太原市南郊区灰椋鸟的种群密度与繁殖观察

1987—1989年在太原市南郊区,灰椋鸟(Sturnuscineraceus)种群密度在繁殖前为5.34只/公顷,繁殖后为17.11只/公顷,鸟巢密度为0.7只/公顷。4月中旬产卵,窝卵数4—9枚,孵卵期13—15天,巢内育雏期13—14天,巢外5—7天。     

丝光椋鸟的代谢产热特征及体温调节的日周期变化

为探讨丝光椋鸟(Sturnus sericeuts)代谢产热特征及体温调节的日周期变化,本研究采用开放式氧气分析仪及数字式温度计,测定了丝光椋鸟24 h体温、体重(Mb)和基础代谢率(BMR)的连续变化.结果显示,丝光椋鸟体温、体重及代谢率的日周期变化存在显著差异.丝光椋鸟夜间体温明显低于白昼,其中体温在凌晨5时降至(40.4±0.1)℃;体重昼夜变化明显,且在20:00～次日6:00时雌雄丝光椋鸟体重的下降与时间分别存在明显的线性关系,雌性为Mb=83.46(±0.12)-0.41(±0.02)t(R2=0.992,P＜0.01);雄性为Mb =76.74(±0.15)-0.39(±0.02)t(R2=0.986,P＜0.01)(式中的t代表时间).丝光椋鸟的BMR在凌晨4时降至最低,为(1.96±0.06) ml/(g·h).结果表明,丝光椋鸟通过内源性的调节,即夜间降低体温、体重及代谢率等途径,调节生理能量平衡,从而适应昼夜环境变化.     

新疆哈密地区粉红椋鸟繁殖行为及招引对策的初步研究

粉红椋鸟(Sturnus roseus)是一种长距离迁徙鸟类,新疆是其在中国境内的繁殖区。本研究于2009年5～7月粉红椋鸟繁殖期内,在哈密巴里坤山前草原地带对其繁殖行为进行了系统的野外观察。结果表明,①粉红椋鸟多选择隐蔽的场所营巢,巢内、外径分别为(8.08±0.38)cm和(25.25±2.82)cm,巢高、深分别为(4.55±1.65)cm和(63.00±35.34)cm,n=8;②粉红椋鸟一年产一窝,窝卵数平均为(4.25±0.71)枚(n=8);孵化率为94.12%,雏鸟成活率为88.24%(n=34);③粉红椋鸟每日不同时段育雏次数差异极显著(P0.01),每日6:30～7:30、10:30～12:30时出现育雏高峰,平均(7.6±1.1)min育雏一次;④粉红椋鸟雏鸟生长发育呈S型曲线变化。研究结果可为提高粉红椋鸟人工招引率提供理论指导。     

新疆阿勒泰地区粉红椋鸟的繁殖生态及雏鸟食性研究

研究了新疆阿勒泰地区粉红椋鸟的繁殖生态学及雏鸟的食性.粉红椋鸟每窝产卵数2～6枚不等,育雏高峰在每日的9:30～13:30,孵化率为96.45%±18.95%,雏鸟成活率为89.38%±14.99%,觅食范围在4 km半径范围内,雏鸟多以直翅目(蝗虫)为食(占94.07%),也有少量鳞翅目和鞘翅目昆虫.阿勒泰地区粉红椋鸟的产卵日期晚于其他地区,孵化率及雏鸟成活率高于其他地区.建议在草原上设置砖堆招引粉红椋鸟,其效果高于石堆巢.     

骨顶鸡的种内巢寄生现象及其抵御机制初探

在2008～ 2009年2个繁殖季节对黑龙江省安邦河湿地自然保护区和大庆龙凤湿地自然保护区的骨顶鸡( Fulica atra)种群进行了调查.结果发现,骨顶鸡具有很高比例的种内巢寄生现象,平均巢寄生比例达38.55％;且发现骨顶鸡具有类似于同属的美洲骨顶鸡(F.americana)的拒卵方式,主要包括埋卵、逐出和啄破....     

长白山中华秋沙鸭的种内巢寄生

雁形目鸟类的种内巢寄生现象十分普遍,但有关中华秋沙鸭(Mergus squamatus)的种内巢寄生现象未见报道.2019年4和5月,从长白山1个中华秋沙鸭人工巢的视频监控发现,1只雌鸭在亲鸟孵卵时强行进入巢箱趴卧约29 min.其后根据该巢窝卵数的增加、超常窝卵数和窝卵不同步孵化3个指标,确认该巢存在种内巢寄生现象....     

不同纬度洞巢鸟类对人工巢箱的利用及差异

迄今对洞巢鸟类生活史特征的纬度变异（特别是热带洞巢鸟类的繁殖）了解还十分有限。我们于2018年3至8月,分别在海南吊罗山（热带）、河南董寨（亚热带）和河北塞罕坝（温带）的林缘地带,悬挂相同规格的人工巢箱招引洞巢鸟类繁殖,用以比较不同地理区域的洞巢鸟类对人工巢箱的利用情况及其孵化成效和繁殖成功率。野外共悬挂577个木制巢箱,3个研究地的利用率在海南吊罗山为最低（32.6%）,河南董寨最高（92.0%）。3个地点均有大山雀（Parus cinereus）入住（占总巢数的84.3%）,其孵化成效和繁殖成功率在3个地点不存在显著差异（P > 0.05）。但在河北塞罕坝,大山雀的孵化成效（75.7%）和繁殖成功率（65.7%）显著低于同域繁殖的褐头山雀（Poecile montanus）（97.7% 和97.7%）和煤山雀（Periparus ater）（93.5%和90.3%）（P < 0.05）。研究表明,3个地理区域利用巢箱繁殖的洞巢鸟的种类、数量以及对巢箱的利用率均存在差异,但对于广布种大山雀来说,地理位置的差异并不影响其孵化成效和繁殖成功率。     

中国鸟类的种内巢寄生:基于超常窝卵数的证据( 英文)

鸟类种内巢寄生 (Intraspecificnestparasitism ,INP)是近年来行为生态学和进化生物学理论遇到的新问题。自1980年以来 ,国外学者就开始搜集总结具有INP的鸟种 ,迄今的列表已达 2 36种。然而 ,由于语言的障碍 ,中国鸟类学者所发现的例子未能归入列表中。本文以超常窝卵数为标准 ,查阅所发表的中文鸟类学文献 ,发现 18种发生于中国的鸟类具有INP ,其中 14种未被国际学者收录。随着研究的深入 ,预计将在更多种类、特别是雉类中发现INP现象 ;建议在进行INP综合评价研究时 ,应当以种或种群INP发生的几率 ,而不是它的有或无 ,作为分析的标准     

人工巢箱条件下白眉姬鹟的繁殖参数

2005～2006年,在吉林省左家自然保护区的次生林中,对人工巢箱条件下白眉姬鹟(Ficedulazanthopygia)的繁殖参数开展了初步研究.结果表明,人工巢箱中自眉姬鹟的窝卵数为5～7枚,平均6.0枚;卵重平均为1.6 g.卵大小平均为17.0 mm×13.1 mm.孵化期平均为13.1 d,每巢平均出雏5.4只,育雏期平均为12.8 d,每巢平均出飞雏鸟5.3只.白眉姬鹟的营巢成功率为70.0%,繁殖成功率为81.3%.     

北戴河朱鹮野化训练种群的繁殖和婚外配

为了扩大朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)种群的数量和分布区,于2018年7月从洋县引进20只朱鹮在北戴河建立了朱鹮野化种群。2020年繁殖期,北戴河共有22只朱鹮,其中成年朱鹮17只,雌雄性比为1.1;实际繁殖密度为37.8只/hm2;人工巢的密度为40.0巢/hm2,人工巢筐内径为50 cm。2020年繁殖期,北戴河朱鹮共配对8对,其中6对繁殖成功,营巢成功率为75%;共产卵33枚,平均窝卵数为(4.1±1.8)枚;出壳18只,孵化率54.5%;出飞13只,出飞率72.2%,繁殖成功率为39.4%,繁殖生产力为2.2±1.2。与洋县饲养种群相比,北戴河种群首枚卵的产卵时间晚17 d,与两地温差相吻合。北戴河朱鹮的窝卵数显著高于洋县种群,这可能是由种内巢寄生所致。监控录像表明,北戴河1巢朱鹮的窝卵数高达6枚,超过野生种群平均窝卵数(2或3枚)的2倍,推测发生了种内巢寄生行为。此外,还观察到8号巢朱鹮同时发生了婚外配和种内巢寄生行为,婚外配雌鸟将卵产在该雄鸟的巢中,使得窝卵数高达7枚。此后在该巢中发现3只朱鹮轮流孵卵,以及2只雌性朱鹮并排孵于同一巢中的异常情况。北戴河朱鹮的种内巢寄生行为可能是因网笼内人工巢址密度较高但隐蔽性较低所致,而婚外配行为可能与种群密度和繁殖密度过高有关。本文有关朱鹮异常繁殖行为的研究结果可为野化网笼内人工巢筐的设置和野化种源的选择提供参考,并提示我们进一步关注朱鹮在环境压力下的表型可塑性和生态适应能力。     

Parasitism strategy of the grey starling, Sturnus cineraceus: Selection based on host characters and nest location

The strategy used by the intraspecific brood parasite, the grey starling, Sturnus cineraceus (Temminck) and the degree to which this strategy reflected the sources of mortality for parasite eggs were examined. Approximately 74% of all parasite eggs failed to produce young that survived to fledglings. Most of this mortality was due to two factors: (i) laying in a nest that had been deserted by a host during its nesting cycle (19%); and (ii) mismatched timing of laying in the hosts nesting cycle (38%). It is important for parasites to select a suitable host in order to avoid this mortality and increase their reproductive success. However, grey starlings did not select hosts on the basis of nest location, host characteristics, or laying date. Lack of attention to these factors implies a failure on the part of the grey starlings to recognize cues that could direct them to select host nests that would provide the best environment for their eggs. Although some egg loss and egg replacement occurred before clutch initiation by hosts, no evidence was found that parasitic birds removed host eggs after clutch initiation by hosts. These results suggest that parasites did not adopt a successful strategy for enhancing the survival rate of their own eggs.     

Intraspecific nest parasitism in the grey starling (Sturnus cineraceus)

We studied intraspecific nest parasitism in the grey starling (Sturnus cineraceus) in 1992 and 1993. We used three criteria to detect nest parasitism: (i) the appearance of more than one egg per day while the host was laying; (ii) the appearance of extra eggs after the host completed its clutch; and (iii) the appearance of eggs which were of a different shape, size and color to other eggs in the clutch. There were 290 nests (157 nests in 1992; 133 nests in 1993) in which the clutch was completed early (clutches initiated before May 10). Twenty-nine (1992) and 32 (1993) nests contained at least one parasitic egg. Parasitic eggs hatched if they were laid during the laying period and early in the incubation period of their host, and a few of them fledged. Fledging success of parasitic eggs was not different from that of eggs in non-parasitized nests if parasitic eggs were laid during the host's laying period. However, fledging success of all parasitic eggs was fewer than that of eggs in non-parasitized nests. By comparison, fledging success of parasitized nests was not a great as that of non-parasitized nests.     

Experimental support for the role of nest predation in the evolution of brood parasitism

In 1965, Hamilton and Orians (HO) hypothesized that the starting point for the evolution of obligate interspecific brood parasitism in birds was the facultative laying of physiologically committed eggs in neighbouring active nests of con‐ and heterospecifics, following predation of a bird’s own nest during the laying stage. We tested this prediction of the HO hypothesis by using captive pairs of zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), a species with evidence for intraspecific parasitism both in the wild and in captivity. As predicted, in response to experimental nest removal, subjects laid eggs parasitically in simulated active conspecific nests above chance levels. Across subsequent trials, we detected both repeatability and directional change in laying patterns, with some subjects switching from parasitism to depositing eggs in the empty nest. Taken together, these results support the assumptions and predictions of the HO hypothesis, and indicate that the zebra finch is a potential model species for future behavioural and genetic studies in captive brood parasite research.     

Outcomes of decades long installation of nest boxes for arboreal mammals in southern Australia

Nest boxes are commonly installed to support hollow‐using species where the abundance of hollow‐bearing trees is deficient. Recent studies have provided equivocal evidence about the effectiveness of nest box projects and have highlighted significant management costs associated with some projects. We document the functionality of 303 nest boxes installed across five different community‐led projects in southern Australia for periods of 10–25 years. As expected, we found that nest boxes lost functionality over time. However, 60% remained functional to support the Brush‐tailed Phascogale (Phascogale tapoatafa) and the Sugar Glider (Petaurus breviceps) after almost 20 years. Years installed, method of nest box attachment and tree species influenced whether boxes remained functional. Nest box construction material changed over time so could not be assessed specifically. When inspected in a single year, the Brush‐tailed Phascogale occupied 9% of functional boxes and another 48% contained their nests. The Sugar Glider occupied 15% of functional boxes and another 22% contained their nests. These values suggest the nest box installations were highly effective for these species, although more detailed study is needed to understand what contribution these installations have made to support the local populations. Maintenance of most nest boxes occurred twice a year in the first five years after installation, but many received no maintenance for periods of three years, and some 10–15 years, before our census. Our findings suggest that infrequent maintenance by community groups can sustain nest box projects over periods of several decades. Research into employing nest boxes as a management tool in Australia is still in its infancy. Further studies are needed to resolve factors that limit their effectiveness.     

Asymmetry, reproductive success and parasitism of Pomatoschistus microps in a French lagoon

There was an allometry between length of nesting male Pomatoschistus microps and the size of the nest. There was also a positive relationship between parasite load and pectoral fin asymmetry. There was no marked relationship between the number of eggs in the nest and parasitism or level of asymmetry. These results are discussed in terms of energy allocation and fish reproductive success.