膳食多不饱和脂肪酸对骨细胞功能的调节

骨骼是体内唯一可以同时提供支持、运动及矿物质平衡的组织。有三种细胞参与软骨及骨骼的形成,即：软骨细胞、成骨细胞和破骨细胞。这些细胞在多种功能因子的调节下,使骨骼保持最佳的质量状态。体内内平衡机制的紊乱,尤其在老年时期,常会导致骨质的丢失或软骨损伤。为此,常采用药物方法来防止和减轻这些症状,然而,有一点常被忽略但却非常重要,那就是膳食调节的作用。本文主要讨论的是膳食多不饱和脂肪酸对骨细胞功能的调节作用。     

苯肼对红细胞膜结构和功能的影响

通过对低渗溶血过程、荧光淬灭效应及阴离子跨膜通透性的研究,探讨了苯肼对红细胞膜结构和功能的影响。苯肼浓度0.01mM时,低渗溶血的K_1快过程开始变慢,表明膜脂质流动性的降低。苯肼浓度增至0.1mM后,膜和变性血红蛋白的结合大为增强,这种膜结构的变化提高了阴离子的跨膜通透性。     

多不饱和脂肪酸的研究进展

多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)是人类的必需脂肪酸,对人体有重要的生理功能,能调节人体的脂质代谢、治疗和预防心脑血管疾病、抗癌、对抗肥胖,促进生长发育和提高幼体的成活率等．综述了PUFA的生理作用和来源的研究进展,特别是在对抗肥胖、促进生长发育、提高幼体的成活率等方面的研究情况进行了阐述．     

多不饱和脂肪酸的研究进展

多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFAs)为一独特性的生物活性物质,在生物系统中具有广泛的功能。过去二十年的研究已经揭示了其作用、参与类二十烷的代谢机理及在哺乳动物中的体内平衡功能。越来越多的研究认为：在类二十烷代谢系统中,采用普通的医疗条件治因多不饱和脂肪酸吸收和代谢紊乱所致的疾病效果甚微。随着PUFAs开发应用领域的扩大,纯PUFAs脂质的需求量越来越多,而来自于植物、哺乳动物和海洋鱼的PUFAs远远不能满足市场需求,微生物特别是藻类、真菌能合成几乎所有的PUFAs并能在工业规模上培育而被视为有开发价值的可替代的生物资源。     

不同状态血红蛋白对红细胞膜功能的影响

用荧光猝灭法测定了不同状态游离血红蛋白和红细胞血影膜间的相互作用,观察到和氧合血红蛋白相比,脱氧血红蛋白和膜上高亲和位点的作用加强,而高铁血红蛋白和低亲和位点的作用加强。本文用低渗溶血速率、阴离子通透性、变形性等三个参量测定了这种相互作用的变化对红细胞膜功能的影响,并讨论了脱氧状态下这种改变的生理意义。     

多不饱和脂肪酸的研究进展

多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFAs)为一独特的生物活性物质,在生物系统中具有广泛的功能。过去二十年的研究已经揭示了其作用、参与类二十烷的代谢机理及在哺乳动物中的体内平衡功能。越来越多的研究认为:在类二十烷代谢系统中,采用普通的医疗条件诊治因多不饱和脂肪酸吸收和代谢紊乱所致的疾病效果甚微随着PUFAs开发应用领域的扩大,纯PUFAs脂质的需求量越来越多,而来自于植物、哺乳动物和海洋鱼的PUFAs远远不能满足市场需求,微生物特别是藻类、真菌能合成几乎所有的PUFAs并能在工业规模上培育而被视为有开发价值的可替代的生物资源 。     

发酵法生产多不饱和脂肪酸的研究进展

文章从高产菌株的筛选,发酵条件等方面介绍了微生物发酵生产多不饱和脂肪酸的主要研究进展。同时简要介绍了多不饱和脂肪酸的提取制备技术,并对其发展前景提出了建议。     

微生物多不饱和脂肪酸的研究进展

介绍了多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFAs)的微生物来源在微生物体内的代谢途径、分子生物学研究进展以及微生物的发酵生产状况。重点论述了微生物PUFAs的最新分子生物学研究进展。     

多不饱和脂肪酸合成途径研究进展

多不饱和脂肪酸在大多数生物体膜生物学和信号传递过程中起着至关重要的作用。最近研究发现,一些深海生物合成多不饱和脂肪酸并非由饱和脂肪酸的延长及脱饱和反应,而是由聚酮合酶途径(polyketide synthase,PKS)直接合成。介绍多不饱和脂肪酸的生物合成并总结近年来聚酮合酶这一新途径及其分子机制的研究进展。     

多不饱和脂肪酸对人体的作用

多不饱和脂肪酸又叫多烯酸,是指分子结构中含有２个或２个以上不饱和双键的脂肪酸。双键愈多,不饱和程度愈高,营养价值也愈高［１］。随着科学的发展,某些多不饱和脂肪酸对人体的作用进一步被认识,特别是以廿二碳六烯酸、廿碳五烯酸和一般植物油中的亚油酸（常与亚麻...     

改变细胞膜的脂肪酸组成可促进乳腺癌细胞凋亡

目的: 研究n-6脂肪酸脱氢酶 fat-1基因在人乳腺癌细胞内的表达,改变细胞膜脂肪酸组成,对乳腺癌细胞的凋亡作用。方法: 构建含有fat-1 基因的重组腺病毒载体 (Ad.GFP.fat-1),通过包装细胞系（293）产生的腺病毒,感染人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7。提取细胞的总RNA,以fat-1的反义mRNA 作探针,用Northern Blot检测fat-1 基因在MCF-7细胞内的表达。MTT法分析fat-1 基因对MCF-7细胞增殖的影响,凋亡染色试剂盒检测细胞的凋亡。气相色谱仪分析对MCF-7细胞的n-6 PUFAs/n-3 PUFAs含量影响。结果: 通过基因重组技术,得到预期的重组病毒;fat-1 基因在人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7 中能有效异源表达,2天后,可检测到fat-1 mRNA的条带。与对照细胞相比,fat-1基因有效地抑制了MCF-7细胞的增殖（23%,p<0.05）,促进了凋亡（增加35%）;同时降低了人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7细胞膜n-6 PUFAs/n-3 PUFAs的比率。结论: 腺病毒介导的fat-1 基因能在人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7内有效异源表达,且抑制了MCF-7细胞的增殖。机理为降低了细胞膜的n-6 PUFAs/n-3 PUFAs的比率。     

Effect of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Fetal Mouse Brain Cells in Culture in a Chemically Defined Medium

Abstract: The biochemical and morphological effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on fetal brain cells grown in a chemically defined medium were studied. Fetal brain cells were dissociated from mouse cerebral hemispheres taken on the 16th day of gestation. After cells had grown in chemically defined medium for 8 days, the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids of cultured cells was only one-half of that observed at day 0 and about 1.5 times less than that of cells grown in serum-supplemented medium. Fatty acid 20:3(n-9) was present in cultured cells grown in either chemically defined or serum-supple-mented medium. demonstrating the deficiency of essential fatty acids. The reduced amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids in cells grown in the chemically defined medium was balanced by an increase in monounsaturated fatty acids. The saturated fatty acids were not affected. When added at the seeding time, linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic, or docosahexaenoic acid stimulated the proliferation of small dense cells. Besides, we demonstrate that each of the four fatty acids studied was incorporated into phospholipids. Adding fatty acids of the n-6 series increased the content of n-6 fatty acids in the cells, but also provoked an increase in the n-3 fatty acids. Among several combinations of fatty acids, only 20:4 and 22:6, when added to the culture in a ratio of 2:1, restored a fatty acid profile similar to controls (i.e. in vivo tissue taken at post- natal dav 5).     

肠道中多不饱和脂肪酸及其衍生物研究进展

肠道菌群是人体微生态学的重要组成部分,也是最大、最复杂的微生态系统,在宿主的营养吸收、肠道与免疫系统发育等重要生理过程中发挥作用,与人类健康和疾病密切相关。这些共生微生物排除肠道病原体的功能主要依赖于其产生的生物活性物质,如多不饱和脂肪酸等。同时这些脂肪酸在肠道微生物的作用下能够进一步转化为具有特殊结构和功能的多不饱和脂肪酸衍生物。这些多不饱和脂肪酸衍生物对维持健康稳定的肠道菌群至关重要。此外,多不饱和脂肪酸在宿主防御和免疫中发挥了多重关键作用,包括抗癌、抗炎、抗氧化活性,以及降低肠道致病菌的竞争能力等。主要对肠道中多不饱和脂肪酸的来源及其重要的生理功能,以及肠道微生物对多不饱和脂肪酸的转化衍生机制进行了综述,并提出肠道微生物是特殊多不饱和脂肪酸及衍生物生产菌株潜在的种子及基因库,以扩展功能油脂生产菌株的来源。     

膳食中高n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸比值对小鼠肠道菌群的影响

目的:探讨小鼠膳食中高n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸比值对肠道菌群的影响。方法:随机选取健康的30只C57/B6小鼠分为对照组(基础饲料)、花生四烯酸组(基础饲料+10%花生四烯酸)、鱼油组(基础饲料+10%鱼油)。喂食16周,16周后提取小鼠肠道菌群宏基因组DNA,采用Roche 454测序技术对肠道菌群16Sr RNA基因V3-V5区域进行测序,对菌群的组成结构以及含量的变化进行分析。结果:花生四烯酸组小鼠体内厚壁菌门的含量达到(55.3±5.26)%,与对照组小鼠体内厚壁菌门的含量(30.23±8.75)%相比显著性升高(P0.05)。并且花生四烯酸组小鼠体内变形菌门的含量(3±0.762)%与对照组(1.5±0.265)%相比也显著性上升(P0.05)。结论:膳食中高n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸比值会造成小鼠体内肠道菌群组成结构的失衡,导致厚壁菌门以及变形菌门的含量上升。     

细菌通过聚酮合成酶途径合成多不饱和脂肪酸的研究进展

细菌利用聚酮合成酶途径合成多不饱和脂肪酸是近年发现的新的脂肪酸合成途径。这种途径与常规的由脂肪酸去饱和酶和脂肪酸延长酶引导的脂肪酸合成途径有着本质上的差别。总结了近些年细菌利用聚酮合成酶合成多不饱和脂肪酸这一新途径的研究状况,重点阐明其分子机制,并对其研究趋势及应用前景进行了展望。     

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Biotechnology

ABSTRACT

Polyunsaturated fatty acids like EPA and DHA have attracted a great attention due to their beneficial effects on human health. At present, fish oil is the major source of EPA and DHA. Various alternative sources are being explored to get these essential fatty acids. Genes encoding enzymes involved in the biosyntheses of PUFAs have been identified, cloned and gene prospecting becomes a novel method for enhanced PUFA production. Desaturase and elongase genes have important biotechnological appeal from genetic engineering point of view. This review highlights the research and results on such enzymes.     

Accumulation of N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids by Cultured Human Y79 Retinoblastoma Cells

Abstract: The metabolism of the n-3 class of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which occur in relatively high quantities in neural tissues, was studied in human Y79 retinoblastoma cells. These cells contained low levels of n-3 polyunsaturates when grown in culture media supplemented with fetal bovine serum. The cells readily incorporated preformed docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3) into phospholipids, but human skin fibroblasts did this to a similar extent. When 10 to 30 μmol/ml linolenic acid (18:3 n-3) was added, the cells also accumulated 22:6 in phospholipids. The capacity to convert appreciable amounts of 18:3 to 22:6 appears to be a unique property of the retinoblastoma cells as compared with other continuously cultured cell lines. More 18:3 than linoleic acid (18:2 n-6) was incorporated into phospholipids by the retinoblastoma cultures, and 18:3 was channeled to a larger extent into the ethanolamine glycerophospholipid fraction. These findings indicate that retinoblastoma cells handle n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in a manner very similar to neural tissue in vivo . Based on the results obtained with this model system, it appears that three processes may contribute to the accumulation of 22:6 in retina and neural tissue: increased ability to incorporate 18:3, the capacity to convert 18:3 to 22:6, and channeling of 18:3 and its metabolites into ethanolamine glycerophospholipids.     

Differential Effects of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Membrane Capacitance and Exocytosis in Rat Pheochromocytoma-12 Cells

The fusion of synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane during exocytosis can be recorded by membrane capacitance measurements under voltage-clamp conditions. These measurements enable high time-resolution quantitation of exocytosis. The present study was carried out using the above technique to elucidate the effects of various polyunsaturated fatty acids on exocytosis in a neuroendocrine cell, the rat pheochromocytoma-12 (PC12) cell. External application of eicosapentaenoic acid and arachidonic acid resulted in an increase in capacitance of PC12 cells, indicating fusion of secretory vesicles with cell membranes and exocytosis. In contrast, docosahexaenoic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, and vehicle control had no significant effect on capacitance. The above findings show differential effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on exocytosis in PC12 cells. It is postulated that besides arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid could also play an important role in exocytosis and neurotransmitter release, in neurons and hormone-secreting cells. Wee-Liat Ong and Bin Jiang - These authors contributed equally to the work.