现代中国人身高的变异

本文依据16个省汉族和23个少数民族身高平均值,运用方差分析法分析和讨论了当代中国人身高的地理变化,男女两性身高的群体变化趋势。     

关于中国人体表面积公式的研究

以纸模法测量１００名成人（男女各５０名）体表面积,并测量其身高、体重,比较以Ｓｔｅｖｅｎｓｏｎ公式计算之人体表面积与实测体表面积的差异。结果表明,Ｓｔｅｖｅｎｓｏｎ公式已不适用于计算当代中国人体表面积,据男女各５０例所得到的男女体表面积计算公式分别为：Ｓ男＝０００５７×身高＋００１２１×体重＋００８８２,Ｓ女＝０００７３×身高＋００１２７×体重－０２１０６,若不区别男和女,为中国人适用的通式为Ｓ＝０００６１×身高＋００１２４×体重－０００９９。     

内蒙古和林格尔县新店子墓地古代居民的身高研究

本文对内蒙古和林格尔县新店子墓地出土东周时期的长骨标本进行了观察和测量,并根据相关公式推测出该组居民的身高,研究结果表明,该组男性居民的身高在内蒙古长城地带同时期的人群中最低,而女性居民则最高,是一个男女两性居民身高差异较小的古代群体。     

中国高身材青少年的地区分布特点及体质现状研究

利用“１９９１年全国学生体质健康监测”中１３—２２岁汉族男女城乡１１４４３１名中小学生的资料,按马丁身高分类标准划分不同身高段。分析其中高身材者（男＞１８０ｃｍ、女＞１６８ｃｍ）的人群地区分布特点。通过与同龄一般身高段青少年的比较,在探讨高身材青少年体型、体力潜在优势的同时,分析了他们在体格和运动素质方面的不足,就此提出干预建议。     

北京与重庆地区成人身高变化的研究

1983年对北京、重庆两地市区和农村汉族685对父子和667对母女的身高和坐高进行了测量。结果表明,两地市区与农村的子女比其父母分别高2.4至4.0厘米(P<0.01)。在28.5年中,一代人平均增高3.35厘米。市区男女两代人都比农村的要高,而且市区年青人身高增加比农村的多。女青年身高增加比男青年的更多。北京人比重庆人高,而且北京年青一代身高增加比重庆人更多。重庆年青人上身增长比下肢多,而北京年青人则下肢增长多。结果还表明,身高相关系数为0.37—0.45,遗传力h2值在0.6665—0.8217之间。     

大连汉族学生身高的研究

本文采用国际通用的人体测量方法,调查了大连城市７－１７岁的１２１４（男６０１,女６１３）名汉族学生的身高,并利用以往的资料,研讨了大连学生身高的生长发育趋势、性差和生长突增高峰年龄。结果表明：大连汉族学生２１年来身高吾逐渐增高趋势,平均每１０年增长值男性为２．９４ｃｍ,女性２．０９ｃｍ,但近８年间在８￣１０岁各年龄组的男女学生身高均呈负增长。在１９７４年－１９９５年的２１年间,生长突增高峰年龄男性     

长治市幼儿园4—5岁儿童四季生长情况

作者对山西省长治市幼儿园1980和1981年出生的216名儿童(男125、女91),在1985年四季生长的情况进行了测量和统计分析。结果表明,男童年均身高增长6.12厘米,体重增长2.49公斤;女童年均身高增长5.65厘米,体重增长2.35公斤。各季身高和体重增长值经F检验,季节差异均非常显著(p<0.01)。一年内最佳生长季节为秋季,同其它三季比较,经Dunnett检验,只有春季男女儿童身高增长和冬季女童体重增长与秋季相比,差异不显著(P<0.05)。其余各季增长同秋季比较,差异均非常显著(P<0.01)。     

云南蒙古族体质特征

在云南省通海县调查了439例(男为202例, 女为237例)蒙古族人的67项体质指标(9项观察指标和58项测量指标), 计算出32项体质指数, 并对身高和11项指数进行了分型统计。研究结果表明: (1)云南蒙古族有蒙古褶率较低,有上眼睑皱褶率较低。鼻根高度男的中型率最高, 女的低型率最高。鼻翼高度男女均以中型率最高, 上唇皮肤部高度男女多为中等; 耳垂男女以三角形率最高。发色多为黑色, 眼色多为褐色, 肤色多为黄色。(2)云南蒙古族身高男女均为亚中等身材, 男性的亚中等型率最高, 女性的矮型率最高。按分型比例来看, 云南蒙古族男女均为中头型(头长宽指数)、高头型、超狭面型、中胸型、中肩型、中腿型、窄骨盆型、中躯干型率最高。头宽高指数男性为中头型率最高, 女性为阔头型率最高。(3)在7个蒙古族族群中, 蒙古族头长值、鼻高值最大, 鼻宽、口裂宽、形态面高值最大,头宽、额最小宽、面宽、身高、体重值最小。(4)在14个云南族群中, 云南蒙古族形态面高、鼻高、体重值大, 身高值较大,鼻宽、口裂宽值较小。(5)云南蒙古族体质与阿昌、白族、彝族最为接近。(6)云南蒙古族总体上属于蒙古人种南亚类型体质, 是南亚类型中体质相对接近于北亚类型的一个族群。(7)云南蒙古族体质形成与其族源及与周边族群的基因交流有关。     

大连学生体质发育的研究

为了解大连地区城乡学生生长发育状况及其规律,采用人体测量学方法,调查测量了大连地区7—18岁3834（城市男630,城市女645,乡村男1285,乡村女1274）名汉族学生23项形态指标,并利用以往资料,研讨了大连学生主要形态指标的生长发育规律、生长发育趋势、性差和地区差别。结果表明：1生长发育特点：大连学生测量项目的均值随年龄的增长而增加,生长曲线呈上升趋势并且男女有交叉现象。2性差：大连学生各测量项目均有明显的性差,除女生青春期（10—12岁）外,在其他年龄组均为男生大于女生。3生长的长期变化：大连7—17岁男女学生26年来身高、体重、胸围有较大幅度的增长,其每10年平均增长值分别为2.52cm和1.92cm、4.05kg和2.39kg、1.77cm和1.38cm。4城乡差：大连男女学生身高、体重、胸围仍存在城乡差别。     

哈萨克族中小学生体质发育资料及身体发育指数分析

本文报告了新疆阿勒泰地区7—18岁哈萨克族中小学生体质发育的调查结果。重点分析3456名城镇哈萨克族学生的体质发育资料。体质发育调查指标包括身高、体重、胸围、坐高、肩宽、骨盆宽六项,其增长幅度及变异度皆以体重为大。哈萨克族学生的身高不论男女,在多数年龄组小于国内同龄汉族学生,而体重则多数年龄组大于国内同龄汉族。本文还分析了哈萨克族学生的六项身体发育指数。     

Comparing the role of the height of men and women in the marriage market

This paper explores how the role of men and women’s height in the marriage market has changed across generations. Using individual-level data from Japan, we compared the effect of height on marriages between men and women, and investigated how the effect of height on marriage has changed across generations. Our key findings are: (1) for men born before 1965, a 1% increase in height led to an approximately 0.56% increase in the probability of being married. Conversely, for women born before 1965, a 1% increase in height led to an approximately 0.56% decrease in the probability of being married. (2) For men born in or after 1965, a 1% increase in height led to an approximately 1.05% (0.18%) increase (decrease) in the probability of being married (divorced). However, the height effect was not present for women. Japan experienced astounding economic development after World War II, which resulted in changes in its economic and social structure. These changes may have also altered the role of height for Japanese men and women in the marriage market.     

A morphometric study of the external ear: age- and sex-related differences

The human ear is a defining feature of the face. Its subtle structures convey signs of age and sex that are unmistakable yet not easily defined. With analysis of normative cross-sectional data, this study explored anatomic and aesthetic differences in the ear between men and women, as well as changes in ear morphology with age. A total of 123 volunteers were randomly selected for this study. The cohort consisted of 89 women ages 19 to 65 years (median age, 42 years) and 34 men ages 18 to 61 years (median age, 35 years). The average total ear height across the entire cohort for both left and right ears was 6.30 cm, average lobular height was 1.88 cm, and average lobular width was 1.96 cm. As expected based on head size, significant sex-related differences were noted in the distance from the lateral palpebral commissure to both the helical root and insertion of the lobule. Measured distances in both vectors were approximately 4.6 percent longer in men than in women. Similarly, the height of the pinna was significantly larger in men than in women by approximately 6.5 percent. The average height and width of the lobule, however, were nearly identical in men and women. Analysis of age-related data showed a significant difference in the total ear height between the subpopulations; however, this difference was not significant after the lobular height was subtracted from total ear height, suggesting that the lobule was the only ear structure that changed significantly with age. In addition, lobular width decreased significantly with age. This study establishes normative data for ear morphology and clearly demonstrates the changes in earlobe morphology that occur with advancing age.     

Height and reproductive success

In Western societies, height is positively correlated with reproductive success (RS) for men but negatively correlated with RS for women. These relationships have been attributed to sexual selection: women prefer tall men, and men prefer short women. It is this success in the marriage market which leads to higher RS for tall men and short women. We have already shown that the relationship between height and RS for women is quite different in a non-Western context. In a subsistence farming community in rural Gambia, height is positively correlated with reproductive success for women, largely owing to the higher survival of the children of tall women. Here, the relationship between height and reproductive success is analyzed for men in the same community. For these Gambian men, there is no significant relationship between height and the number of children they produce, although tall men do contract more marriages than shorter men. We conclude that environmental context needs to be taken into account when analyzing human reproductive behavior.     

Social conditioning of body height and mass in children and adolescents, as well as in adult inhabitants of the Konin Province, Poland.

This paper presents the socio-economic conditioning of somatic features in children and adolescents, as well as in adults, both men and women. The material used in the analysis was collected in 1990 in the Konin voivodeship (Poland). It comprises 1587-1608 boys and 2191-2213 girls at the age of 7-18 years. The adults consist of two groups: 1. aged 25-39 (3096 men and 4628 women), 2. aged 40-59 (4210 men and 3061 women). The metrical data comprise body height, body mass and BMI. Environmental (size of the district of residence) and social data (level of education and professional data of the parents) were taken into account. Multidimensional statistical analysis (step-wise) was applied to explain the variability of the somatic features under study in relation to the socio-environmental factors. It could be shown that the socio-environmental differentiation of the somatic features manifests itself in a different manner depending on the kind of feature, on the gender and on the age. In comparison with the girls the boys show a greater ecosensitivity of body height and mass and a lesser ecosensitivity concerning the BMI. Among all the factors describing "the quality of living conditions" the classically used indirect factors have a fundamental influence on the development of body height, body mass and BMI of boys, as well as on the body height of girls (e.g. parents' addiction to nicotine, physical effort). The social differentiation manifests itself most clearly in adult women's body mass and BMI and in men's body height. The level of education is a factor of relatively highest importance. It differentiates somatic features of men and women independently of their age (exceptions: body mass of younger women, BMI of older men). The occupational stratification differentiates women's somatic features (with the exception of the BMI of the older women) and body height of the younger men. The size of the district differentiates somatic features in younger women and men, apart from body height in men, and conditionally (Ha: one-sided) BMI in older women.     

Women's height,reproductive success and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in modern humans

Recent studies have shown that, in contemporary populations, tall men have greater reproductive success than shorter men. This appears to be due to their greater ability to attract mates. To our knowledge, no comparable results have yet been reported for women. This study used data from Britain's National Child Development Study to examine the life histories of a nationally representative group of women. Height was weakly but significantly related to reproductive success. The relationship was U-shaped, with deficits at the extremes of height. This pattern was largely due to poor health among extremely tall and extremely short women. However, the maximum reproductive success was found below the mean height for women. Thus, selection appears to be sexually disruptive in this population, favouring tall men and short women. Over evolutionary time, such a situation tends to maintain sexual dimorphism. Men do not use stature as a positive mate-choice criterion as women do. It is argued that there is good evolutionary reason for this, because men are orientated towards cues of fertility, and female height, being positively related to age of sexual maturity, is not such a cue.     

Weight-height relationships and body mass index: some observations from the Diverse Populations Collaboration

Body mass index (BMI, weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) is the most widely used weight-height index worldwide. This universal use of BMI assumes that the rationale for its use is universally applicable. We examine two possible rationales for using BMI as a universal measure. The first rationale is that BMI is strongly correlated with weight, but is independent of height. The second rationale is that BMI correctly captures the relationship between weight and height, which implies that the slope of log weight regressed on log height is 2. We examined the weight-height relationship in 25 diverse population samples of men and women from the US, Europe, and Asia. The analysis included 72 subgroups with a total of 385,232 adults aged 25 years and older. Although BMI was highly correlated with weight in all studies, a significant, negative correlation between BMI and height was found in 31 out of 40 subgroups of men (r=-0.004 to -0.133) and 32 of 32 groups of women (r=-0.016 to -0.205). When log weight was regressed on log height, the 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the slopes did not include 2 in 25 out of 40 male subgroups. The summary estimate of the slopes across studies of men was 1.92 (95% CI, 1.87-1.97). For women, slopes were lower than 2 in 28 of 32 subgroups with a summary estimate of 1.45 (95% CI, 1.39-1.51). In most of the populations, BMI is not independent of height; weight does not universally vary with the square of height; and the relationship between weight and height differs significantly between males and females. The use of a single BMI standard for both men and women cannot be justified on the basis of weight-height relationships.     

Height and BMI of Italian immigrants to the USA, 1908–1970

We analyze self-reported anthropometric data pertaining to 2140 adults who emigrated to the United States, mainly from southern Italy, between 1908-1928 and 1960-1970. The mean height of immigrant men was 165.5 cm: they were taller than contemporary southern Italian men by 0.5-7.3 cm in different periods. The mean height of the Italian immigrant women born before 1952 was 157.6 cm, less than the national average. At the end of the 1990s, national women average height was 162 cm, 159.5 cm for southern women. There were age-related increases of weight and BMI: overweight was more prevalent in the 40-49 years age category. In the male sample, the mean values of BMI were within the overweight range in all age classes. The prevalence of obesity was higher in the male sample than among US men, whereas it was virtually identical in the women's sample and much higher than the values reported for several European countries for the period 1970-1980.     

Gender bias in the effects of arms and countermovement on jumping performance

The ability to jump high is considered important in a number of sports. It is commonly accepted that the use of the arms and a counter movement increase jump height. In some sport situations (e.g., volley ball block, basketball rebound), athletes may not be able to utilize a counter movement or arm swing. The purpose of this study is to examine gender differences in the contribution of the arm swing and counter movement to vertical jump height. Fifty college students, 25 men (age = 21.4 +/- 1.7 years, height = 182.2 +/- 8 cm, weight = 83.7 +/- 12.4 kg) and 25 women (age = 20.7 +/- 1.6 years, height = 166.7 +/- 6.3 cm, weight = 61.5 +/- 7.0 kg), performed 4 jumping movements: squat jumps with hands on hips (SNA), counter movement jump with hands on hips (CMNA), squat jump with arm swing (SA), and counter movement with arm swing (CMA). Significant differences were found between men's and women's performance, as well as between each type of jump within each gender. A mixed-model analysis of variance detected gender differences with respect to changes in the jumping movement. For both sexes the jumps in order from worst to best were SNA, CMNA, SA, and CMA. Peak power values for men were 4,057, 4,020, 4,644, and 4,747 W, respectively, for the 4 jumps. The female power values were 2,543, 2,445, 2,842, and 2,788 W, respectively, for the 4 jumps. Arms increased jump height more than a counter movement for both genders, with jump heights for men at 29.6, 31, 36, and 38 cm, respectively, and those of women 21, 22, 26, and 27 cm, respectively. Use of the arms was found to increase the jump height of the men significantly more than that of women. Changes in jumping movements affect men and women differently. The greater increase in jump height for the men when using the arm swing could be because of greater upper body strength of men compared with women. This could have applications to training and upper body strength and also to modeling of jumping movements.     

中国人群的体部指数

本文通过对63452例18～97岁的中国人体部12项指数值的统计分析,得出目前该年龄段中国人的体部形态特征。研究发现,中国人总体体型为长躯干型、中肩型、中骨盆型、中腿型。男性为中胸型,女性为宽胸型。随着年龄增长,上半身会显得更短一些,上半身与下半身比例更小一些,胸部更显宽厚一些,躯干下部显得更宽一些,腿显得更长一些。与南方族群相比,蒙古语族群、突厥语族群身体更壮实一些,胸部更显得宽厚一些,上身更高一些,上肢显得短一些,躯干的上部(肩部)相对窄一些,躯干的下部(骨盆)相对更宽一些,上肢长和下肢长度比例更小一些。研究还发现,同等身高的男性和女性相比,男性的上肢长度、下肢长度一般都小于女性,而女性比男性有一个更大的坐高值。从躯干长度来比较,女性确实比男性腿短一些。下身长相等的中国男性、女性之间相比,女性的坐高大于男性。同等身高情况下,中国人的坐高比欧亚人种、非洲人种的坐高要大,即有较高的上半身高度。     

A positive relationship between body height and the testosterone response to physical exercise

Human male height is one of the most conspicuous sexually dimorphic, phenotypic characteristics that affect how men are perceived both by men and women, impacting mate selection and intra-sexual competition. Testosterone is a key hormone linked to morphological masculinity and advantage in intra-sexual competition. To date, there have been limited studies linking height with testosterone levels. Here, we examined the change in circulating testosterone levels after physical exercise in 97 healthy and physically active men. Our results show that there was a significant relationship between male stature and the change in testosterone levels, whereas there was no such link between body height and circulating testosterone levels. Therefore, our findings provide evidence that height may indicate male’s adaptive capabilities to physiologically mobilize their bodies when it is needed and/or beneficial.