迁飞昆虫的研究进展

昆虫迁飞是自然界普遍存在的一种现象,是昆虫在长期进化过程中形成的对环境的一种适应性,是为了减少竞争、躲避周围的不良环境或逃避天敌等而离开原来的生境,为了开拓新的资源而到达另一个生境的一种行为,它使该虫种得以繁衍。许多典型的迁飞昆虫都是重要的农业害虫,因此研究昆虫迁飞对掌握其灾变规律,提高人类控制害虫为害的能力有重大实践意义。本文拟从昆虫迁飞特点、影响迁飞昆虫的环境因子以及迁飞昆虫的生物学特性等方面对昆虫迁飞进行较系统的综述。１昆虫迁飞特点迁飞过去认为是主动地从一个地方飞到另一个地方,是较大范围内…     

白背飞虱的再迁飞能力

通过室内模拟试验研究了白背飞虱经过一次远迁降落、取食不同水稻品种后的再迁飞能力。根据吊飞试验的持续飞行时间可将白背飞虱种群划分为居留型(<30 min)、迁飞型(≥30 min)、远迁型(>420 min)和再迁飞型(第二次吊飞持续飞行时间 ≥30 min)。在所测的558头白背飞虱中,再迁飞型的比率为5.7%;而在112头迁飞型个体中,再迁飞的比率为28.6%。取食不同品种的水稻对白背飞虱的飞行能力和再迁飞能力有显著影响。取食感虫水稻的白背飞虱飞行能力和再迁飞能力较强,再迁飞的比率也较高 (>5%)。吊飞前后取食常规稻与耐虫品种组合的飞虱的再迁飞时间则较短,再迁飞比率也较低;但吊飞前后均以耐虫品种饲喂的个体,反而也表现出较高的再迁飞比率和中等水平的再迁飞时间。而且,第一次飞行360 min以上的个体具有较强的再迁飞潜力。交配只对6日龄雌虫和2日龄雄虫的飞行能力有显著影响。     

迁飞过程中昆虫的行为

根据国内外对昆虫迁飞的雷达观测结果,综述了迁飞过程中昆虫的成层、定向和集聚行为及其生态学意义。昆虫在迁飞过程中不完全是被动地随风飘流,而是在一定程度上自主地选择了自己的运行轨迹。它们选择在气温最高、风力最大和风向最适的高度成层,并通过定向进一步修饰位移方位,从而可最大限度地利用空气动力到达新的栖息地。同时,不同尺度的大气辐合过程使得迁飞昆虫集聚成足以在某种条件下引起局地爆发的高密度种群,而地面大发生种群形成与否取决于大气辐合的发生频率、强度和寿命,以及集聚起来的昆虫是否降落,在何时何地降落,是否还会再迁出等。阐明昆虫在迁飞过程中的各种行为机制是迁飞性害虫测报和防治的关键所在。     

适用于蚜虫等微小昆虫的飞行磨系统

介绍了一套采用计算机进行控制和数据采集的适用于蚜虫等微小昆虫的飞行磨系统。该系统能同时对32头昆虫进行飞行测试,并对测试数据进行自动分析处理。利用该飞行磨系统对不同日龄禾缢管蚜的飞行能力进行了初步测试。结果表明,禾缢管蚜在第1至第5日龄的飞行能力最强,明显高于第7和第9日龄。平均飞行时间在各日龄之间差异不显著,但平均飞行速度随日龄的增加而逐渐降低。本文对飞行磨结构、数据采集接口板电路原理和软件流程设计等方面均进行了较为详细的介绍。并简要介绍了不同日龄禾缢管蚜的飞行能力测试结果。对开展微小型昆虫的飞行行为学研究具有较为重要的参考价值。     

棉铃虫飞行能力和兼性迁飞的初步研究

应用吊飞装置研究比较了成虫的飞行能力 ,按飞行节律和时间区分出长飞型、短飞行和中间型 3种类型 .研究了温度和食料对生殖前期、产卵量、寿命等的影响 ,证实在 2 8℃下生殖前期仅 2 .13± 0 .67d ,温度、食料等对成虫生殖前期的影响不明显 ,可见适合其迁飞的生理时期较短 ,仅为 1～ 2个夜晚 .用雌蛾卵巢连续解剖的方法比较了江苏丰县和辽宁朝阳两地 2、3代的虫源性质 ,证实朝阳 2～ 3代成虫全部或部分从外地迁入 ,而丰县种群则以本地繁育为主 .与多种迁飞性和非迁飞性害虫比较 ,讨论了中国棉铃虫兼性迁飞特性和迁飞潜能的评估 .     

昆虫迁飞行为及其调控机制

迁飞是昆虫长期适应资源与环境的季节性变化所形成的一种行为策略.迁飞昆虫不仅通过迁飞逃避不良环境,也因其极高的繁殖力确保种群在新的生境中实现快速增长甚至暴发成灾,对整个自然生态系统和农业生态系统影响甚大.本文首先基于部分迁飞概念,描述了迁飞型和居留型个体在形态、行为、生理上的差异,重点介绍了迁飞与生殖的耦合关系,以及诱导迁飞的外界环境因子,最后综述了昆虫迁飞行为调控的分子机制方面的研究进展.从感受不良环境信号到决定迁飞,从起飞、飞行、降落到决定继续迁飞或终止迁飞,这一系列过程受昆虫内分泌、表观等诸多因素的调控,但其背后的分子机制有待深入研究.     

云南高原地区马铃薯田有翅蚜种类及迁飞动态

2008-2010年,在云南省马铃薯种薯基地会泽县和香格里拉县采用黄皿诱集法开展马铃薯田蚜虫种类及其有翅蚜迁飞消长特征研究,结果表明:(1)两地共采集到18种有翅蚜,分属于3科10属。其中,滇东北会泽县有3科10属18种,滇西北香格里拉县有2科5属6种。桃蚜Myzus persicae Sulzer、棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover和甘蓝蚜Brevicoryne brassicae Linnaeus是两地的优势种,占总诱集量的60.9%-97.8%。(2)在会泽县,薯田优势种蚜虫迁飞全年有2个发生高峰期,首个高峰期为5月上旬-6月中旬,诱集量1.6头/皿-4.7头/皿,第2次迁飞峰期为6月下旬-8月中旬,诱集量0.7头/皿-7.3头/皿,桃蚜的迁飞要稍早于甘蓝蚜和棉蚜。(3)在香格里拉县,薯田有翅蚜迁飞峰期晚于会泽县,3种蚜虫每年呈现2次迁飞峰期。首次迁飞峰期为6月底至8月初,诱集量0.2头/皿-6.0头/皿,第2次迁飞峰期为7月中至8月底,诱集量0.3头/皿-8.3头/皿,棉蚜迁飞早于桃蚜和甘蓝蚜。     

昆虫迁飞行为的参数化

对通过昆虫迁飞行为分析得到的迁飞时间参数、高度参数、速度和方向参数等分别以一定的数学形式加以表达。其中,起飞时间以日出日没及晨昏朦影时刻为基准,用天文公式求出;边界层顶与飞行低温阈限所在高度及运行上的风速、内上一维能（ＴＫＥ）模式以ε闭合做数值模拟;对飞行力较经的小型或微小昆虫做随风运行处理,而对大型昆虫则根据其身的冰行速度和定向方位与其飞行高度上的风向风速做夭量运算,求得位移方向和速度。通过我国     

烟蚜茧蜂随寄主有翅桃蚜迁飞而被携带扩散的模拟实验

蚜虫寄生蜂的广泛分布可能与有翅蚜的迁飞有关。为了证明这一假说, 本研究利用微小昆虫飞行磨系统, 分数十批(≤16头/批)对被烟蚜茧蜂Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead单头寄生后的有翅桃蚜Myzus persicae (Sulzer)进行模拟飞行并系统观察了飞行后有翅桃蚜的单头定殖情况。对实验观察数据按飞行时间和飞行距离进行归类, 采用单因素方差分析方法分析飞行时间和飞行距离对有翅桃蚜定殖后的存活和生殖力、烟蚜茧蜂发育等变量的影响; 采用多项式回归分析对所有变量和归类的数据进行统计和分析。结果表明: 成功飞行并定殖的有翅桃蚜有378头, 其中239头有翅桃蚜定殖后形成僵蚜。形成僵蚜的有翅桃蚜在飞行实验时平均飞行时间和飞行距离分别为2.63 h和2.16 km, 定殖后平均存活了6.11 d, 定殖第6天和第14天平均产若蚜累计数量分别为8.5头和162头。形成僵蚜和未形成僵蚜的有翅蚜的模拟飞行数据和定殖观察数据无显著差异。形成僵蚜的239头有翅桃蚜中, 最终成功育出烟蚜茧蜂205头, 僵蚜出蜂率为85.8%。雌雄性比为1∶5.2。结论认为, 专性寄生蚜虫的烟蚜茧蜂可以利用有翅蚜的迁飞而被携带扩散传播, 有翅蚜迁飞在蚜虫寄生蜂扩散中具有重要作用。     

Intergall migration in aphids; a model and a test of ESS dispersal rate

Summary I present an inclusive-fitness model for the evolution of dispersal rates of the offspring of asexual organisms living in discrete sites, which vary in available resources. I also assume a stable and saturated condition and that the offspring can respond to the variation in the capacity (amount of resources) of their natal sites. The model was tested using data obtained from the intergall migration in the yezo-spruce gall aphid,Adelges japonicus. All the parameters needed for the model, which included the cost of dispersal, both dispersal rates and available resources in each site, were estimated from field examinations. The data fit the model well, suggesting the importance of kin selection in determining the dispersal rates. Both actual and ESS dispersal rates are shown as concave functions of site capacity with a minimum rate for intermediate site capacity. The effect of both actual and ESS dispersal is to reduce, but not eliminate sibling competition within natal sites, which is most severe in intermediate site capacity.     

Goose parents lead migration V

Many migratory animals travel in large social groups. Large, avian migrants that fly in V-formations were proposed do so for energy saving by the use of up-wash by following individuals and regularly change leadership. As groups have been rather homogeneous in previous work, we aimed to explore leadership and its flight mechanics consequences in an extremely heterogeneous case of social migration, namely in spring migration of goose families. In families the experience of group members differs strongly and inclusive fitness may be important. We successfully collected overlapping spring migration tracking data of a complete family of greater white-fronted geese Anser a. albifrons and extracted leadership, flapping frequency and wind conditions in flight. Our data revealed V-formations where one parent was flying in front at all times. Although the father led the family group most of the time, he did not flap at higher frequency while doing so. In contrast, the mother flapped faster when leading, possibly because she experienced less supportive wind conditions than when the father led. We argue that in heterogeneous, social groups leadership might be fixed and not costly if supportive environmental conditions like wind can be used.     

Migratory and targeted flight in seasonal forms of the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae

ABSTRACT. Adult winged forms of Aphis fabae Scop., the spring migrants (fundatrigeniae; alate virginoparae), the summer migrants (alate virginoparae) and the autumn migrants (gynoparae), were flown in an automated vertical wind tunnel, with a small green target presented every 60 s. On average, targeted flight developed in the spring and summer migrants after 19 and 15 min, respectively. However, in autumn migrants targeted flight occurred after 184 min of flight. No evidence of target approach was found up to 30 min prior to this time, although some movement towards the target was observed in the 30 min before the first response of autumn migrants, suggesting that a gradual change from migratory to targeted flight occurred. No correlation was found between aphid weight and the time to first response for spring or summer migrants, but a positive correlation was found for autumn migrants. Flight patterns of autumn migrants, in the absence of a target, are described and compared with flight patterns previously reported for summer migrants.     

Insect migration: Variability and success in a capricious environment

Stochastic effects of climate and weather have a pervasive influence on the induction, performance and evolution of migration. In wing-dimorphic species, their influence on habitat quality, and on rates of development of the migrant itself, maintains variation in responses to environmental cues determining wing-form and migratory behaviour. Migrants flying above their flight boundary layer rely on winds to disperse them across landscapes in which their habitats are distributed. Patterns of distribution of habitat patches, and the influence of changing windspeeds and direction on the displacements of migrants, result in selection for variation in migratory potential at each migration. In subsequent migrations, this variation and stochastic effects of the winds on groundtracks of individual migrants ensure that their destinations ‘sample’ the landscapes they travel over. The extent and resolution of this sampling, by which migrants reach favourable habitats, depend on the components of migratory potential, their mode of inheritance, and genetic correlations between them, as well as on the characteristics of the winds on which they travel.     

Flight behaviour of the bird cherry aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi

Abstract Seasonal winged forms of the bird cherry aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi L., were flown in an automated flight chamber. During their maiden flights, autumn migrants (gynoparae) had a greater initial rate of climb than summer (exules) and spring migrants (emigrants). Autumn migrants, presented with a laterally-positioned green-illuminated target for 2.5 s during each minute of flight, flew for a longer period before responding to the target (110 min) than summer migrants (36 min), while spring migrants responded after an intermediate time (72 min). This period is equivalent to the migratory phase of flight. The summer migrants were maximally responsive to targets illuminated by green monochromatic light (X, 555 nm). Targets illuminated with ultraviolet (γλ 360 nm) were attractive during the migratory and green-responsive phases of flight, but infrared (γλ700 nm) wavelengths were not attractive. The results are discussed with respect to aphid behaviour in the field.     

Correlated traits for migration in the Gerridae (Hemiptera, Heteroptera): a field test

Abstract. 1. The hypothesis that the migratory tendency of macropters is correlated with proportion macropterous in wing-polymorphic insects is tested by comparing the migration of macropters of three species of waterstriders (Heteroptera, Gerridae) under natural conditions.
2. Migration of marked individuals among four permanent and seventeen ephemeral water bodies was recorded between 1 April 1986 and 2 June 1987, within an area of approximately 2 km2.
3. The proportion of macropters migrating was significantly lower for G.buenoi Kirkaldy than for L.dissortis Drake and Harris and G.comatus Drake and Hottes. Similar results were obtained in. comparisons of proportions captured on ephemeral sites.
4. Distances measured in this study appear to be small relative to the migratory capacity of all of the species, and migration distance did not differ significantly among species. All species migrated primarily in early spring, and differences among species were most apparent at this time.
5. The observed differences among species combined with the results of a similar study of macropters from the primarily apterous species, G.remigis Say, support the initial hypothesis. The implications of this for our understanding of the evolution and maintenance of wing polymorphisms are discussed.     

The importance of honeydew as food for larvae of Chrysoperla carnea in the presence of aphids

Larvae of the common green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea are predacious and feed on a wide range of small, soft‐bodied arthropods. In addition to their feeding on prey arthropods to cover their nutritional requirements for growth and development, the consumption of non‐prey foods such as honeydew has been reported. It is commonly believed that these food supplements are primarily exploited by the larvae when prey is scarce or of low nutritional quality. Here, we assess whether C. carnea larvae also use honeydew when high‐quality aphid prey are readily available. In a choice experiment, the feeding behaviour of C. carnea larvae was observed in the presence of both aphids and honeydew. The larvae were starved, aphid‐fed, or honeydew‐fed prior to the experiment. The time spent feeding on honeydew compared with feeding on aphids was highest for starved larvae and lowest for honeydew‐fed larvae. Among the three treatments, the aphid‐fed larvae spent the most time resting and the least time searching. In an additional experiment food intake was assessed in terms of weight change when larvae were provided with an ad libitum supply of either aphids or honeydew. Larvae yielded a significant lower relative weight increase on honeydew compared with aphids. The reduced weight increase on honeydew was compensated when larvae were subsequently provided with aphids, but not when honeydew was provided again. This study showed that (i) prior honeydew feeding reduces overall aphid consumption, and (ii) larvae do consume honeydew even after they have been given ad libitum access to aphids. The fact that larvae of C. carnea still use honeydew as a food source in the presence of suitable prey underlines the importance of carbohydrates as foods.     

Nocturnal migration of dragonflies over the Bohai Sea in northern China

Abstract.  1. A sudden increase and subsequent sharp decrease of catches of dragonflies in a searchlight trap, with Pantala flavescens Fabricius (Odonata: Libellulidae) predominating, observed at Beihuang Island in the centre of the Bohai Gulf, in 2003 and 2004, indicated a seasonal migration of these insects over the sea during the night in China. The movements were associated with the onset of fog.
2. Simultaneous radar observations indicated that the nocturnally migrating dragonflies generally flew at altitudes of up to 1000 m above sea level, with high density concentrations at about 200–300 or 500 m; these concentrations were coincident with the temperature inversion.
3. During early summer, the dragonflies oriented in a downwind direction, so that the displacement direction varied between different altitudes. In contrast, during late summer, the dragonflies were able to compensate for wind drift, even headwind drift, so as to orient south-westward no matter how the wind changed, and thus the displacement direction was towards the south-west.
4. The duration of flight, estimated from the variation of area density derived from radar data and hourly catches in the searchlight trap through the night, was about 9–10 h. The displacement speed detected using radar was ≈5–11 m s⁻¹. Therefore, the dragonflies might migrate 150–400 km in a single flight.
5. The dragonflies were thought to originate in Jiangsu province and they migrated into north-east China to exploit the temporary environment of paddy fields in early summer. Their offspring probably migrated back south during late summer and autumn.     

Flight capacity: genetic determination and physiological constraints in a migratory moth Mythimna separata

Abstract. Flight capacity of the oriental armyworn Mythimna separata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was estimated by a new tethered flight technique. Samples of a migrant population showed a substantial proportion of 'long fliers'. Heritability of flight capacity was found to be significant ( h ²= 0.27). Female moths from a line selected for long pre-reproductive period (PRP) showed greater flight capacity than those from a short PRP line. This difference was not apparent among males. Onset of calling behaviour inhibited the expression of flight capacity in females showing a clear 'oogenesis-flight syndrome'. These results are discussed in relation to seasonal migration in eastern China and the mechanisms involved in the migratory strategy of this species.     

Sublethal effects of aldicarb on the behaviour of Aphis fabae and two clones of Myzus persicae and on the transmission of beet mosaic virus by these aphids

In laboratory experiments treatment of sugar-beet plants with aldicarb stimulated the mobility of Aphis fabae and two clones of Myzus persicae which were susceptible (S) and resistant (R) to carbamate-based insecticides, respectively. On the other hand, the number of aphids probing and the total number of probes made was reduced, and hence the transmission of beet mosaic virus (BMV) was restricted. In outdoor experiments the spread of BMV from aldicarb-treated plants by naturally infesting aphids was also restricted. The number of infected plants decreased with increasing distance from the sources of infection.

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Résumé Des plantes de betterave traitées au laboratoire avec de l'aldicarbe ont stimulé la mobilité d'Aphis fabae et de deux clones de Myzus persicae, l'un sensible et l'autre résistant à des insecticides contenant des carbamates. Par ailleurs, le nombre de pucerons en train de sonder les feuilles ainsi que le nombre total de sondages ont été réduits et ainsi la transmission du virus de la mosaïque de la betterave (BMV) a été limitée. Dans des expériences à l'extérieur, la vitesse de propagation de BMV par des pucerons sur des plantes traitées à l'aldicarbe a été aussi plus limitée. Le nombre de plantes contaminées diminuait avec la distance de la source de contamination.