人体骨骼肌肉层对心电传导和体表电位标测的影响

应用电磁场数值计算方法求解三维心电图正问题,重点考察了人体骨骼肌肉层的各向异性导电性对心电传导的影响。推导了描述人类心电场的有限元模型和边界元模型,以及二者结合的形式,并在一个包含各向异性导电性肌肉层的三维人体模型下进行了模拟计算。讨论了骨骼肌肉层在不同的肌肉纤维方向组合下的胸腔模型,以及纤维的各向异性导电性对体表电位图的影响     

人体骨骼肌肉层对心电传导和体表电位标测的影响

应用电磁场数值计算方法求解三维心电图正问题,重点考察了人体骨骼肌肉层的各向异性导电性对心电传导的影响。推导了描述人类心电场的有限元模型和边界元模型,以及二者结合的形式,并在一个包含异性导电肌肉层的三维人体模下进行了模拟计算。     

改善心电图逆问题病态条件的两个有效方法

本文对应用数值方法求解三维心电图逆问题时出现的解的不稳定现象,提出了两种有效的解决办法,即提高电导率值和选用包含适当的正则因子的阻尼最小二乘法。文中应用有限元和边界元结合的方法,在一个包含各向异性导电性肌肉层的三维人体模型下进行了心外膜电位的重构计算。其结果证明这种方法对提高心电图逆问题的数值稳定性和解的精度非常有效。     

骨骼肌肉建模及其仿真

该文首先对骨骼肌肉模型进行探讨,并且在Zajac肌肉力学模型下,通过仿真软件"Virtual Muscle 3.1.5"对骨骼肌进行仿真.根据不同的肌肉性状和肌肉骨骼运动状态进行了不同的仿真实验,并且得到很好的模拟结果.本实验主要针对老年人和受伤肌肉,研究其特性与正常肌肉的异同,通过仿真实验的最终结果,分析得出了肌肉性状变化,特别是长肱二头肌,会对肌肉施力功能产生很大的影响.     

獐不同组织材料DNA提取的有效方法

根据野外采集的獐肌肉、皮张、毛发、血迹、骨骼和粪便等不同样本的特点采用相适合的DNA提取方法,并对肌肉、皮张、毛发、骨骼的提取进行了改进,通过对线粒体细胞色素b和控制区基因PCR扩增反应以及测序结果证实,这几种DNA抽提方法及相应改进的可靠性,并可以提高野外非损伤性取材在保护遗传学中的应用。     

高频超声在大运动后颈部肌肉骨骼损伤诊断治疗中的临床应用

目的:研究高频超声在大运动后颈部肌肉骨骼损伤诊断治疗中的临床应用,为临床治疗提供理论依据。方法:选择2014年2月至2015年12月我院收治的大运动后出现颈部肌肉骨骼损伤的患者186例进行研究,按照随机数表法分为超声组、CT组及MRI组,依次进行高频超声诊断、CT诊断、MRI诊断。对比各组患者颈部肌肉骨骼的损伤状况、平均准确率及平均误诊率,同时比较医师对不同诊断方式的评价情况。结果:各组颈部肌肉骨骼损伤的诊断情况比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。超声组诊断的平均准确率高于CT组和MRI组,其中肌肉损伤93.75%,骨骼损伤88.89%,血管损伤91.67%,神经损伤88.89%,肌肉感染83.33%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。医师对超声诊断方式的实用性、安全性、经济性及准确性的评价均显著高于CT与MRI,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:利用高频超声对颈部肌肉骨骼的损伤患者进行诊断,准确率较高,误诊率较低,且更加安全、实用、经济,值得临床推广应用。     

NLRP3炎性小体在肌肉骨骼系统疾病中的作用

炎性小体是先天性免疫系统的受体和传感器,在许多疾病的发生和进展中起着关键的病理作用。近期研究表明,NOD样受体家族核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体3 (NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3, NLRP3)炎性小体参与了对公共健康具有高度影响的疾病的发生,如肌肉骨骼系统疾病。肌肉骨骼系统疾病是主要由工作和周围环境引起或加重的肌肉、关节、骨骼等运动系统疾病,以及相关神经、循环系统损伤的疾病。NLRP3小体的激活可以诱导炎症及引发焦亡,造成机体进一步损伤。因此,以NLRP3炎性小体为切入点,开展对肌肉骨骼系统疾病的预防和治疗具有重要意义。研究炎症性疾病中NLRP3炎性小体活动的机制及作用已然成为新的研究方向。本文对NLRP3炎性小体的激活途径及机制进行了概述,并分析了NLRP3炎性小体在肌少症、骨质疏松症和关节炎等肌肉骨骼系统疾病中的作用,以期为肌肉骨骼系统疾病的治疗提供理论依据。     

干细胞的神奇：脂肪变骨骼

脂肪中的干细胞可以用来治愈组织如肌肉和骨骼中的伤害。MichaelLongaker及合作者发表研究报告称,将脂肪干细胞移植到一只老鼠头骨上4mm的伤处,成功地形成新骨并修复了伤口。近年来科学家已经发现脂肪干细胞可以被诱化生成骨骼、软骨、肌肉或神经细胞。现在Longaker等展示了脂肪干细胞的医疗潜力——修复较大而无法自身愈合的骨骼伤害。干细胞的神奇:脂肪变骨骼     

水蚀法制作骨骼标本

制作各种脊椎动物的骨骼标本,首先将动物处死,然后剥皮去肉。去肉是制作骨骼标本的主要工作一般分两步进行:第一步,先用刀、剪、镊子等解剖用具去掉大块肌肉;第二步,去除残留在骨骼上的肌肉,这是关键的步骤。去除残留在骨骼上的肌肉,通常是用碱液或直接用腐败法,借助微生物的作用,使残留在骨骼上的肌肉彻底除去。但这两种方法有一个缺点,就是不好掌握腐蚀或腐败的程度,如时间过长,关节完全脱开,制作标本时则难以连接;如时间过短,残肉又去不净。鉴于上述原因,笔者根据几年的生物技术教学实践,认为采用水蚀法去残肉效果极佳。水蚀法简单易行,但在制作骨骼标本之前,应认真全面地了解并掌握整个动物的骨骼系统结构。制作     

血锌与肝锌,骨骼锌及肌肉锌的相关性研究

用~(65)Zn同位素示踪法研究了不同年龄LACA小鼠体内血锌与肝脏锌、骨骼锌及肌肉锌的相关性。实验结果表明,血锌的代谢与骨骼内锌及肌肉内锌的代谢有明显的相关关系,而与肝脏内锌代谢无相关关系;骨骼及肌肉中锌含量占全身锌含量的90％,上述结果提示血锌的监测可反映体内锌的水平。     

A 3D skeletal muscle model coupled with active contraction of muscle fibres and hyperelastic behaviour

This paper presents a three-dimensional finite element model of skeletal muscle which was developed to simulate active and passive non-linear mechanical behaviours of the muscle during lengthening or shortening under either quasi-static or dynamic condition. Constitutive relation of the muscle was determined by using a strain energy approach, while active contraction behaviour of the muscle fibre was simulated by establishing a numerical algorithm based on the concept of the Hill's three-element muscle model. The proposed numerical algorithm could be used to predict concentric, eccentric, isometric and isotonic contraction behaviours of the muscle. The proposed numerical algorithm and constitutive model for the muscle were derived and implemented into a non-linear large deformation finite element programme ABAQUS by using user-defined material subroutines. A number of scenarios have been used to demonstrate capability of the model for simulating both quasi-static and dynamic response of the muscle. Validation of the proposed model has been performed by comparing the simulated results with the experimental ones of frog gastrocenemius muscle deformation. The effects of the fusiform muscle geometry and fibre orientation on the stress and fibre stretch distributions of frog muscle during isotonic contraction have also been investigated by using the proposed model. The predictability of the present model for dynamic response of the muscle has been demonstrated by simulating the extension of a squid tentacle during a strike to catch prey.     

On a phenomenological model for fatigue effects in skeletal muscles

This work deals with the development and implementation of a new fatigue model for simulating fatigue effects in skeletal muscles. Basic idea of this modelling strategy is an approach that divides the fibres of a muscle into three groups: fibres in the active state, those that are already fatigued and fibres in the resting state. All fibres are able to switch between the different groups by defining adequate rates. In this way a continuous transfer of fibres between those three states has been described. Rooted on an incompressible, hyperelastic constitutive law with transversely isotropic characteristics the fatigue model has been implemented in the framework of the finite element method. Numerical examples are given in order to illustrate the ability of this model. Further, we validate the model by fatigue experiments of the rat soleus muscle. In doing so, it proves that the model is able to predict physiological observations and mechanical test results.     

Evaluation of a combination of continuum and truss finite elements in a model of passive and active muscle tissue

The numerical method of finite elements (FE) is a powerful tool for analysing stresses and strains in the human body. One area of increasing interest is the skeletal musculature. This study evaluated modelling of skeletal muscle tissue using a combination of passive non-linear, viscoelastic solid elements and active Hill-type truss elements, the super-positioned muscle finite element (SMFE). The performance of the combined materials and elements was evaluated for eccentric motions by simulating a tensile experiment from a published study on a stimulated rabbit muscle including three different strain rates. It was also evaluated for isometric and concentric contractions. The resulting stress-strain curves had the same overall pattern as the experiments, with the main limitation being sensitivity to the active force-length relation. It was concluded that the SMFE could model active and passive muscle tissue at constant rate elongations for strains below failure, as well as isometric and concentric contractions.     

An augmented Lagrangian finite element formulation for 3D contact of biphasic tissues

Biphasic contact analysis is essential to obtain a complete understanding of soft tissue biomechanics, and the importance of physiological structure on the joint biomechanics has long been recognised; however, up to date, there are no successful developments of biphasic finite element contact analysis for three-dimensional (3D) geometries of physiological joints. The aim of this study was to develop a finite element formulation for biphasic contact of 3D physiological joints. The augmented Lagrangian method was used to enforce the continuity of contact traction and fluid pressure across the contact interface. The biphasic contact method was implemented in the commercial software COMSOL Multiphysics 4.2^® (COMSOL, Inc., Burlington, MA). The accuracy of the implementation was verified using 3D biphasic contact problems, including indentation with a flat-ended indenter and contact of glenohumeral cartilage layers. The ability of the method to model multibody biphasic contact of physiological joints was proved by a 3D knee model. The 3D biphasic finite element contact method developed in this study can be used to study the biphasic behaviours of the physiological joints.     

Influence of needling conditions on the corneal insertion force

Abstract

Needle insertion plays an important part in the process of corneal graft surgery. In this paper, a three-dimensional symmetry model of the human cornea is constructed using the finite element method. Simplification of specific optic physiology is defined for the model: The cornea constrained by the sclera is presented as two layers consisting of epithelium and stroma. A failure criterion based on the distortion energy theory has been proposed to predict the insertion process of the needle. The simulation results show a good agreement with the experimental data reported in the literature. The influence of needling conditions (e.g. insertion velocity, rotation parameters and vibration parameters) on the insertion force are then discussed. In addition, a multi-objective optimization based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) is applied to reduce the insertion force. The numerical results provide guidelines for selecting the motion parameters of the needle and a potential basis for further developments in robot-assisted surgery.     

How does muscle stiffness affect the internal deformations within the soft tissue layers of the buttocks under constant loading?

Mechanical loading of soft tissues covering bony prominences can cause skeletal muscle damage, ultimately resulting in a severe pressure ulcer termed deep tissue injury (DTI). Deformation plays an important role in the aetiology of DTI. Therefore, it is essential to minimise internal muscle deformations in subjects at risk of DTI. As an example, spinal cord-injured (SCI) individuals exhibit structural changes leading to a decrease in muscle thickness and stiffness, which subsequently increase the tissue deformations. In the present study, an animal-specific finite element model, where the geometry and boundary conditions were derived from magnetic resonance images, was developed. It was used to investigate the internal deformations in the muscle, fat and skin layers of the porcine buttocks during loading. The model indicated the presence of large deformations in both the muscle and the fat layers, with maximum shear strains up to 0.65 in muscle tissue and 0.63 in fat. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis showed that the tissue deformations depend considerably on the relative stiffness values of the different tissues. For example, a change in muscle stiffness had a large effect on the muscle deformations. A 50% decrease in stiffness caused an increase in maximum shear strain from 0.65 to 0.99, whereas a 50% increase in stiffness resulted in a decrease in maximum shear strain from 0.65 to 0.49. These results indicate the importance of restoring tissue properties after SCI, with the use of, for example, electrical stimulation, to prevent the development of DTI.     

肌肉特异性基因启动子的上游转录调控元件研究进展

真核生物启动子位于基因5’端上游转录起始位点附近,是包含核心启动子以及上游转录调控元件的一段DNA序列,这些转录调控元件控制着基因表达的强度和特异性。肌肉特异性启动子的上游调控元件种类、数量和排列顺序决定着基因在肌肉中的特异性表达。深入研究肌肉启动子的上游调控元件,可以进一步了解肌肉基因表达机制,从而为肌肉性状的改良、增殖分化的机理和疾病的基因治疗等研究提供重要依据。该文回顾了近年来肌肉特异性启动子研究领域中的新发现,包括肌肉特异性启动子转录调控元件的分子机制、建立人工合成肌肉启动子的方法及应用,并探讨该领域中急需解决的问题和发展前景。