expressed binding partner of the G protein betagamma subunit dimer (Gbetagamma). However, its physiological role is poorly understood. To investigate PhLP function, its cellular expression was blocked using RNA interference, resulting in inhibition of Gbetagamma expression and G protein signaling. This inhibition was caused by an inability of nascent Gbetagamma to form dimers. Phosphorylation of PhLP at serines 18-20 by protein kinase CK2 was required for Gbetagamma formation, while a high-affinity interaction of PhLP with the cytosolic chaperonin complex appeared unnecessary. PhLP bound nascent Gbeta in the absence of Ggamma, and S18-20 phosphorylation was required for Ggamma to associate with the PhLP-Gbeta complex. Once Ggamma bound, PhLP was released. These results suggest a mechanism for Gbetagamma assembly in which PhLP stabilizes the nascent Gbeta polypeptide until Ggamma can associate, resulting in membrane binding of Gbetagamma and release of PhLP to catalyze another round of assembly.     

The heterotrimeric [corrected] G protein subunit G alpha i is present on mitochondria

Receptors that signal through heterotrimeric [corrected] GTP binding (G) proteins mediate the majority of intercellular communication. Recent evidence suggests that receptors acting through G proteins also transfer signals across the nuclear membrane. Here we present cell fractionation and immunolabeling data showing that the heterotrimeric [corrected] G protein subunit Galphai is associated with mitochondria. This finding suggests that G protein receptor signaling may be a feature common to all membranes.