A comparative study on the antioxidant effects of hesperidin and ellagic acid against skeletal muscle ischemia/reperfusion injury

Abstract

The antioxidant effects of ellagic acid (EA) and hesperidin (HES) against skeletal muscle ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R) were performed. Hindlimb ischemia has been induced by tourniquet occlusion for 2?h on left hindlimb. At the end of ischemia, the tourniquate has been removed and initiated reperfusion for 2?h. EA (100?mg/kg) has been applied orally before ischemia/reperfusion in the EA?+?I/R group. HES (100?mg/kg) has been given orally in the HES?+?I/R group. The left gastrocnemius muscle has been harvested and stored immediately at??80?°C until assessed for the levels of MDA and antioxidant enzymes activities. MDA level has statistically increased in I/R group (p?<?0.05) compared to other groups. The muscle tissue antioxidant enzymes activities were lower than the other groups in the I/R group (p?<?0.05). EA and HES treatments significantly reversed the damage level in I/R, also activity of tissue SOD increased in the EA?+?I/R and HES?+?I/R groups.     

Silibinin treatment results in reducing OPA1&MFN1 genes expression in a rat model hepatic ischemia–reperfusion

The mitochondrial damage has a pivotal role in triggering apoptosis and cell death. This study assessed the effect of silibinin on optical atrophy-1 (OPA1) and mitofusin-1 (MFN1) gene expression in liver tissue during hepatic warm ischemia–reperfusion (IR). Four groups of rats, eight rats each were designed: Vehicle: the rats received normal saline and encountered to laparotomy, Sili: silibinin (60 mg/kg) was administered to animals, IR: the rats received the normal saline and insulted by liver IR procedure, and IR?+?Sili: silibinin was injected to rats. All groups were subjected to the same process of injection of the solvent or silibinin (30 min before laparotomy or ischemia and immediately after the reperfusion), intraperitoneally (IP). After 3 h of reperfusion, blood and liver tissue samples were collected for future examinations. Our results showed no significant differences between the Vehicle and Sili groups in all assessed parameters. In IR?+?Sili, the increased serum levels of AST and ALT in comparison with the control group were markedly reduced by silibinin treatment. Silibinin lowered the elevated expression of OPA1 and MFN1 mRNAs in the IR group. Histology revealed silibinin could decline tissue degeneration compared to the IR group. Electron microscopy of control and silibinin groups showed no fusion of mitochondria and tissue degradation both of which were observed in the IR group. The extent of tissue destruction and mitochondrial fusion decreased significantly with silibinin treatment. Silibinin has a protective effect on liver cells against IR induced injuries by preserving mitochondrial membrane.

     

The effect of a natural molecule in ovary ischemia reperfusion damage: does lycopene protect ovary?

Ovarian ischemia is a gynecological emergency case that occurs as a result of ovarian torsion. Oxidative stress plays a central role in the development of ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injuries. Lycopene (LYC) is a lipophilic, natural carotenoid well known for its antioxidant properties. This study provides information on the potential applications of lycopene. The Wistar Albino rats were distributed into six groups: Sham group (only a laparotomy was performed), Control group [laparotomy and intraperitoneal dissolvent (olive oil)], IR group, IR+olive oil group, IR+LYC 2.5 mg/kg/dose, intraperitoneal group, IR+LYC 5 mg/kg/dose intraperitoneal group. Evaluated in terms of histopathological changes, tissue malondialdehyde levels (MDA), ovarian expressions of phosphorylated nuclear factor-kappa B (p-NF-κB) and the TUNEL method was utilized to show apoptosis of ovarian tissue. There was a significant decrease in MDA, p-NF-κB values and the proportion of apoptotic cells assessed by TUNEL compared to the group that did not receive intraperitoneal LYC in rat injury with IR damage (P<0.05). In histopathological damage scoring, it was observed that the cell damage was significantly reduced in LYC-administered groups. LYC showed significant ameliorative effects on ovary injury caused by IR through acting as an antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and antiapoptotic agent.     

Role of allopurinol, verapamil, dexamethasone and trifluoperazine as prophylactic agents in intestinal ischemia-reperfusion

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of prophylactic agents allopurinol, verapamil, dexamethasone and trifluoperazine on ischemic intestinal damage. STUDY DESIGN: Sixty albino Wistar rats weighing 120-150 g were used. Group 1 animals underwent sham laparotomy without ischemia-reperfusion injury. Group 2 animals underwent laparotomy and occlusion of superior mesenteric arteries for 30 minutes followed by 20 minutes of reperfusion without pretreatment. The allopurinol group received 50 mg/kg/day allopurinol intraperitoneally 2 days before ischemia-reperfusion injury. The verapamil group was given 0.3 mg/kg verapamil intravenously 5 minutes before laparotomy. The dexamethasone group was given 1.5 mg/kg dexamethasone intraperitoneally before laparotomy. The trifluoperazine group was given 10 mg/kg trifluoperazine intraperitoneally 6 hours before laparotomy. RESULTS: In the allopurinol group, generally the mucosa and villar structure were protected. In the verapamil group, shedding of cells at the tip of the villi is apparent. In the dexamethasone group, desquamation of the villar apex was seen. In the trifluoperazine group, edema and necrosis were seen in the mucosa. In statistical analysis of the MDA level, data were obtained after a respective measurement in all groups. CONCLUSION: In this study histopathologic results with agents that are effective on preventing the neutrophyle functions are mostly achieved.     

The effects of resveratrol administration on lipid oxidation in experimental renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats

ABSTRACT

We investigated how resveratrol affects lipid oxidation during experimental renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. We used 48 adult male rats assigned to five groups: group 1, control; group 2, renal ischemia; group 3, renal ischemia + reperfusion; group 4, resveratrol + renal ischemia; group 5, resveratrol + renal ischemia + reperfusion. Plasma and renal tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), and erythrocyte and renal tissue glutathione (GSH) levels were measured and histologic changes in the renal tissue were examined. Ischemia-reperfusion affected the MDA-GSH balance adversely and caused histopathological changes in the renal tissue of the ischemia and ischemia + reperfusion groups. Resveratrol treatment normalized MDA and GSH levels as well as the histopathology that occurred in the renal tissue of the ischemia and ischemia + reperfusion groups.     

Caloric restriction overcomes pre-diabetes and hypertension induced by a high fat diet and renal artery stenosis

Background

Calorie restriction (CR) is a type of dietary intervention that is essential in weight loss through modulation of critical metabolic control pathways, is well established and understood in cases of systemic arterial hypertension, however, its role in renovascular hypertension is still unclear.

Methods

Rats were divided into three groups: SHAM, and two groups that underwent surgery to clip the left renal artery and induce renovascular hypertension (OH and OHR). The SHAM diet was as follows: 14 weeks normolipidic diet; OH: 2 weeks normolipidic diet?+?12 weeks hyperlipidic diet, both ad libitum; OHR, 2 weeks normolipidic diet?+?8 weeks ad libitum high-fat diet?+?4 weeks 40% calorie-restricted high-fat diet.

Results

Rats in the OHR group had decreased blood pressure, body weight, and glucose levels. Reductions in insulinemia and in lipid and islet fibrotic areas in the OHR group were observed, along with increased insulin sensitivity and normalization of insulin-degrading enzyme levels. The expression of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), insulin receptor (IR), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), and complex II proteins were increased in the liver tissue of the OHR group. Strong correlations, whether positive or negative, were evaluated via Spearman’s model between SIRT1, AMPK, NAMPT, PGC-1α, and NNMT expressions with the restoration of normal blood pressure, weight loss, glycemic and lipid panel, and mitochondrial adaptation.

Conclusion

CR provided short-term beneficial effects to recover the physiological parameters induced by a high-fat diet and renal artery stenosis in obese and hypertensive animals. These benefits, even in the short term, can provide physiological benefits in the long term.

     

The effect of quercetin on renal ischemia and reperfusion injury in the rat

Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury occurs in many clinical conditions such as hypovolemic shock, thromboembolism, injury and after renal transplantation. Under these conditions, ROS are considered to be the reason for cellular damage. Bioflavonoids have antioxidant and renoprotective properties. We studied the effect of quercetin, a bioflavonoid, on ischemia and reperfusion in rats. The rats (n = 28) were separated into three groups. Group I was the control group. Animals in groups II (IR) and III (IR + Q) underwent 30 min ischemia and 45 min reperfusion, respectively. Rats, in group III, also received 50 mg kg(-1) quercetin before 45 min of reperfusion. The activities of SOD, CAT, GPx, and concentrations of GSH and GSSGR were determined in renal cortex and erythrocytes. Also, the levels of MDA in renal cortex and plasma, and XO in renal cortex were measured in these groups. The renal cortex XO levels in the IR group were higher than that of the control and IR+Q groups (p<0.001). The renal cortex and plasma MDA levels in the IR group were also found to be higher than the control and IR+Q groups (p<0.01, and p<0.001, respectively). However, a decrease in MAD level of the IR+Q group was found in renal cortex and erythrocytes. In addition, SOD, CAT, and GPx activities in renal cortex and erythrocytes of quercetin-treated animals were enhanced compared to animals of the IR group. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in the SOD, CAT, and GPx activities of the control and IR+Q group. A reduction of GSH and GSSGR levels in IR and IR+Q groups was detected but no significant differences were found between these groups. This study stresses that high concentration of ROS leads to renal ischemia and reperfusion, and quercetin reduces the renal injury by preventing the oxidative stress dependent on ischemia and reperfusion. Quercetin may be used in renal transplantation as an antioxidant drug.     

不同剂量朱砂七总蒽醌对H22荷瘤小鼠免疫功能及抗氧化能力的影响

目的:探讨不同剂量朱砂七总蒽醌对H22荷瘤小鼠免疫功能及抗氧化能力的影响。方法:选取清洁级昆明小鼠60只,按照随机数字表法分为正常对照组、H22荷瘤组、环磷酰胺组、低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组,每组各10只。除正常对照组外,其余5组小鼠建立H22荷瘤小鼠模型。低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组分别给予0.3 g/kg、0.6 g/kg、1.2 g/kg的朱砂七总蒽醌悬浊液干预,环磷酰胺组给予0.02 g/kg的环磷酰胺干预,正常对照组和H22荷瘤组给予等剂量的1%的羧甲基纤维素钠干预。比较各组小鼠的肿瘤体质量、抑瘤率、T淋巴细胞亚群以及血清超氧化歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、丙二醛(MDA)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)水平。结果:环磷酰胺组、高剂量组的肿瘤体质量低于低剂量组,抑瘤率高于低剂量组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。高剂量组的CD4+、CD4+/CD8+均高于环磷酰胺组、低剂量组、中剂量组,CD8+低于环磷酰胺组、低剂量组、中剂量组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。高剂量组血清SOD、GSH-Px水平高于其他5组,MDA、LDH水平低于H22荷瘤组、低剂量组、中剂量组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:朱砂七总蒽醌具有明显的抗肿瘤作用,可增强小鼠的免疫功能和抗氧化能力,且具有剂量效应。     

The role of oxygen-free radical in the apoptosis of enterocytes and bacterial translocation in abdominal compartment syndrome

Background: The purpose of this study was to study the impact of intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) on the intestine.

Materials and methods: One hundred and twenty Sprague-Daley rats were divided into four groups. In the ACS group, the intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) was increased to 20 mmHg. In the ACS/DE group, increased IAP was followed by decompression. In the control1 and control2 groups, the IAP remained unchanged. Malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) enzymes of the intestine were measured. Additionally, ileal tissues were obtained for histopathological examinations and apoptosis detection. Liver, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes were obtained for microbiological analysis.

Results: In the presence of IAH, MDA and MPO were increased, while GSH and GSH-Px were decreased. Microbiological analysis suggested bacterial translocation across the gut. Morphological examinations indicated that the Chiu's score and apoptotic index in the ACS/DE group were the highest in the four groups.

Conclusions: Oxidative stress plays an important role in the intestinal damage and bacterial translocation in abdominal compartment syndrome. Additionally, the influence of oxygen free radicals occurs mainly during the period of reperfusion rather than during the IAH period.     

后处理对心肌缺血再灌注致脑损伤中炎症因子及GFAP的影响

目的:探讨缺血后处理对心肌缺血再灌注致脑损伤中炎症因子及胶质纤维酸性蛋白的影响。方法:24只雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组(n=8),假手术组(Sham)、心肌缺血/再灌注组(IR)、后处理组(IPost)。结扎大鼠冠状动脉左前降支30 min,复流120 min建立大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注模型。后处理组于再灌注前进行缺血后处理,再灌注10 s,缺血10 s,共3次。断头处死大鼠取脑组织,光镜下观察病理学结果,Western blot检测炎性因子IL-6、IL-8、IL-10,免疫组化法检测GFAP。结果:与Sham组相比较,IR组脑组织炎症因子IL-6,IL-8表达增加,IL-10下降(P0.01),而后处理可以降低脑组织中IL-6,IL-8的表达,增加IL-10的表达(P0.01);与Sham组相比较,IR组脑组织GFAP表达增多(P0.05),而后处理可以显著增加脑组织中GFAP的表达(P0.01)。结论:心肌缺血后处理可以减少脑组织中炎症因子的表达,增加GFAP的表达,从而起到脑保护作用。     

缺血预处理通过激活自噬保护肾缺血-再灌注损伤

目的:探讨缺血预处理对缺血-再灌注所致急性肾损伤的保护作用与可能机制。方法:将健康雄性SD大鼠18只随机分为三组:假手术组(Sham组)、肾缺血组(I/R组)、实验组,Sham组大鼠开腹后游离左侧肾蒂血管,不夹闭,观察60 min关闭腹部。I/R组大鼠开腹后切除右肾,左肾蒂血管分离,观察15 min后用无损伤动脉夹持续夹闭左肾蒂血管45 min后,关闭腹部,恢复左肾血流。实验组开腹后切除切除右肾,左肾蒂血管分离,行4个循环夹闭左肾蒂血管1 min/再灌注4 min预处理后,无损伤动脉持续夹闭45 min,关闭腹部,恢复左肾血流。比较各组大鼠术后尿素氮值(Burea nitrogen,BUN)与肌酐值(Serum creatinine,SCR)水平,肾组织病理学评分及微管相关蛋白轻链3(Microtubule-associated protein l light chain 3,LC3)和自噬基因Beclin-1的表达。结果:所有大鼠在实验过程无死亡。I/R组、实验组再灌注后4 h、24 h的BUN与SCr值显著高于Sham组(P0.05),肾脏组织病理学评分显著高于Sham组(P0.05),实验组以上指标均显著低于I/R组(P0.05);I/R组LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ比值、Beclin-1相对表达量显著高于Sham组(P0.05),实验组以上指标均显著低于I/R组(P0.05)。实验组大鼠再灌注后24h LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ比值、Beclin-1相对表达量与肾组织病理学评分、BUN、SCr值呈显著相关性(P0.05)。结论:缺血预处理可能通过激活自噬,减轻缺血-再灌注所致急性肾损伤,并改善肾功能。     

Redox status in workers occupationally exposed to long-term low levels of ionizing radiation: A pilot study

Objectives: Reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide (O₂^??), play an important role in the biological effects of ionizing radiation. The human body has developed different antioxidant systems to defend against excessive levels of ROS. The aim of the present study is to investigate the redox status changes in the blood of radiologic technologists and compare these changes to control individuals.

Methods: We enrolled 60 medical workers: 20 occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation (all radiologic technologists), divided in three subgroups: conventional radiography (CR), computerized tomography (CT), and interventional radiography (IR) and 40 age- and gender-matched unexposed controls. Levels of O₂^?? and malondialdehyde (MDA) in blood were measured as an index of redox status, as were the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. Redox status was also assessed by measuring levels of reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH, GSSG, respectively).

Results: Levels of O₂^?? and MDA, and SOD activity in the blood of IR and CT-exposed subjects were significantly higher than both the CR-exposed subjects and control individuals. However, there were no statistically significant differences in the levels of catalase, GSH and ratio of GSH/GSSG between exposed workers and control individuals.

Discussion: This study suggests that healthcare workers in CT and IR occupationally exposed to radiation have an elevated circulating redox status as compared to unexposed individuals.     

Effects of catechin and epicatechin on superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity,in vivo

Abstract

Objectives

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of catechin and epicatechin on the activity of the endogenous antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (as well as the total antioxidant capacity (TAC)) of rats after intra-peritoneal (i.p.) administration.

Methods

Twenty-four Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: the experimental group which was administered daily with a 1:1 mixture of epicatechin and catechin at a concentration of 23 mg/kg body weight for 10 days and the control group which was injected daily with an equal amount of saline. Blood and urine samples were collected before and after the administration period, as well as 10 days after (follow-up).

Results

Intra-peritoneal administration of catechins led to a potent decrease in GPx levels and a significant increase in SOD levels. TAC was significantly increased in plasma and urine. Malonaldehyde levels in urine remained stable. In the animals treated with catechins, SOD activity showed a moderate negative correlation with GPx activity.

Discussion

Boosting the activity of the antioxidant enzymes could be a potential adjuvant approach for the treatment of the oxidative stress-related diseases.     

Tourniquet-induced ischemia-reperfusion injuries during extremity surgery at children's age: impact of anesthetic chemical structure

Abstract

Objectives

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the antioxidant profile of anesthetics and its relation to total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of plasma in children who underwent tourniquet-induced ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury during extremity operations.

Methods

Children were randomized into three groups: general inhalational anesthesia with sevoflurane (group S), total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with propofol (group T), and regional anesthesia (group R). Venous blood samples were obtained before peripheral nerve block and induction of general anesthesia (baseline), 1 minute before tourniquet release (BTR), and 5 and 20 minutes after tourniquet release (ATR). Plasma TAC as well as antioxidant potential of propofol, thiopental, and bupivacaine were measured using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay.

Results

Plasma TAC in group T was increased significantly at 20 minutes ATR in comparison with basal and BTR values, and also was significantly higher in comparison with plasma TAC in groups S and R measured at the same time point. The radical scavenging activity of anesthetics in vitro indicated that only propofol possessed a significant antioxidative activity in the reaction with DPPH radical in comparison with thiopental and bupivacaine.

Discussion

These data confirm that TIVA with propofol attenuates oxidative stress related to tourniquet-induced ischaemia-reperfusion injury in children.     

不同剂量乳化异氟醚预处理对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

摘要 目的：探究不同剂量乳化异氟醚预处理对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法：将48只成年雄性大鼠随机分为六组：假手术组、缺血对照组、脂肪乳组、低剂量乳化异氟醚组、中剂量乳化异氟醚组和高剂量乳化异氟醚组,每组8只。检测血清中酶的含量,观察肝细胞损伤程度,直观的反应乳化异氟醚预处理对肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的影响。结果：不同组别大鼠肝脏再灌注后ALT、AST、LDH和MDA含量,SOD活性和肝细胞坏死比例均具有显著差异,随着再灌注时间的延长,各组大鼠血清ALT、AST和LDH含量均明显增加（均P＜0.05）。再灌注后1 h、2 h和4 h中剂量乳化异氟醚组大鼠血清ALT、AST和LDH含量均显著低于缺血对照组、低剂量乳化异氟醚组和高剂量乳化异氟醚组（均P＜0.05）。中剂量乳化异氟醚组大鼠肝组织匀浆中MDA含量和肝细胞坏死比例均显著低于缺血对照组、低剂量乳化异氟醚组和高剂量乳化异氟醚组,SOD活性显著高于缺血对照组、低剂量乳化异氟醚组和高剂量乳化异氟醚组（均P＜0.05）。结论：中等剂量乳化异氟醚预处理组中血清中酶含量最低,肝组织匀浆中MDA含量最低,SOD活性水平最高,肝细胞损伤程度最轻,对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注的保护作用最好。     

Plasma low-molecular-weight thiol/disulphide homeostasis as an early indicator of global and focal cerebral ischaemia

Objective: Recent studies have shown that cerebral ischaemia causes not only local, but also systemic oxidative stress. This leads to oxidation of thiol-containing compounds, including low-molecular-weight thiols (cysteine, glutathione, homocysteine and others). Therefore, the aim of this work was to verify the hypothesis that the thiol/disulphide homeostasis of low-molecular-weight thiols is disturbed in the early stages of cerebral ischaemia.

Methods: Two experimental rat models of ischaemia were used: a global model of vascular ischaemia (clamping the common carotid arteries?+?haemorrhage) and focal ischaemia (middle cerebral artery occlusion). The total levels of thiols and their reduced forms were measured before surgery and after 40 minutes of reperfusion (global) or 3?hours (focal) ischaemia.

Results: The global ischaemia model caused a marked (2.5–4 times, P?P?Discussion: These results suggest that plasma low-molecular-weight thiols are actively involved in oxidation reactions at early stages of cerebral ischaemia; therefore, their reduced forms or redox state may serve as a sensitive indicator of acute cerebrovascular insufficiency.     

楤木皂苷对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:观察楤木皂苷(total saponins extracted from Aralia taibaiensis,s AT)对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注(myocardia1 ischemia/reperfusion,MI/R)损伤的影响。方法:可逆性冠脉左前降支结扎缺血30 min再灌注3 h复制MI/R模型,将SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、s AT低、中、高剂量组,每组10只。采用伊文思蓝(EB)、2,3,5-氯化三苯基四氮唑蓝(TTC)双染法测定心肌梗死面积,苏木精-伊红(HE)染色法观察心肌病理学形态变化,并检测血清中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)水平。结果:与模型组比较,s AT中、高剂量组可明显缩小心肌梗死面积(P0.05),并显著降低血清中LDH、CK-MB及MDA的含量,同时使得血清中SOD、CAT和GSH-Px的活性增加。且所有给药组心肌组织的病理损伤也小于模型组。结论:s AT对大鼠MI/R损伤具有保护作用,其机制可能与抗氧化作用相关。     

Antidepressant effect and neural mechanism of Acer tegmentosum in repeated stress–induced ovariectomized female rats

ABSTRACT

Acer tegmentosum (ATM) has antioxidant and anti-adipogenic activity. However, few studies have investigated the pharmacological activity or mechanism of ATM as an antidepressant agent. We assessed the antidepressant effect of ATM in modulating menopausal depressive symptoms and its mechanisms in ovariectomized (OVX) and repeatedly stressed (RS) female rats. The female rats were randomly divided into four groups: (1) naïve normal (normal) group, (2) OVX?+?repeated stress?+?saline-treated (control) group, (3) OVX?+?repeated stress?+?ATM (100?mg?kg^?1)-treated (ATM100) group and (4) OVX?+?repeated stress?+?ATM (400?mg?kg^?1)-treated (ATM400) group. We performed a battery of tests, such as the forced swimming test (FST), the sucrose intake test, and social exploration. After behavior testing, serum corticosterone levels were examined, followed by immunohistochemical determination of c-Fos, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) expression in the brain. ATM administration was associated with significantly decreased immobility time in the FST. Also, the control group tended to have decreased sucrose intake and social exploration compared with the normal group. However, ATM treatment was associated with markedly increased sucrose intake and active social exploration. In the paraventricular nucleus, c-Fos and IL-1β expression were significantly decreased in the ATM400 group compared with the control group. Compared with the control group, high-dose ATM administration was also associated with markedly decreased expression of TH-immunoreactive neurons in the locus coeruleus. The study findings demonstrated that ATM treatment effectively decreased behavioral and pathophysiological depression-like responses.     

紫檀芪对小鼠缺血性脑损伤后脑水肿期神经细胞凋亡的影响

摘要 目的：探索紫檀芪（PTE）对小鼠缺血性脑损伤后脑水肿期神经细胞凋亡的影响。方法：将实验小鼠分为3组即假手术组（sham组）、脑缺血再灌注损伤组（IR组）和紫檀芪治疗组（PTE+IR组）,其中PTE于造模前连续5天每天腹腔给药（5 mg/kg）1次;然后于造模后3 d进行脑组织TTC染色并计算脑梗死体积比;于造模后2 h、12 h和1、2、4、6、8、10、12及14 d进行小鼠神经行为学评分;使用TUNEL试剂盒于造模后3、7和14 d检测缺血半暗带和海马的凋亡神经细胞。结果：PTE可减轻脑梗死体积、改善神经行为学评分以及抑制缺血半暗带和海马的神经细胞凋亡。结论：PTE在小鼠缺血性脑损伤后脑水肿期具有明确的神经保护作用,其机制与抑制细胞凋亡有关。     

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of Hedera helix extract on acetaminophen induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in mice

ABSTRACT

Exposure to high doses of acetaminophen is the most common cause of drug induced liver injury. We investigated the protective effects of Hedera helix extract against acetaminophen induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity using a mouse model. We used two control groups: group A was given 0.9% NaCl, group B was an acetaminophen control that was given a single injection of 600 mg/kg acetaminophen. T1?T4 groups were pretreated orally with different doses of H. helix extract. The mice were sacrificed and blood samples were collected to estimate the levels of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total bilirubin. Liver samples also were used for histopathological studies. We found that acetaminophen significantly increased the levels of serum ALP, ALT, AST and MDA, and also significantly reduced the antioxidant factors, CAT, GPX and SOD. H. helix extract treatment produced a significant reduction in the levels of ALP, ALT, AST and MDA in serum and restored the levels of CAT, GPX and SOD to control levels. The histopathological findings were consistent with the biochemical findings. H. helix extract exhibited antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects against acetaminophen induced liver damage.