不同种源白花泡桐种子的休眠生理生态研究

为了探讨亚热带树木休眠理论以及休眠与树木分布的相互关系,研究了不同种源白花泡桐种子的休眠生理生态学特性。结果表明：白花泡桐种子适宜发芽温度范围在20～30℃,经过低温处理后,适宜发芽温度范围扩大到15～30℃,具有浅低温休眠特性;5℃的低温处理不仅提高了不同种源白花泡桐种子的发芽率和发芽势,而且加快了发芽速度,尤其在15℃发芽温度条件下的促进效果更加明显;40d的5℃低温处理效果最好．20d、60d的低温处理效果相对较差;没有用低温处理的不同种源白花泡桐种子,除了在25℃发芽温度下的发芽势差异不显著外,在不同发芽温度条件下的发芽率与发芽势都存在着显著差异,但在20℃、25℃发芽温度下的平均发芽时间差异不显著。在15℃发芽温度条件下,除了桂林种源以外,没有用低温处理的白花泡桐种子的发芽率与发芽势都随着种源纬度的增加而增加,而在20～30℃的适宜发芽温度范围内随种源纬度的变化趋势不明显;不同种源白花泡桐种子对低温处理反应差异明显。低温处理后的中亚热带以南的低纬度种源白花泡桐种子发芽率、发芽势都较北亚热带的高纬度种源高。低温处理后的中亚热带株州种源和北亚热带南部的宜昌种源白花泡桐种子的平均发芽时间最长,而随着纬度的降低或增加平均发芽时间都变短。不同种源白花泡桐种子的浅休眠特性不同,是对不同种源地气候的一种生理生态适应。     

不同处理对沙生针茅种子萌发的影响

沙生针茅是重要的荒漠植物,研究其种子萌发特性及其对主要影响因子的响应对于认识其生存适应性以及荒漠植被恢复具有重要意义。鉴于沙生针茅种子常处休眠状态、不易萌发,而现有研究尚未充分揭示各种因素和处理对沙生针茅种子萌发的影响,本论文报道了不同因素、不同处理对沙生针茅种子萌发的影响。结果表明:(1)60℃蒸馏水浸泡种子24 h,种子吸水率、发芽率、发芽势分别达到26%、38%和32%;(2)-20/20℃变温处理96 h,发芽率、发芽势分别达到48%和46%;(3)切除绝大部分胚乳(3/4)后,种子发芽率、发芽势分别可达到58%和54%;(4)用80 mg·L~(-1)赤霉素(GA3)水溶液浸泡种子24 h,发芽率、发芽势分别达到54%和48%;(5)用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)处理,随浓度增加,种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数均呈下降趋势,种子萌发水分胁迫的临界值和极限值分别为15.9%和26.3%;(6)盐胁迫处理下,种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数均随盐碱浓度增加呈下降趋势,其中Na2CO3处理下的种子萌发率下降幅度明显大于Na Cl,表明碱性盐胁迫对沙生针茅种子萌发的抑制作用大于中性盐胁迫;(7)采用综合处理方法,种子发芽率、发芽势分别达到78%和76%。     

浓硫酸处理对海滨木槿10个家系种子萌发的影响

以海滨木槿10个家系种子为材料,采用浓硫酸不同时间(0、10、15和20 min)处理,测定种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数及萌发过程中相对吸水率、可溶性糖、淀粉和α-淀粉酶含量,研究浓硫酸处理对海滨木槿种子萌发的影响以及不同家系间种子萌发差异.结果表明:浓硫酸处理显著提高了海滨木槿种子的发芽率、发芽指数和发芽势,缩短了发芽时间.浓硫酸处理15 min后,种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数分别为95.7％、91.3％和13.28,萌发时间最短,效果最佳.海滨木槿不同家系间种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数差异显著,最高发芽指数(15.13)是最低发芽指数(7.15)的2.12倍,最高发芽势(98.0％)是最低发芽势(55.5％)的1.77倍.浓硫酸处理可加快海滨木槿种子萌发代谢生理生化进程.相对吸水率、可溶性糖和α-淀粉酶均呈单峰曲线变化(先升后降),在萌发初期达到最大值;淀粉含量与种子发芽指数呈显著负相关.     

珍稀濒危植物距瓣尾囊草种子散布及萌发特性

采用野外调查和室内实验相结合的方法,对距瓣尾囊草(Urophysa rockii)种子散布途径、散布方式和种子萌发特性进行初步研究.结果表明:距瓣尾囊草种子千粒重为0.6684±0.0038 g,以果实和种子为扩散单元进行扩散,具有自体扩散和水媒扩散两种方式.温度对距瓣尾囊草种子萌发有显著影响,20℃为最适萌发温度,发芽率达67.78％.低温(4℃)层积可有效提高种子发芽率和发芽势,随层积天数增加,发芽率和发芽势增加,但层积30 d和40 d发芽率和发芽势无显著性差异.光照和黑暗对种子萌发的影响差异不显著,光照不是其种子萌发的必需条件.实验证明,与用湿砂做发芽基质相比,用滤纸做发芽基质,其发芽率和发芽势均比前者高,因此滤纸是距瓣尾囊草种子萌发实验中更为适宜的发芽基质.     

磁化水浸种对西瓜种子萌发及幼苗生理的影响

用不同强度的磁化水(0．05T、0．08T、0．10T、0．15T)浸种西瓜种子研究磁化水对西瓜种子萌发及幼苗生理的影响,结果表明：与对照相比,各种强度磁化水浸种都能提高种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和幼苗的抗坏血酸含量,其中0．10T磁化水处理后西瓜种子发芽率、发芽势提高幅度最大;对抗坏血酸含量的影响以0．08T处理最明显;经过不同强度磁化水处理后幼苗中的过氧化物酶同工酶酶、酯酶同工酶活性得到不同强度的增强,不同品种表现不同。实验结果说明磁化水处理后能明显提高西瓜种子的萌发能力,并能提高幼苗的各种生理活性。     

不同苜蓿品种种子萌发期耐盐性的研究

用0．3％、0．7％和1．0％的Nacl溶液分别对19个苜蓿品种种子进行处理,通过发芽势、发芽率,幼根长和幼苗高对各品种种子萌发期耐盐性进行了研究。结果表明：用0．7％或1．0％NaCl溶液进行苜蓿种子萌发期耐盐性鉴定较为合理;0．7％NaCl溶液处理苜蓿种子,其幼根长及其幼苗高可作为苜蓿品种种子耐盐性鉴定的指标;在0．7％、1．0％NaCl溶液处理下,通过测定第4天和第6天各品种种子的发芽势,可以鉴定出苜蓿品种间耐盐力的大小。对19个苜蓿品种种子的发芽率、相对发芽势、幼根长和幼苗高4个耐盐鉴定指标进行综合分析,结果表明：超级13R和中苜1号种子耐盐性最强,其次为射手和牧野,全能 Z和牧歌401 Z最弱。     

伯乐树种子不同条件贮藏下前后生理比较

对3个不同地区（浙江省遂昌县、福建省浦城县和浙江江山市）的伯乐树种子形态指标进行了测定。并分别设置3种贮藏方式（A为室内湿沙环境下贮藏;B为低温（4℃）湿沙下贮藏;C为低温（4℃）封口袋中贮藏）,对贮藏前后种子的发芽率、发芽势、含水量等生理指标进行了比较研究。结果表明,浦城县地区较另外二个地区的种子狭长而扁平,且质量较小。经130d的贮藏后,3个地区的种子内淀粉含量显著下降（P〈0．05）,含水量、蛋白酶活性、淀粉酶活性、蛋白含量和可溶性糖含量则均显著升高（P〈0．05）,从而使休眠得以解除。贮藏后的发芽率和发芽势显著提高（P〈0．05）,以湿沙低温下的发芽率和发芽势为最高。     

温度和种子大小对黄花委陵菜种子萌发特征的影响

种子萌发是一个代谢过程,受到种子自身的内在因素和外界环境因素的双重作用。影响种子萌发的主要内在因素是种子大小,主要外在因素是外界环境温度。本研究以黄花委陵菜种子为材料,进行了温度和种子大小对种子发芽影响的研究。结果表明:温度显著影响种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数。20℃是黄花委陵菜种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数最高。种子大小只与其发芽率有显著关系,未能显著改变发芽势和发芽指数。综合各项指标,黄花委陵菜的最适发芽温度是20℃,温度适应范围比较小,在园林育种、管理等应用方面要严格控制其外界温度变化。     

逆境胁迫和植物生长调节剂对甘草种子萌发的影响

以野生乌拉尔甘草种子为材料,研究不同温度、覆土厚度、干旱胁迫、pH值、盐胁迫、干旱和盐双重胁迫下种子发芽与萘乙酸、3-吲哚乙酸、褪黑素浸种对种子发芽特性的影响。结果表明,（1）乌拉尔甘草种子最适发芽温度为20～25℃,发芽率≥90%,发芽时滞显著低于其他温度;（2）乌拉尔甘草种子对pH适应范围较宽,pH值在4～8发芽率较高;（3）覆土厚度在0～0.5 cm时发芽率显著高于其他覆土厚度;（4）盐碱、干旱或盐碱和干旱双重胁迫下乌拉尔甘草种子发芽势和发芽率显著降低;（5）100～300μmol/L褪黑素预处理可显著提高盐胁迫处理下乌拉尔甘草种子的发芽率和发芽势;（6）萘乙酸对乌拉尔甘草种子发芽无促进作用,但当浓度>50 mg/L时,乌拉尔甘草种子发芽势和发芽率显著降低;（7）吲哚乙酸浓度为50 mg/L时,乌拉尔甘草种子发芽势和发芽率最高。综上所述,乌拉尔甘草种子发芽具有一定的抗非生物胁迫能力,且适宜的外源植物激素浓度预处理可促进种子发芽。     

不同条件下木兰科植物种子的保质期研究

在室温下测定10种木兰科植物种子的储藏时间及在室温、4 ℃、-18 ℃三种温度下测定其中5种木兰科植物种子的储藏时间。结果表明,10种木兰科植物种子在室温条件下的发芽率、发芽势和保存时间均差异较大。5种木兰科植物种子在4 ℃贮藏条件下发芽率最高,发芽率降低最慢,保存时间最长;其次是-18 ℃储藏,室温储藏最差;随着贮藏时间的延长,种子发芽率下降,但发芽所需天数减少,出土整齐度提高,表明其种子具有休眠现象。美丽紫玉兰和深山含笑均在4 ℃下发芽势最高,在室温下次之,在-18 ℃下最差;14 d是5种木兰科植物种子出土萌发最旺盛的时间,不同的温度对种子达到此时间的影响不大,因此,4 ℃低温贮藏和保证高发芽率是提高种子发芽势的有效途径。木兰科植物种子以随采随播的发芽率最高;其萌发前所需休眠时间因种类不同而不同;在不同保存条件下,种子保存时间差别较大。     

不同种源及基质对水青树种子萌发及幼苗初期生长的影响

通过对4个不同种源地的水青树种子进行形态与生理特征的研究,探讨了不同种源、基质及温度对水青树种子萌发和幼苗初期生长的影响,以了解该物种种群自然更新困难的原因。结果表明:(1)不同种源的种子,其千粒重、饱满度及形态学方面存在显著差异。(2)不同种源的种子的萌发率分别为:74.67%(雷波)、41%(马边)、67%(九寨沟)、0%(美姑),对应的发芽势分别为38.33%、10%、27.33%、0(P<0.01);(3)在不同的萌发基质中,腐殖土中的萌发率、萌发势及幼苗的长势均优于生境土和沙土,而沙土中种子的萌发与幼苗的生长最差,因此水青树生境地的土壤不是其自然更新的限制因素;(4)常温下不同基质中,水青树种子的萌发率均高于恒温条件,表明适宜的变温处理有利于种子萌发及幼苗存活;(5)综合分析可知,雷波的水青树种子品质较好,马边的则较差。     

Effect of osmotic stress on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Myrtus communis</Emphasis> germination

The effects of water potential on germination were studied in four provenances of Myrtus from different bioclimatic zones in Tunisia. Water potential between 0 and −10 bars were obtained using polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG-6000) solutions. Seeds were planted in Petri dishes full of sterile perlite, and kept for one month under 1500 lux light with 16h photoperiod and at 25°C. A low water potential induced a reduction in germination percentage and germination speed. Significant variations between the provenances were found even under control conditions, especially at the speed germination level. The provenances from humid regions were the most susceptible to water stress, and their germination percentage showed significant reductions at −8 bars. These differences in germination ability of provenances might be attributed to intraspecific variations resulting from the effects of natural selection and genetic pool background.     

福建柏地理种源开花与结实变异规律的研究

福建柏1年2次花期,春花期4-5月,果期10月,种子无生活力;秋花期9-10月,果期翌年10月,种子有生活力,有效花期在秋季.种源花期及果期变异规律与适生区的地点、海拔、温度等地理气候因子紧密相关,总体变异规律:秋花期、球果成熟期、种子散落期山区比半山区早,半山区比丘陵区早,高海拔地区比低海拔地区早;同一地点和相同海拔高度,不同种源开花结实物候期相同,球果、种子形态特征及单果重、千粒重、发芽率差异不显著;不同地点和不同海拔高度,种源开花结实的物候期不同,果径、果高、单果重、种子数、千粒重、发芽率等主要指标差异显著或极显著.     

不同前处理条件对薄荷种子萌发的影响

研究了不同质量浓度(10～250 mg·L~(-1))赤霉素(GA_3)以及清水浸种不同时间(6～36 h)、层积不同时间(5～20 d)和超声波处理不同时间(5～25 min)对薄荷(Mentha haplocalyx Briq. )种子萌发的影响. 结果表明, 用100～200 mg·L~(-1) GA_3处理6 h, 薄荷种子的发芽启动时间缩短且发芽率和发芽势均显著高于对照, 其中, 用150 mg·L~(-1)GA_3浸种,薄荷种子的发芽率最高(57.3%).用清水浸种6～36 h后,薄荷种子的发芽启动时间和发芽持续时间与对照无显著差异,但浸种12 h的薄荷种子发芽率极显著高于对照.于10 ℃层积5～15 d后,薄荷种子的发芽率和发芽势极显著高于对照,发芽启动时间也与对照差异显著,其中层积5～10 d的种子发芽率较高,达47.8%～52.4%.用功率50 W、频率40 kHz超声波处理5～20 min后,薄荷种子发芽率较对照有极显著提高,其中用超声波处理10 min的薄荷种子发芽率最高,达到68.3%.研究结果显示,使用功率50 W、频率40 kHz的超声波处理10 min是打破薄荷种子休眠的最佳方法,可显著提高薄荷种子的发芽率.     

模拟干旱胁迫下六个种源梓树种子萌发特性及地理变异研究

该研究采用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫,测定了发芽率、发芽势和胚根长度等指标,运用相关性分析、聚类分析和隶属函数法综合评价梓树六个种源种子萌发期的抗旱性大小,初步筛选出抗旱性较强的种源。结果表明:随着溶液水势的降低,六个种源种子的发芽率、发芽势、相对发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数表现为持续下降趋势;除河南洛阳种源的胚根、胚轴长度以及甘肃正宁种源的胚根长度外,其余种源胚根、胚轴长度均表现为逐渐下降趋势;溶液水势为-1.0 MPa时,河南洛阳种源失活,其余种源各指标趋于一致。将各种源种子发芽特性与原产地地理环境因子进行相关分析表明,种子活力指数与经度、纬度呈显著正相关(0.903和0.871),经度、纬度较大的种源活力更强、抗旱性更佳;年均气温越高,种子发芽率和活力均降低;年降雨量与种子的发芽率和活力指数呈中偏弱的负相关,但与胚根和胚轴的生长呈中等正相关;温度和降雨量对梓树种子的抗旱性有一定影响,主要体现在年均温和年降雨量越低,种子的发芽率也越低;初步发现处于干旱和寒冷等相对恶劣环境下的梓树种源表现为以提高种子发芽率和降低种子胚生长活性的调节机制来适应不良环境。运用聚类分析及隶属函数法对六个种源梓树种子萌发期进行抗旱性综合评价,辽宁恒仁种源种子抗旱性最强,河南洛阳种源种子抗旱性最弱。综上结果认为,梓树六个种源抗旱性差异明显,温度和降雨量在一定程度上影响了种子萌发的抗旱性。     

Effects of germination time on seed morph ratio in a seed-dimorphic species and possible ecological significance

Background and Aims Diaspores of heteromorphic species may germinate at different times due to distinct dormancy-breaking and germination requirements, and this difference can influence life history traits. The primary aim of this study was to determine the effect of germination time of the two seed morphs of Suaeda corniculata subsp. mongolica on life history traits of the offspring.Methods Germinated brown and black seeds were sown on the 20th of each month from April to September in a simulated but near-natural habitat of the species. Phenological and vegetative traits of the maternal plants, and number, size and germination percentage of the offspring were determined.Key Results Germinated seeds sown late in the year produced smaller plants that had a higher proportion of non-dormant brown than dormant black seeds, and these brown seeds were larger than those produced by germinated seeds sown early in the year. The length of the seedling stage for brown seeds was shorter than that for black seeds, and the root/shoot ratio and reproductive allocation of plants from brown seeds were more variable than they were for plants from black seeds. Late-germinating brown seeds produced larger plants than late-germinating black seeds.Conclusions Altering the proportion of the two seed types in response to germination timing can help alleviate the adverse effects of delayed germination. The flexible strategy of a species, such as S. corniculata, that produces different proportions of dimorphic seeds in response to variation in germination timing may favour the maintenance and regeneration of the population in its unpredictable environment.     

Soil nutrient input effects on seed longevity: a burial experiment with fen-meadow species

1. Effects of high nutrient input on the longevity and viability of buried seed are examined. Seeds of 17 fen-meadow species were buried in nylon mesh bags at four sites in the Netherlands and one site in Great Britain in plots to which N, P, K fertilizers are applied. Prior to burial germination tests were conducted on the seeds of each species. This paper describes the results of the viability tests on the seeds that were exhumed after one and 2 years of burial.
2. The percentage of seeds that germinated after 1 year of burial was significantly lower than the pre-burial percentage for the majority of the species. After 2 years of burial the germination percentage further decreased. A few species, such as the Carex species, did, however, show an increase in germination percentage indicating that the burial conditions allowed dormancy controls to be broken.
3. Differences in the edaphic conditions between the sites appeared to affect germination percentages after 1 year of burial. A difference in germination response between sites was observed for Carex acutiformis, Filipendula ulmaria and Lychnis flos-cuculi .
4. A significantly higher germination percentage was found at the Great Britain site for F. ulmaria in the phosphate treatment compared with the potassium treatment and the control after 1 year of burial. In contrast to many literature assessments no significant effects of fertilizer application was found after 2 years.
5. For all sites, except one in the Netherlands, the total number of seeds that germinated was lower in 1996 than in 1995.     

稀土和锌对黑稻种子发芽的影响

用三个浓度的稀土溶液和硫酸锌溶液对黑稻种子浸种 2 4 h后 ,进行种子的标准发芽试验。 3天后测定种子的发芽势 ,7天后测定发芽率 ,并同期对芽长进行测定。三种浓度的稀土溶液和硫酸锌溶液对黑稻种子的发芽势及同期芽长均有明显促进作用 ,对发芽率则无影响。用硫酸锌溶液浸种应是一种简单易行的补充农田缺锌的方法之一     

Germination of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sedum oxypetalum</Emphasis> (Crassulaceae) in a primary lava-field shrubland

Sedum oxypetalum is one of the dominant species in the xerophilous shrublands in the lava fields of the Basin of Mexico. Germination of this species was evaluated to understand its ecological response. We tested the effects of different pre-germination treatments (cold, and dry and wet heat) and storage time, as well as those of natural priming in two microhabitats with different disturbance levels. Experiments were performed in laboratory conditions under constant (25 °C) and fluctuating (20/30 °C) temperatures. Seeds did not germinate during burial and proved to be positively photoblastic. Under pre-germination treatments, final germination percentage was higher at 20/30 °C in seeds after four or more months of storage. None of the pre-germination treatments favored germination. Seeds can survive for more than 1 year and form a seed bank. Thus, seeds underwent natural priming that favored final germination percentage; however, germination rate and lag time were not affected by this process. In natural conditions, germination is delayed until the rainy season, improving the success of seedling establishment and growth. We discuss the role of fluctuating temperature in germination processes and the adaptations of seeds to their seasonal environment.