贝叶斯方法估计阈性状育种值的原理和计算技术

本文介绍了估计阈性状育种值的贝叶斯方法的原理,演示了描述阈性状观察值、建立后验概率密度函数、以及导出非线性方程组的方法．并就这一估计方法的计算技术进行了讨论,针对动物遗传育种中方程组系数矩阵往往很大,超出计算机内存的情况,提出了不需要建立方程组,在数据上迭代求解的计算方法．本文还综述了这一非线性方法与线性方法在阈性状育种值估计上的比较．     

非线性脉冲中立型时滞抛物方程组解的振动性

讨论一类非线性脉冲中立型时滞抛物方程组解的振动性,利用一阶脉冲中立型微分不等式给出了该类方程组在Robin,Dirichlet边界条件下所有解振动的若干充分条件．所得结果充分反映了脉冲和时滞在振动中的影响作用．     

脉冲时滞抛物型方程组解的存在唯一性（英文）

在本文中,我们定义了一类脉冲时滞抛物型方程组的上解与下解,并利用上下解方法研究了此脉冲时滞抛物型方程组解的存在唯一性,得到一些新的结论。给出了在生态学中一个应用.     

一类带有加权非局部源和吸收项的抛物方程组解的爆破

处理了一类更复杂的抛物方程组解的整体存在性和爆破性,方程组带有内吸收且非局部源项的系数是函数,这跟常系数的情形有本质的区别.在一定条件下,分别证明了解的全局爆破和爆破速率.     

农药残留预测模型参数估计过程的灵敏度分析

本文根据矩阵理论运用摄动分析的方法,揭示了最小二乘法参数估计过程“病态”正规方程组问题,及运用“病态”正规方程组进行参数估计给预测模型带来的影响．最后根据矩阵的条件数理论,提出了对农药残留预测模型参数估计过程进行灵敏度分析的数学方法．     

Fitzhugh—Nagumo神经传导方程的动力性态

本文研究Ｆｉｔｚｈｕｇｎ－Ｎａｇｕｍｏ方程组周期初值问题的解的长时间性态,证明了方程组生成的算子半群拥有整体吸收子Ａ∪→Ｈｐ＾１（Ω）。     

DNA分子重组模型中的缠绕方程组

本文研究了下列缠绕方程组解的性质:N(S)=K_0,N(S+M)=K_1,N(S+M+M)=K_2,N(S+M+M+M)=K_3.通过控制变量的方法,将某个K_i(i=0,1,2,3)的向量表示中的元素换成变量,研究变量在满足何条件时,该缠绕方程组系统有唯一解,从而找出其他K_i满足该缠绕方程组系统并使该缠绕方程组只有一个解.此时这个缠绕方程组系统得到了很好的应用,相当于通过对一个DNA分子在酶作用下拓扑结构改变的研究,得到了另外一个DNA分子或多个DNA分子在酶促反应下进行n次连续的特异性位点重组时拓扑结构的变化,这样可以避免逐个研究,大大减少了工作量.     

食物链种群模型的格子Boltzmann方法模拟

用格子Boltzmann方法求解用反应一扩散方程组描述的食物链种群模型．我们用一维和二维方程组进行数值实验,模拟结果与现有的数值实验结果很好地吻合,反映了格子Boltzmann方法的高效性和稳定性,并就二维格子、Boltzmann格式,通过其等价的差分格式,由极值原理证明了该格式的稳定性．     

树干径流模型

以红松代表针叶树,栎树代表阔叶树,通过模拟实验研究树干径流过程,根据实验结果从机理上构造了模型。树干径流模型为一个方程组用“辗转迭代法”求出了数值解。该方程组基本上揭示了树干径流的规律,从实验与模拟结果对比分析中得到了佐证。     

一类竞争扩散方程组在Neumann边条件下解的渐近行为

本文主要采用比较方法讨论了一类竞争扩散方程组在Neumann边条件下解的渐近行为,得到了解的稳定性区域．     

Taking the example of computer systems engineering for the analysis of biological cell systems

In this paper, we discuss the potential for the use of engineering methods that were originally developed for the design of embedded computer systems, to analyse biological cell systems. For embedded systems as well as for biological cell systems, design is a feature that defines their identity. The assembly of different components in designs of both systems can vary widely. In contrast to the biology domain, the computer engineering domain has the opportunity to quickly evaluate design options and consequences of its systems by methods for computer aided design and in particular design space exploration. We argue that there are enough concrete similarities between the two systems to assume that the engineering methodology from the computer systems domain, and in particular that related to embedded systems, can be applied to the domain of cellular systems. This will help to understand the myriad of different design options cellular systems have. First we compare computer systems with cellular systems. Then, we discuss exactly what features of engineering methods could aid researchers with the analysis of cellular systems, and what benefits could be gained.     

Taking the example of computer systems engineering for the analysis of biological cell systems

In this paper, we discuss the potential for the use of engineering methods that were originally developed for the design of embedded computer systems, to analyse biological cell systems. For embedded systems as well as for biological cell systems, design is a feature that defines their identity. The assembly of different components in designs of both systems can vary widely. In contrast to the biology domain, the computer engineering domain has the opportunity to quickly evaluate design options and consequences of its systems by methods for computer aided design and in particular design space exploration. We argue that there are enough concrete similarities between the two systems to assume that the engineering methodology from the computer systems domain, and in particular that related to embedded systems, can be applied to the domain of cellular systems. This will help to understand the myriad of different design options cellular systems have. First we compare computer systems with cellular systems. Then, we discuss exactly what features of engineering methods could aid researchers with the analysis of cellular systems, and what benefits could be gained.     

Congruence between the courses of the biliary ductal and the hepatic arterial systems

The development of diagnostic methods and new surgical techniques means it is increasingly important to have accurate knowledge of the anatomy of the hepatic arterial and biliary systems, including their variations, at extrahepatic and intrahepatic levels. The aim of this study was to determine how often the biliary and arterial systems run together and branch in the same pattern. Fifty corrosion casts of the liver were used to analyse the origin and branching patterns of arteries and the confluences of bile ducts. In addition, both systems were analysed to determine the frequency of normal arrangements and variations. The congruence of the course of both systems was analysed at the porta hepatis and in the left and right hemilivers down to the segmental level. A congruent course of the arterial and the biliary systems was identified in 38% of cases at the porta hepatis, in 32% of cases in the left hemiliver and in 30% of the right hemiliver. The congruence of both systems at the porta hepatis and in the left hemiliver was identified only if both systems were normal. In the right hemiliver, however, the congruence of both systems was identified even when both systems were variable, but only in 10% of cases. The results of the study show that, on the basis of knowledge of the course and branching of one system, the other system cannot be predicted.     

The autonomy of the visual systems and the modularity of conscious vision.

Anatomical and physiological evidence shows that the primate visual brain consists of many distributed processing systems, acting in parallel. Psychophysical studies show that the activity in each of the parallel systems reaches its perceptual end-point at a different time, thus leading to a perceptual asynchrony in vision. This, together with clinical and human imaging evidence, suggests strongly that the processing systems are also perceptual systems and that the different processing-perceptual systems can act more or less autonomously. Moreover, activity in each can have a conscious correlate without necessarily involving activity in other visual systems. This leads us to conclude not only that visual consciousness is itself modular, reflecting the basic modular organization of the visual brain, but that the binding of cellular activity in the processing-perceptual systems is more properly thought of as a binding of the consciousnesses generated by each of them. It is this binding that gives us our integrated image of the visual world.     

Biological information processing: the use of information for the support of function

In biological systems, the processing and use of information has evolved out of the need for survival in the face of an uncertain environment. As a consequence, the information-function relationship in these systems is shaped by their adaptability characteristics. In contrast, the information-function relationship in man-designed, goal-oriented organizational systems depends on the ability of the information processing system to support the achievement of the organization's goals. In this paper we use results from adaptability theory in the analysis of control-related aspects of the information-function relationship in man-designed organizational systems. In particular, we use a conceptual model of organizational control to characterize features of functional and control structures and their effect on the adaptability of these systems. The concept of implicit control and a design principle for adaptability-enhancing information systems are derived for this analysis.     

From the ethology of unicellular eukaryotes to the locomotion of the living beings: meaning and evolution of the phenomenon.

A comparative reappraisal of the general problem of evolutionary trends and constraints of the locomotion phenomenon from prokaryotes to protozoa to metazoa was carried on. They elaborated different propulsive systems, different control systems of motion and different analysis systems of the stimuli. A general understanding of the locomotion phenomenon was reached and ciliate behaviour was positioned within the wider context of the evolution of biological displacement.     

Evaluation of the sustainability of contrasted pig farming systems: breeding programmes

The sustainability of breeding activities in 15 pig farming systems in five European countries was evaluated. One conventional and two differentiated systems per country were studied. The Conventional systems were the standard systems in their countries. The differentiated systems were of three categories: Adapted Conventional with focus on animal welfare, meat quality or environment (five systems); Traditional with local breeds in small-scale production (three systems) and Organic (two systems). Data were collected with a questionnaire from nine breeding organisations providing animals and semen to the studied farming systems and from, on average, five farmers per farming system. The sustainability assessment of breeding activities was performed in four dimensions. The first dimension described whether the market for the product was well defined, and whether the breeding goal reflected the farming system and the farmers’ demands. The second dimension described recording and selection procedures, together with genetic change in traits that were important in the system. The third dimension described genetic variation, both within and between pig breeds. The fourth dimension described the management of the breeding organisation, including communication, transparency, and technical and human resources. The results show substantial differences in the sustainability of breeding activities, both between farming systems within the same category and between different categories of farming systems. The breeding activities are assessed to be more sustainable for conventional systems than for differentiated systems in three of the four dimensions. In most differentiated farming systems, breeding goals are not related to the system, as these systems use the same genetic material as conventional systems. The breeds used in Traditional farming systems are important for genetic biodiversity, but the small scale of these systems renders them vulnerable. It is hoped that, by reflecting on different aspects of sustainability, this study will encourage sustainable developments in pig production.     

A look into the cock-pit of the fly

Summary An anatomical investigation has been carried out on the third optic ganglion of the fly, Musca domestica. Two systems of giant units, the dendritic arborizations of which are arranged orthogonally relative to each other, dominate the neuropile of this ganglion. The elements of the two systems have been reconstructed using a graphical procedure based on histological sections. One system branches predominantly in the dorsoventral direction, the other one in the anterior-posterior direction. Both systems of the giant units have a twin system composed of elements smaller in diameter and strictly parallel to the main units. The two systems have been termed the Vertical and Horizontal Systems.The elements of the two systems of fibers project into the periesophageal region where they come into contact with other descending elements. Electron microscopic investigations show that the two systems are post-synaptic at the level of the ganglion from which they originate. The horizontal system has been shown to be post and pre-synaptic in nature during its course in the mid-brain and ultimately presynaptic at its endings in the periesophageal ring. The peculiar geometric arrangement of the two anatomical systems of fibers suggests a precise function in relation to the visual world and in particular to the detection of the direction of motion. The accuracy of the structural pattern displayed by the giant units in the lobular plate seems to suggest that this optic ganglion represents the ultimate orderly projection of the external world in the brain of the fly.A short review of the electrophysiological data concerning this ganglion has been tentatively correlated with some behavioral data related to the visual orientation and fixation in insects.     

Biological activity of the soils of the rice irrigation systems in the southern Ukraine

The biological activity of soils was studied in the irrigation systems of the Southern Ukraina. Aerobic microorganisms were found to be widely distributed in all these soils. The cell number of Azotobacter and the activity of nitrogen fixation differed among various irrigation systems. Active nitrogen-fixing microbial associations were isolated from the soils; some of them were capable of fixation of 19.4 mg N per 1 g of assimilated glucose. The microbiological processes of certain irragation systems were characterized by reductive processes such as the intensive growth of sulphate reducing bacteria and the high activity of denitrification. The activities of protease, catalase and dehydrogenase differed among various soils, and were the lowest at a level of ground waters being 0.8 m. Flooding is one of ecological factors affecting the biological activity of the soils of irrigation systems.