中国姜黄属植物的订正

将白顶姜黄（CurcumaalbicomaS．Q．Tong）归入川郁金（C．sichuanenslsX．X．Chen),将另一种“川郁金”（C．chuanyujinC．K．HsiehetH．Zhang）归入广西莪术（C．kwangsiensisS．G．LeeetC．F．Liang）。认为过去把莪术鉴定为C．zedoaria（Christ．）Rose．C．caesiaRoxb．或C．aeruginosaRoxb,其实都是C．phaeocaulisVal．的误定;C．elataRoxb．是C．wenyujinY．H．ChenetC．Ling的误定;认为广西莪术的两个变种,即紫脉莪术（C．kwangsiensisvar．affinisY．H．Chen）和毛莪术（C．kwangsiensisvar．puberulaY．H．Chen）不能成立．对台湾是否产C．viridifloraRoxb．表示怀疑。附有中国产姜黄属植物12种的检索表及其分布．     

国产赖草属(禾本科)两个类群的修订

根据标本研究、野外考察和实验观察,对国产赖草属Leymus两个类群进行了分类修订,将阿尔金山赖草Leymus arjinshanicus D．F．Cui和L．aerginshanicus D．F．Cui ssp．ruoqiangensis（S．L．Lu＆Y.H．Wu）D．F.Cui处理为若羌赖草L．ruoqiangensis S．L．Lu＆YH．Wu的新异名,将纤细赖草L．secalinus（Georgi）Tzvel．var．tenuis L．B．Cai提升为一个独立的种L．tenuis（L．B．Cai）L．B．Cai．     

中国樟科木姜子属植物纪要

描述一新种即沧源木姜子Litsea cangyuanensis J．Li et H．W．Li;一中国新纪录种白叶木姜子L．albescens（Hook．f．）D．G．Long;3个新异名：大叶木姜子L．chunii Cheng var．longipedicellata Yang f．latifolia Yang归并到高山木姜子L．chunii Cheng,狭叶桂北木姜子M．subcoriacea Yang et P．H．Huang val．stenophylla Yang et P．H．Huang归并入桂北木姜子L．subcoriacea Yang et P．H．Huang,狭叶华南木姜子L．greenmaniana Allen val．angustifolia Yang et P．H．Huang归入华南木姜子L．greenmaniana Allen;思茅木姜子L．szemaois（H．Liou）J．Li et H．W．Li作为新等级提升为种;并对秃净木姜子L．kingii Hook．f．与山鸡椒L．cubeba（Lour．）Pers．两者间的差异进行澄清,对台湾产的黄肉树应采用L．hypophaea Hayata和广西产的蜂窝木姜子应采用L．foveola Kosterm．进行了讨论。一个新名称：L．sinoglobosa J．Li et H．W．Li替代同名的L．globosa Yang et P．H．Huang。     

南亚和东南亚龙胆属(龙胆科)的新名称、新组合及分类注释

本文提出了龙胆属两个种的新名称(Gentiana membranulifera T．N．Ho,G．nudicaulisKurz var. assa- mensis T．N．Ho)和5个变种的新组合[(Gentiana lateriflora Hemsl．var. uncifolia(H．J．Lam)T．N．Ho, G．sumatrana Ridl．var．humifusa(S．Moore)T．N．Ho,G. quadrifaria Bl．var．wightii(Kusnez．)T．N．Ho, G．loerzingii Ridl. var．timida(Kerr)T．N．Ho,G．membranulifera T．N．Ho var．recurvata (Kusnez．)T．N．Ho)〕。     

国产樟科-新名称

PhoebereticulataY．K．Liet X．M．Wang是P．reticulata Mez的晚出同名,建议用一个新名称P．liana Y．Yang替代P．reticulataY．K．LietX．M.Wang。     

新疆北部小孢发属地衣初步研究

新疆北部山脉生态环境多样,是地衣生长分布的理想区域。作者根据多年的实地调查和前人研究资料,对新疆北部小孢发属（Bryoria Brodo＆D．Hawksw．）地衣的种类及其分布、地理成分和垂直分布进行了初步研究。结果表明,分布在新疆北部的小孢发属地衣共有10种,它们分别是钢灰小孢发B．chalybeiformis（L．）Brodo＆D．Hawksw．、刺小孢发B．cortfusa（D．D．Awasthi）Brodo＆D．Hawksw．、叉小孢发B．furcellata（Fr．）Brodo＆D．Hawksw．、暗褐小孢发B．知伽cem（Gyeln．）Brodo＆D．Hawksw．、绵毛小孢发B．1anestris（Ach．）Brodo＆D．Hawksw．、B．nadvornikiana（Gyeln．）Brodo＆D．Hawksw．、光亮小孢发B．nhidula（1’h．Fr．）Brodo＆D．Hawksw．、假暗褐小孢发B．pseudofuscescens（Gyeln．）Brodo＆D．Hawksw．、单一小孢发B．simplicior（Vain．）Brodo＆D．Hawksw．及毛状小孢发原亚种B．trichodesssp．trichodes（Michx．）Brodo＆D．Hawksw．等,主要分布在天山和阿勒泰山。新疆北部小孢发属地衣可划分为3种地理成分：（1）环北极-高山种Bryonachalybeiformis、鼠nhidula、且furcellata;（2）环低北极及北方种B．simplicior;（3）环北方种B．加唧cew、B．1anestris、B．nadvornikiana、B．pseudofuscescens。阿勒泰山和天山的小孢发属地衣具明显的垂直分布差异。     

国产樟科楠属五种植物之分类修订

根据分子系统学研究结果,楠属（Phoebe）中以其宿存的花被片在果时松散、先端外倾,果实球形为特征的物种,即山楠Phoebe chinensis Chun,小花楠P．minutiflora H．W．Li,竹叶楠P．faberi（Hemsl．）Chun,小叶楠Pmicrophylla H．W．Li以及长毛楠P．forrestiiW．W．Smith均应归入润楠属（Machilus）,其中原先作为润楠属物种发表的竹叶润楠Machilus faberi Hemsl．应予采用,但山楠一种其种加词发表时已是晚出同名,另起新名为Machilus montana L．Li,J．Li＆H．W．Li,nom．nov,而余下三种作为新组合在此发表,即：M.minutiflora（H．W．Li）L．Li,J．Li＆H．W．Li,comb．nov．;M．microphylla（H．W．Li）L．Li．J．Li＆H.W．Li,comb．nov．及Mforrestii（W．W．Smith）L．Li,J．Li＆H_W．Li,comb．nov．。     

中国的石松科植物

本文对国产石松科(狭义)进行了分类学研究,共记载本科植物6属15种3变型。文中引用新建 立的1属,即拟小石松属Pseudolycopodiella Holub,并包含1个新命名：Lycopodium neopungens H．S．Kung et L．B．Zhang,1个新变型：Palhinhaea hainanensis C．Y. Yang f．glabra H．S．Kung et L．B．Zhang和9个新 异名：Lycopodium annotinum L．var．brevifolium Christ(=L ．zonatum),L．annotinum L．var．aciculare Christ (=L．zonatum),L.alticola Ching(=L．zonatum),L．simulans Ching et H．S．Kung ex Ching(=L．japoni- cum),L．interjectum Ching et H．S．Kung ex Ching(=L．japonicum),L. taliense Ching(=L．japonicum),L．pseudoclavatum Ching(：=L．japonicm．),L． pseudoclavatum Ching var．yunnanense Ching(=L．japonicum),及L. centro-chinense Ching(=L. japonicum)．本文还记述了有关分类群的地理分布,并认为中国没有Dipha- siastrum wightianum(Wall．ex Grev．et Hook．)Holub的分布。     

《现代生物医学进展》编辑部及各通联部联系方式

本刊网址：www．biomed．net．cn，www．shengwuyixuc．com．www．SWCX．periodicals．net．cn E-mail：biomcd_54@126．com，liudhui_21@126．com，biomagnetism@163．com，liudhui21@gmail．com 编辑部地址：哈尔滨市54号信箱（150001）哈尔滨市花园街184号     

从世界栗属植物研究的现状看中国栗属资源保护的重要性

栗属（Castanea）植物世界上有7个种,广泛分布于北半球温带的广阔地域[1]。分布在亚洲的4个种：中国板栗（C．mollissimaBI．）、茅栗（C．SequiniiDode）和锥栗（C．henryiRehd．＆Wils．）分布在中国大陆;日本栗（C．crenataSieb．＆Zucc．）分布在日本及朝鲜半岛。分布在北美洲的有2个种：美洲栗〔C．den－tata（Marsh．）Brokh．）和美洲榛果栗（C．PumilaMill．）。美洲榛果栗曾划分为6个种：C．Pumila、C.Ozarkensis（Ashe）、C．ashei（Sidw．）、C．alnifolia（Nutt．）、C．floridena（Ahe）,和C．paucispina（Ash…     

The TOR pathway comes of age

Studies in a variety of model organisms indicate that nutrient signaling is tightly coupled to longevity. In nutrient replete conditions, organisms develop, grow, and age quickly. When nutrients become sparse as with dietary restriction, growth and development decline, stress response pathways become induced and organisms live longer. Considerable effort has been devoted to understanding the molecular events mediating lifespan extension by dietary restriction. One central focus has been on nutrient-responsive signal transduction pathways including insulin/IGF-1, AMP kinase, protein kinase A and the TOR pathway. Here we describe the increasingly prominent links between TOR signaling and aging in invertebrates. Longevity studies in mammals are not published to date. Instead, we highlight studies in mouse models, which indicate that dampening the TOR pathway leads to widespread protection from an array of age-related diseases.     

Death and dessert: nutrient signalling pathways and ageing

Reduction in nutrient intake without malnutrition can delay ageing and extend healthy life in diverse organisms from yeast to primates. This effect can be recapitulated by genetic or pharmacological dampening of the signal through nutrient signalling pathways, making them a promising target for intervention into human ageing and age-related diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of the interactions between nutrient signalling pathways and ageing, focusing on the findings emerged in the past few years.     

Capital breeding and allocation to life-history demands are highly plastic in lizards

The use of stored resources to fuel reproduction, growth, and self-maintenance in the face of uncertain nutrient availability is a tactic common to many organisms. The degree to which organisms rely on stored resources in response to varied nutrients, however, is not well quantified. In this study, we used stable isotope methods to quantify the use of stored versus incoming nutrients to fuel growth and egg and fat body development in lizards under differing nutrient regimes. We found that the degree of capital breeding is a function of an individual's body condition. Furthermore, given sufficient income, lizards in poor condition can allocate simultaneously to storage, growth, and reproduction and "catch up" in body size and reproductive allocation to better-conditioned animals. Using natural variation in the δ(13)C of environmental nutrient pulses, we also found a high degree of variation in capital breeding in a lizard community. These findings demonstrate that capital breeding in lizards is not simply a one-way flow of endogenous stores to eggs but is a function of the condition state of individuals and seasonal nutrient availability. We use our findings to comment on capital breeding in lizards and the utility of the capital-income concept in general.     

Competition in chemostat-type equations with two habitats

Competition on a model with nutrient recycling is considered. The model is based on a chemostat-type equation which is used to study population dynamics of microorganisms. The model consists of four organisms competing for a limiting nutrient. Nutrient is supplied both from the in-flow of medium and a recycling with delay, the latter is generated from dead organisms by bacterial decomposition. This paper shows that the model undergoes a Hopf bifurcation through a critical value of time delay when the in-flow is small. Coexistence of four organisms competing for one limiting nutrient is indicated by numerical simulation results.     

The Effect of Sublethal Heat Treatment on the Growth of Staphylococcus aureus

S ummary : When an enterotoxigenic strain of Staphylococcus aureus was subjected to sublethal heat treatment and subsequently inoculated into nutrient broth and incubated at 37° there was a fall in viable numbers. This fall was followed by a lag phase of growth. When the sublethally heated organisms reached the logarithmic phase of growth they showed the same doubling time as unheated organisms. The maximum numbers of organisms reached in nutrient broth was generally the same for heated and unheated organisms. The fall in viable numbers and the delayed lag phase are discussed.     

Chronic nutrient enrichment increases prevalence and severity of coral disease and bleaching

Nutrient loading is one of the strongest drivers of marine habitat degradation. Yet, the link between nutrients and disease epizootics in marine organisms is often tenuous and supported only by correlative data. Here, we present experimental evidence that chronic nutrient exposure leads to increases in both disease prevalence and severity and coral bleaching in scleractinian corals, the major habitat‐forming organisms in tropical reefs. Over 3 years, from June 2009 to June 2012, we continuously exposed areas of a coral reef to elevated levels of nitrogen and phosphorus. At the termination of the enrichment, we surveyed over 1200 scleractinian corals for signs of disease or bleaching. Siderastrea siderea corals within enrichment plots had a twofold increase in both the prevalence and severity of disease compared with corals in unenriched control plots. In addition, elevated nutrient loading increased coral bleaching; Agaricia spp. of corals exposed to nutrients suffered a 3.5‐fold increase in bleaching frequency relative to control corals, providing empirical support for a hypothesized link between nutrient loading and bleaching‐induced coral declines. However, 1 year later, after nutrient enrichment had been terminated for 10 months, there were no differences in coral disease or coral bleaching prevalence between the previously enriched and control treatments. Given that our experimental enrichments were well within the ranges of ambient nutrient concentrations found on many degraded reefs worldwide, these data provide strong empirical support to the idea that coastal nutrient loading is one of the major factors contributing to the increasing levels of both coral disease and coral bleaching. Yet, these data also suggest that simple improvements to water quality may be an effective way to mitigate some coral disease epizootics and the corresponding loss of coral cover in the future.     

Protein accumulation and distribution in floodplain soils and river foam

Many processes contribute to nutrient transfer from terrestrial to aquatic systems, but in most cases the contribution of particular organisms is unknown. In this study, we explore how a Bradford‐reactive soil protein (BRSP) produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi may provide nutrients to river ecosystems. Along a floodplain in Montana, we extracted BRSP from soils and related the protein concentrations to the age of soil surfaces. We identified BRSP in surface soils, as well as to a depth of 1.4 m, and found that the protein accumulates through time. We also detected BRSP in foam from five rivers in the western United States. Experiments were conducted that demonstrate that the protein may be leached or washed from soils and become a constituent of foam when mixed into turbulent water. We propose that terrestrially derived soil protein may enter rivers via erosion and leaching and serve as a nutrient source for aquatic organisms.     

Effects of nutritional components on aging

Nutrients including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals regulate various physiological processes and are essential for the survival of organisms. Reduced overall caloric intake delays aging in various organisms. However, the role of each nutritional component in the regulation of lifespan is not well established. In this review, we describe recent studies focused on the regulatory role of each type of nutrient in aging. Moreover, we will discuss how the amount or composition of each nutritional component may influence longevity or health in humans.     

Nutrient availability affects the response of the calcifying chlorophyte Halimeda opuntia (L.) J.V. Lamouroux to low pH

Atmospheric carbon dioxide emissions cause a decrease in the pH and aragonite saturation state of surface ocean water. As a result, calcifying organisms are expected to suffer under future ocean conditions, but their physiological responses may depend on their nutrient status. Because many coral reefs experience high inorganic nutrient loads or seasonal changes in nutrient availability, reef organisms in localized areas will have to cope with elevated carbon dioxide and changes in inorganic nutrients. Halimeda opuntia is a dominant calcifying primary producer on coral reefs that contributes to coral reef accretion. Therefore, we investigated the carbon and nutrient balance of H. opuntia exposed to elevated carbon dioxide and inorganic nutrients. We measured tissue nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon content as well as the activity of enzymes involved in inorganic carbon uptake and nitrogen assimilation (external carbonic anhydrase and nitrate reductase, respectively). Inorganic carbon content was lower in algae exposed to high CO₂, but calcification rates were not significantly affected by CO₂ or inorganic nutrients. Organic carbon was positively correlated to external carbonic anhydrase activity, while inorganic carbon showed the opposite correlation. Carbon dioxide had a significant effect on tissue nitrogen and organic carbon content, while inorganic nutrients affected tissue phosphorus and N:P ratios. Nitrate reductase activity was highest in algae grown under elevated CO₂ and inorganic nutrient conditions and lowest when phosphate was limiting. In general, we found that enzymatic responses were strongly influenced by nutrient availability, indicating its important role in dictating the local responses of the calcifying primary producer H. opuntia to ocean acidification.