Effect of various types of sports on the pulmonary rheogram of young school age children

The pulmonary blood circulation of boys aged from 8 to 12 going in for swimming and wrestling has been studied by the rheographic method. It is found that the pulmonary rheogram of young sportsmen differs significantly from the one of non-sportsmen of the same age. The basic wave amplitude is larger, its elevation and fall angle is smaller, presystolic, systolic and diastolic parts are longer, rheographic systolic and diastolic indices as well as vascular wall elasticity index are higher, peripheral resistance of arterioles and cappilaries are lower in trained children. These values demonstrate a decrease in the pulmonary blood flow rate and an increase in its volume as well as improvement of the elastic-viscid properties of blood vessel walls. They also indicate the economy development of pulmonary circulation activity. The mentioned deviations are better expressed in young swimmers.     

The pectoral anatomy of selected Ostariophysi. I. The Characiniformes.

The muscles and bones of the pectoral fin of Serrasalmus nattereri, the piranha, resemble those of generalized, lower teleosts with specializations related to a body shape adapted for high-speed carnivory; the pectoral fins being highly mobile with strong ligaments to the rays. The presence of two occipital nerves appears primitive, while the emergence of the subclavian artery within the branchial cavity, as in Gasteropelecus sternicla, appears specialized. The muscles and bones of the latter fish, a fresh-water flying fish, are specialized for self-propelled, aerial flight in the fusion of the right and left girdles greatly expanded for insertions of complex appendicular (flight) muscles, and in the consolidation of the rays and radials into one functional unit moving vertically in flight through contraction of vertical, massive ventral flight muscles. The bony pectoral anatomy of Electrophorus electricus, the electric eel, is specialized in having a mobile joint between the primary girdle and the cleithrum, the former being suspended vertically from the cleithrum by ligaments. The proximal radials and rays are very numerous and vertically aligned. The cleithrum is shaped to accommodate the extensive sternohyoid and pharyngocleithral muscles. The sheet-like appendicular muscles extend beyond the special joint and control its movement. The deeper muscles do not cross this joint. The arterial system is specialized in lacking a deep brachial artery.     

The low-temperature mechenical relaxation of elastin. I. The dry protein.

The low-temperature relaxation of native ox Ligamentum nuchae elastin and of two purified elastin samples has been investigated in the dry state by means of the Rheovibron DDV II viscoelastometer, at the fixed frequencies of 3.5, 11, 35, and 110 Hz. Besides the glass transition at about 200°C, a relatively strong secondary loss-tangent peak, whose activation energy is about 13 kcal/mol, is found for all samples below room temperature. The peak maximum is at ?71°C for the 3.5-Hz frequency. On the basis of its location, intensity, and width, it is attributed to a main-chain relaxation of the pure protein. When suitable reduced variables are used, the loss-tangent-temperature curves obtained at different frequencies can be satisfactorily superimposed to give a master curve. Comparison of the data with the prediction of a semiempirical viscoelastic model can also be considered satisfactory.