氮素形态及配比对夏播菘蓝生长及活性成分含量的影响

以来自山西的菘蓝(Isatis indigotica Fort.)为实验对象,采用盆栽法研究铵态氮(NH4+-N)、硝态氮(NO3--N)和酰胺态氮〔CO(NH2)2〕的不同配比对夏播菘蓝生长,叶和根中的可溶性蛋白质及总氮含量,根中多糖含量,叶中叶绿素相对含量,以及叶中靛玉红和靛蓝、根中(R,S)-告依春的含量和积累量的影响.结果表明:各施氮处理组的单株叶干质量均高于对照(不施用氮素)组,但单株根干质量或高于或低于对照组,其中,T4〔n(铵态氮):n(硝态氮):n(酰胺态氮)=25:75:0〕处理组的单株叶和根干质量均最大,且总体上显著高于对照组及其他施氮处理组(P<005);而施氮处理组的根冠比均显著低于对照组.各施氮处理组叶中的可溶性蛋白质含量与对照均无显著差异,但各施氮处理组根中的可溶性蛋白质含量、叶和根中的总氮含量以及叶中的叶绿素相对含量总体上显著高于对照组,而根中的多糖含量或高于或低于对照组,其中,T6〔n(铵态氮):n(硝态氮):n(酰胺态氮)=0:75:25〕处理组根中的多糖含量和叶中的叶绿素相对含量均最高,T3〔n(铵态氮):n(硝态氮):n(酰胺态氮)=50:50:0〕处理组叶和根中的可溶性蛋白质含量均较高.各施氮处理组叶中靛玉红含量总体上显著高于对照组,多数施氮处理组叶中靛蓝含量则显著低于对照组,但各施氮处理组的单株叶中靛蓝和靛玉红积累量总体上高于对照组;其中,T2〔n(铵态氮):n(硝态氮):n(酰胺态氮)=75:25:0〕处理组叶中靛玉红含量及其单株积累量均最高,T6处理组叶中靛蓝含量最高,而单株叶中靛蓝积累量则以T3处理组最高.各施氮处理组根中(R,S)-告依春含量总体上显著低于对照组,其中,以T1〔n(铵态氮):n(硝态氮):n(酰胺态氮)=100:0:0〕处理组根中(R,S)-告依春含量最高,T4处理组单株根中(R,S)-告依春积累量最高.综合分析结果表明:按不同配比施用不同形态氮素,夏播菘蓝的生长及活性成分含量有明显差异,因此,若以收获叶为目的,结合叶中靛玉红含量,建议施用铵态氮和硝态氮物质的量比为75:25的复合氮肥;若以收获根为目的,结合根中(R,S)-告依春含量,建议施用铵态氮和硝态氮物质的量比为25:75的复合氮肥.     

超表达小麦硝态氮转运蛋白基因TaNRT2.1对拟南芥生长及氮吸收的影响

为了阐明小麦硝态氮转运蛋白(nitrate transporters,NRT)TaNRT2.1及辅助蛋白TaNAR2.1的硝态氮转运功能,本研究构建了TaNRT2.1单基因(单超)与TaNRT2.1+TaNAR2.1双基因超表达载体(双超),通过农杆菌介导法转化野生型拟南芥,利用潮霉素筛选与PCR鉴定分别获得了3个单超与2个双超的转基因拟南芥纯合株系。通过研究转基因拟南芥的硝态氮吸收动力学及氮含量发现:在硝态氮浓度1 mmol·L~(-1)时,仅双超能够显著提高拟南芥的硝态氮吸收速率;硝态氮浓度1 mmol·L~(-1)时,不论单超还是双超均不能提高拟南芥的硝态氮吸收速率。低氮(0.1 mmol·L~(-1) NO_3~-)条件下,2种转基因拟南芥的生长状况和氮吸收与野生型相比均无显著差异;而在高氮(10 mmol·L~(-1) NO_3~-)条件下,单超提高了拟南芥的角果重和植株生物量,双超则显著提高了拟南芥的生物量、根系生长和总吸氮量。这些结果表明,TaNRT2.1转运蛋白需与辅助蛋白TaNAR2.1联合才能调控拟南芥对硝态氮的转运。     

不同氮素形态比例对五味子幼苗生长特性的影响

以2年生五味子苗木为试验材料,在田间条件下,施以铵态氮(NH4+-N)和硝态氮(NO3--N)不同比例,分析了叶片可溶性蛋白、叶绿素含量、根系及茎叶中全氮含量、生物量等季节的动态变化规律,探讨了不同氮素形态比例对五味子苗木生长的影响。结果表明,五味子苗木在不同生长时期对不同氮素形态的吸收和利用存在明显差异,NH4+-N和NO3--N对五味子幼苗生长有显著的联合效应。在五味子生长前期,五味子主要以吸收和同化NH4+-N为主,并以铵态氮和硝态氮比例为75∶25时地上部生物量积累较多;而在五味子生长的中后期,五味子主要以NO3--N吸收和同化为主,并以铵态氮和硝态氮比例为25∶75时地上部生物量积累较多。     

氮素形态对黄檗幼苗生长及氮代谢相关酶类的影响

通过改变水培溶液中NH4+-N和NO3--N的比例, 研究了不同氮素形态对黄檗(Phellodendron amurense)幼苗生长及氮代谢相关酶类的影响。结果表明, 硝态氮比例较高的营养供给比铵态氮比例较高的营养供给有利于黄檗幼苗的生长, 叶片叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白含量也高。在NH4+-N/NO3--N为25/75 时黄檗幼苗具有最大生物量。在铵态氮比例大的营养供给下, 黄檗幼苗的谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性增强,而在硝态氮比例大的营养供给下幼苗的硝酸还原酶(NR)活性则较高, 叶片中的硝态氮较低。营养液的氮素形态及其组成通过影响GS与NR的活性而调控黄檗幼苗的氮素代谢。     

真盐生植物盐角草对不同氮形态的响应

盐角草(Salicornia europaea L.)是一种喜盐植物,其最佳生长的实现需要200—400 mmol/L NaCl。为了解盐渍环境下盐角草氮素吸收利用特点,在水培添加200或400 mmol/L NaCl情况下,从生长指标,光合参数,根系体积和活力,硝酸还原酶与谷氨酰胺合成酶活力,蛋白、总氮、硝态氮及铵态氮含量等方面检测了硝态氮、铵态氮和尿素3种氮形态对盐角草生长的影响。研究发现以氮摩尔浓度(mmol/L)计,在0.1—400 mmol/L浓度范围进行测试,盐角草在0.1 mmol/L低氮条件下仍能维持生长,同时,抑制盐角草生长的氮浓度域值较高,其中铵态氮、尿素和硝态氮分别为50、50及400 mmol/L。研究结果表明盐角草吸收利用氮素的能力强,对氮素的浓度耐受范围宽,3种氮形态都可作为氮源满足其生长需要,但有效促进生长的效果存在差异,总体顺序从高到低依次为硝态氮、铵态氮和尿素。研究为揭示盐生植物氮吸收利用特点提供了基础数据,对提高盐生植物生产力,指导沿海滩涂生态建设具有一定的指导意义。     

氮素营养对药用菊花氮代谢及产量品质的影响

采用盆栽试验,以药用菊花为供试材料,选用酰胺态氮[CO(NH_2)_2-N]、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)和铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)为供试氮肥,分别设定3个氮素水平,采用L9(34)正交设计,研究氮素营养对药用菊花氮代谢、产量和品质的影响。结果表明:氮素形态对药用菊花氮代谢、产量和品质的影响存在较大差异。酰胺态氮和硝态氮混合施用时药用菊花单株花序干重最大,铵态氮对菊花叶片NR活性、游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白以及花序中绿原酸含量的影响较大,酰胺态氮对菊花叶片GS活性和花序中总黄酮含量的影响大于铵态氮和硝态氮,硝态氮对菊花花序木犀草苷含量的影响最大;处理5即施酰胺态氮1.5 g·pot~(-1)、铵态氮1.5 g·pot~(-1)、硝态氮3.0 g·pot~(-1)、总氮量6.0 g·pot~(-1)时,菊花花序中3,5-O-双咖啡酰基奎宁酸含量高于缺氮处理近1倍。可见,氮素营养可提高药用菊花氮代谢关键酶活性和氮代谢产物,提高药用菊花成分含量和单株花序干重。     

氮素形态对小白菜生长和碳氮积累的影响

水培条件下,研究不同氮素形态(硝态氮、铵态氮、甘氨酸、谷氨酰胺、丙氨酸、牛血清蛋白,以及甘氨酸与硝态氮、牛血清蛋白与硝态氮的混合氮源)对小白菜生长和碳氮积累的影响.结果表明:不同氮素形态对小白菜质量、碳氮积累量、可溶性蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量和游离氨基酸含量的影响不同;硝态氮处理下小白菜地上部分和根的干质量与鲜质量均最大;甘氨酸对小白菜根系的生长及碳氮积累具有明显的促进作用;在3种氨基酸中,谷氨酰胺更有利于小白菜地上部分的生长和氮积累.聚类分析表明,9种氮素形态处理按营养效应大小分为:硝态氮、谷氨酰胺＞甘氨酸与硝态氮混合氮源、牛血清蛋白与硝态氮混合氮源、甘氨酸、铵态氮＞丙氨酸、牛血清蛋白、对照.有机氮源可以作为小白菜生长的氮源,不同的氮素形态对植物产生的生理效应不同.     

氮素形态对黄檗幼苗生长及氮代谢相关酶类的影响

通过改变水培溶液中NH4^＋-N和NO3^--N的比例,研究了不同氮素形态对黄檗（Phellodendron amurense）幼苗生长及氮代谢相关酶类的影响。结果表明,硝态氮比例较高的营养供给比铵态氮比例较高的营养供给有利于黄檗幼苗的生长,叶片叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白含量也高。在NH4^＋-N／NO3^--N为25／75时黄檗幼苗具有最大生物量。在铵态氮比例大的营养供给下,黄檗幼苗的谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性增强,而在硝态氮比例大的营养供给下幼苗的硝酸还原酶（NR）活性则较高,叶片中的硝态氮较低。营养液的氮素形态及其组成通过影响GS与NR的活性而调控黄檗幼苗的氮素代谢。     

氮素营养对苗期菘蓝叶中硝酸还原酶活性与矿质元素吸收的影响

采用正交试验设计,研究铵态氮、硝态氮和酰胺态氮3种氮素形态及其不同浓度配比对苗期菘蓝的单株干重、叶内的硝酸还原酶活性及矿质元素吸收的影响。结果显示:(1)影响苗期菘蓝单株干重的氮素形态依次为酰胺态氮>铵态氮>硝态氮。(2)不同氮素形态对叶片硝酸还原酶活性影响有差异,铵态氮影响最大,其次是硝态氮和酰胺态氮。(3)不同形态氮素配合施用后均能促进P、K、Ca、Mg、Cd、Mn、Cr、Sr 8种元素的吸收,但不利于Ni和Fe的吸收;元素吸收受铵态氮影响最大的矿质元素有K、Ba、Se、Ni、B、Si、Fe 7种元素,受硝态氮影响最大的元素有P、Cd、Ti、Al、Cu 5种元素,受酰胺态氮影响最大的元素有Na、Ca、Mg、Zn、Mo、Mn、Cr、Sr 8种元素。研究表明,不同形态氮素对苗期菘蓝吸收矿质元素的影响存在很大的差异,应注重酰胺态氮与无机的铵态氮、硝态氮的配合施用;适宜氮素形态及其配比能提高叶中硝酸还原酶的活性并促进矿质元素的吸收,从而有效地促进菘蓝的生长。     

不同形态氮素配比对盐胁迫下菊芋幼苗生理的影响

采用砂培方法研究了不同铵硝配比(NH4+/NO3-分别为4/1、1/1、1/4)的氮素营养和盐分胁迫耦合作用下菊芋幼苗的光合作用和离子吸收运输.结果表明:低浓度的盐胁迫对植物生长的抑制作用不大,而高浓度的盐胁迫却能明显抑制菊芋幼苗生物量的积累,在同一盐浓度下,提高硝态氮比例能够缓解盐胁迫对菊芋幼苗生长的抑制,促进菊芋幼苗鲜重和干重的增加;随着盐浓度的增加,菊芋幼苗地上部和地下部的Na+含量显著增加,而K+、Ca2+含量较对照显著降低,提高硝态氮比例有利于菊芋幼苗对K+和Ca2+的吸收和向上运输,从而维持地上部较高的K+/Na+和Ca2+/Na+;在3种铵硝比的氮素营养处理下,随着盐浓度的增加,菊芋幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率较对照均呈显著下降的趋势,细胞间隙CO2浓度则显著增加,提高硝态氮比例可显著提高盐胁迫下菊芋幼苗的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率,同时也能显著降低胞间CO2浓度,其中以铵硝比为1/4的氮素营养供应对盐胁迫的缓解作用相对较好,在100 mmol·L-1NaCl处理下其叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率分别是铵硝比为4/1的氮素营养处理值的1.63、1.57、1.39、1.37、1.2倍,而胞间CO2浓度则减少了17%.因此相对于铵态氮来说,硝态氮比例的增加有利于维持盐胁迫下菊芋幼苗体内矿质营养元素含量平衡,促进盐胁迫下菊芋光合功能的改善,增强菊芋对盐胁迫的抗性.     

培养条件对西洋参不定根诱导的影响

为了提高西洋参不定根的诱导率和生长速度,该研究以西洋参鲜根为外植体,在基本培养基的基础上优化IBA、碳源、氮源和磷源等营养成分。结果表明:西洋参不定根诱导过程可以明显分为外植体脱分化(愈伤化)、再分化(根形成)和根伸长等三个阶段; MS基本培养基更有利于西洋参不定根的诱导,可能与MS培养基中矿质元素含量高有关;当培养基中IBA浓度达到2 mg·L~(-1)时,外植体表面上不定根分布密度大,诱导率达到(96±3.5)%;培养基中添加蔗糖到30 g·L~(-1)时,不定根的诱导效果最好,但继续提高浓度后不定根变短、直径变粗;培养基中NO_3~-∶NH_4~+和PO_4~(3-)浓度分别为20∶10(总氮量30 mmol·L~(-1))和25.0mmol·L~(-1)时,西洋参不定根诱导率达到最大。结果提示优化培养条件可以显著改善西洋参不定根的诱导和生长,为后续西洋参不定根规模化培养提供理论支持。     

叶施NO对NaCl胁迫下红砂幼苗叶片和根系中氮代谢酶及营养物质的影响

以当年生红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)幼苗为材料,采用盆栽实验,考察叶面喷施不同浓度(0、0.01、0.10、0.25、0.50、1.00 mmol·L^-1)NO供体硝普钠 (SNP) 对NaCl(300 mmol·L^-1)胁迫下红砂根、叶中可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸和硝态氮含量,以及谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合酶(GOGAT)、硝酸还原酶(NR)活性的影响,并采用主成分分析和隶属函数法筛选NO对NaCl胁迫缓解效应的氮代谢指标和最佳NO浓度,以探讨外源NO对NaCl 胁迫下红砂缓解效应的氮代谢响应机制。结果表明：(1)在300 mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫处理下,红砂幼苗根、叶中可溶性蛋白、硝态氮含量以及GS、GOGAT、NR活性均比对照显著下降。(2)外源NO能显著提高盐胁迫下红砂叶、根中GS、GOGAT、NR活性和硝态氮含量,增加根中可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸含量。(3)NR和GOGAT活性可用于评价NO对NaCl胁迫下红砂幼苗的缓解作用,外源NO(SNP)对红砂幼苗在NaCl胁迫下的缓解效果强弱表现为0.25 mmol·L^-1> 0.50 mmol·L^-1> 0.10 mmol·L^-1> 1.00 mmol·L^-1> 0.01 mmol·L^-1。研究发现,300 mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫显著抑制了红砂幼苗氮代谢,外源NO(SNP)有助于提高盐胁迫下红砂NR活性,加快硝态氮转化为铵态氮,促进红砂叶片和根中GS/GOGAT对转化物的同化,从而增强红砂幼苗的耐盐性,并以0.25 mmol·L^-1SNP处理时缓解作用最佳;NR和GOGAT活性可作为NO缓解盐胁迫的评价指标。     

不同氮处理下速生柳对水体氮的吸收、分配及生理响应

采用水培法,研究了旱柳苗在外源添加不同氮水平(贫氮、中氮、富氮、过氮)的铵态氮(NH+4-N)和硝态氮(NO-3-N)的生长、氮吸收、分配和生理响应。结果表明:一定范围氮浓度的增加能够促进旱柳苗的生长,但过量氮会抑制其生长,且NH+4-N的抑制作用大于NO-3-N;两种氮处理下,旱柳表现出对NH+4-N的吸收偏好,在同一氮水平时,旱柳各部位氮原子百分含量Atom%15N(AT%)、15N吸收量和来自氮源的N%(Ndff%)均为NH+4-N处理大于NO-3-N处理,且随着氮浓度的增加,差异增大,且在旱柳各部位的分布为根﹥茎﹥叶;2种氮素过量和不足均会对旱柳根和叶生理指标产生不同的影响,其中在过氮水平时,NH+4-N和NO-3-N处理下根系活力比对照减少了50.61%和增加了19.53%;在过氮水平时,NH+4-N处理柳树苗根总长、根表面积、根平均直径、根体积和侧根数分别对照下降了30.92%、29.48%、19.44%、27.01%和36.41%,NO-3-N处理柳树苗相应的根系形态指标分别对对照下降了1.66%、5.65%、1.49%、5.06%和25.72%。可见,高浓度NH+4-N对旱柳苗的胁迫影响大于NO-3-N,在应用于水体氮污染修复时可通过改变水体无机氮的比例,削弱其对旱柳的影响,从而提高旱柳对水体氮污染的修复效果。     

丛枝菌根真菌和施加不同形态氮肥对杉木幼苗养分吸收的影响

为了解丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)和不同形态氮对杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)生长和养分吸收的影响,以1 a生杉木幼苗接种摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)和添加不同形态氮(NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^–-N),对其养分元素和生长状况的变化进行研究。结果表明,AMF显著提高了杉木的苗高和生物量,促进了杉木对N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe和Na的吸收,AMF对微量元素Fe、Na的促进作用总体上要强于大量元素K、Ca。与NO₃^–-N相比,AMF显著提高了NH₄⁺-N处理杉木的生物量、总C和N、Ca、Mg、Mn含量,而且这种显著性在叶中普遍高于根和茎。接种AMF可以促进杉木幼苗的生长和对养分元素的吸收,且添加NH₄⁺-N处理的促进作用要强于NO₃^–-N。     

Growth,chemical composition,and nitrate reductase activity of Rumex species in relation to form and level of N supply

Growth, chemical composition, and nitrate reductase activity (NRA) of hydroponically cultured Rumex crispus, R. palustris, R. acetosa, and R. maritimus were studied in relation to form (NH₄ ⁺, NO₃ ^-, or both) and level of N supply (4 mM N, and zero-N following a period of 4mM N). A distinct preference for either NH₄ ⁺ or NO₃ ^- could not be established. All species were characterized by a very efficient uptake and utilization of N, irrespective of N source, as evident from high concentrations of organic N in the tissues and concurrent excessive accumulations of free NO₃ ^- and free NH₄ ⁺. Especially the accumulation of free NH₄ ⁺ was unusually large. Generally, relative growth rate (RGR) was highest with a combination of NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ^-. Compared to mixed N supply, RGR of NO₃ ^-- and NH₄ ⁺-grown plants declined on average 3% and 9%, respectively. Lowest RGR with NH₄ ⁺ supply probably resulted from direct or indirect toxicity effects associated with high NH₄ ⁺ and/or low Ca²⁺ contents of tissues. NRA in NO₃ ^- and NH₄NO₃ plants was very similar with maxima in the leaves of ca 40 μmol NO₂ ^- g^-1 DW h^-1. ‘Basal’ NRA levels in shoot tissues of NH₄ ⁺ plants appeared relatively high with maxima in the leaves of ca 20 μmol NO₂ ^- g^-1 DW h^-1. Carboxylate to organic N ratios, (C-A)/N_org, on a whole plant basis varied from 0.2 in NH₄ ⁺ plants to 0.9 in NO₃ ^- plants. After withdrawal of N, all accumulated NO₃ ^- and NH₄ ⁺ was assimilated into organic N and the organic N redistributed on a large scale. NRA rapidly declined to similar low levels, irrespective of previous N source. Shoot/root ratios of -N plants were 50–80% lower than those from +N plants. In comparison with +N, RGR of -N plants did not decline to a large extent, decreasing by only 15% in -NH₄ ⁺ plants due to very high initial organic-N contents. N-deprived plants all exhibited an excess cation over anion uptake (net proton efflux), and whole-plant (C-A)/N_org ratios increased to values around unity. Possible difficulties in interpreting the (C-A)/N_org ratio and NRA of plants in their natural habitats are briefly discussed.     

培养条件对三七愈伤组织生长和皂苷积累的影响

以MS为基础培养基,改变激素配比、氮源和光照等因素,以分光光度法和HPLC法分析三七愈伤组织培养过程中皂苷含量的变化。结果表明:培养条件对三七愈伤组织中皂苷积累有一定影响,激素配比对愈伤组织中皂苷含量的影响最大,在0.5 mg·L-12,4-D+1.0 mg·L-16-BA组合下,培养物中总皂苷含量最多,达到4.72%±0.29%;在总氮量为60 mmol·L-1条件下,45 mmol·L-1KNO3+7.5 mmol·L-1NH4NO3(NO3-/NH4+=7∶1)时,愈伤组织皂苷含量最多,达到4.71%±0.17%;分别在1 000 lx和500 lx光强下每天光照12 h的愈伤组织,皂苷含量均低于黑暗培养的愈伤组织,三者皂苷含量分别为1.94%±0.31%、2.38%±0.12%和3.57%±0.27%,光照引起愈伤组织表面变绿及细胞分化,可能是抑制愈伤组织中皂苷合成与积累的主要原因;HPLC检测发现,三七愈伤组织和根中均含有Rg1、Re、Rb1及Rd四种皂苷,但栽培三七根含有R1皂苷,而三七愈伤组织中未检测到R1,其原因需要进一步研究。该研究结果为未来愈伤组织培养成为部分代替人工栽培生产三七天然产物的潜在途径提供了研究基础。     

Effects of forest fertilization on nitrogen leaching and soil microbial properties in the Northern Calcareous Alps of Austria

Several boreal and alpine forests are depleted in nutrients due to acidification. Fertilization may be a remedy, but rapidly-soluble salts (N, P, K, Mg) may pose nitrate problems for the groundwater or decrease microbial activity.With the aim to investigate potential nitrogen leaching after fertilization we set up an experiment employing intact soil cores (11 cm diameter, 20–40 cm long) from a mixed forest and a Picea abies stand (soil type Rendsina) in the Northern Calcareous Alps of Austria. The cores were fertilized with a commercial NPK fertilizer or a methylene-urea-apatite-biotite (MuAB) fertilizer at a rate corresponding to 300 kg N ha^-1 and incubated for 28 weeks together with unfertilized controls. Both soil water (retrieved 5 cm below the soil surface) and leachate were analyzed for nitrate and ammonium in regular intervals. After the incubation, soil microbial biomass and basal repiration were determined and a nitrogen mineralization assay was performed.For the control, in the soil water and leachate maximum NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ^- concentrations of 5 and 11 mg N L^-1, respectively, were found. Compared to that, MuAB fertilizer resulted in a slow increase of NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ^- in the soil water (up to 11 and 35 mg N L^-1 respectively) and in the leachate (4 mg NH₄ ⁺-N L^-1 and 44 mg NO₃ ^--N L^-1). Highest nitrogen loads were found for the fast release NPK fertilizer, with NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ^- concentrations up to 170 and 270 mg N L^-1, respectively, in the soil water. NH₄ ⁺-N levels in the leachate remained below 5, while NO₃-N levels were up to 190 mg L^-1. Fast- release NPK caused a significant decrease of microbial biomass and basal respiration. These parameters were not affected by MuAB fertilizer.The results suggest that the MuAB fertilizer may be an ecologically appropriate alternative to fast-release mineral fertilizers for improving forest soils.     

The influence of NO3 - and NH4 + nutrition on the carbon and nitrogen partitioning characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) plants

The carbon and nitrogen partitioning characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) grown hydroponically at a constant pH on either 4 mM or 12 mM NO₃ ^- or NH₄ ⁺ nutrition were investigated using either ¹⁴C or ¹⁵N techniques. Greater allocation of ¹⁴C to amino-N fractions occurred at the expense of allocation of ¹⁴C to carbohydrate fractions in NH₄ ⁺-compared to NO₃ ^--fed plants. The [¹⁴C]carbohydrate:[¹⁴C]amino-N ratios were 1.5-fold and 2.0-fold greater in shoots and roots respectively of 12 mM NO₃ ^--compared to 12 mM NH₄ ⁺-fed wheat. In both 4 mM and 12 mM N-fed maize the [¹⁴C]carbohydrate:[¹⁴C]amino-N ratios were approximately 1.7-fold and 2.0-fold greater in shoots and roots respectively of NO₃ ^--compared to NH₄ ⁺-fed plants. Similar results were observed in roots of wheat and maize grown in split-root culture with one root-half in NO₃ ^--and the other in NH₄ ⁺-containing nutrient media. Thus the allocation of carbon to the amino-N fractions occurred at the expense of carbohydrate fractions, particularly within the root. Allocation of ¹⁴N and ¹⁵N within separate sets of plants confirmed that NH₄ ^--fed plants accumulated more amino-N compounds than NO₃ ^--fed plants. Wheat roots supplied with ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺ for 8 h were found to accumulate ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺ (8.5 g ¹⁵N g^-1 h^-1) whereas in maize roots very little ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺ accumulated (1.5 g ¹⁵N g^-1 h^-1)It is proposed that the observed accumulation of ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺ in wheat roots in these experiments is the result of limited availability of carbon within the roots of the wheat plants for the detoxification of NH₄ ⁺, in contrast to the situation in maize. Higher photosynthetic capacity and lower shoot: root ratios of the C₄ maize plants ensure greater carbon availability to the root than in the C₃ wheat plants. These differences in carbon and nitrogen partitioning between NO₃ ^--and NH₄ ⁺-fed wheat and maize could be responsible for different responses of wheat and maize root growth to NO₃ ^- and NH₄ ⁺ nutrition.     

增氮对青藏高原东缘高寒草甸土壤甲烷吸收的早期影响

研究大气氮沉降对青藏高原高寒草甸土壤CH4吸收的影响,对于揭示氮素调节土壤CH4吸收的机制和评价氮沉降增加背景下大气CH4收支平衡至关重要.通过构建多形态、低剂量的增氮控制试验,测定土壤CH4净交换通量和相关土壤理化性质,分析高寒草甸土壤CH4通量变化特征及其主要驱动因子.研究结果表明:自然状态下高寒草甸土壤是大气CH4汇,CH4平均吸收量为(35.40±1.92) μg· m-2· h-1.土壤CH4吸收主要受水分驱动,其次为土壤NH4+-N和NO3-N含量.NH4+-N抑制CH4吸收,NO3--N促进CH4吸收;不同剂量氮素输入对土壤CH4吸收影响也不尽相同,低氮处理促进土壤CH4吸收,而中氮和高氮处理抑制土壤CH4吸收.结果显示青藏高原高寒草甸土壤是重要的大气CH4汇,在未来大气氮沉降加倍的情景下CH4汇功能增强,但当氮沉降量增加两倍以上时CH4汇功能将会减弱.     

The influence of nitrogen concentration and ammonium/nitrate ratio on N-uptake,mineral composition and yield of citrus

In short-term water culture experiments with different ¹⁵N labeled ammonium or nitrate concentrations, citrus seedlings absorbed NH₄ ⁺ at a higher rate than NO₃ ^–. Maximum NO₃ ^– uptake by the whole plant occurred at 120 mg L^–1 NO₃ ^–-N, whereas NH₄ ⁺ absorption was saturated at 240 mg L^–1 NH₄ ⁺-N. ¹⁵NH₄ ⁺ accumulated in roots and to a lesser degree in both leaves and stems. However, ¹⁵NO₃ ^– was mostly partitioned between leaves and roots.Adding increasing amounts of unlabeled NH₄ ⁺ (15–60 mg L^–1 N) to nutrient solutions containing 120 mg L^–1 N as ¹⁵N labeled nitrate reduced ¹⁵NO₃ ^– uptake. Maximum inhibition of ¹⁵NO₃ ^– uptake was about 55% at 2.14 mM NH₄ ⁺ (30 mg L^–1 NH₄ ⁺-N) and it did not increase any further at higher NH₄ ⁺ proportions.In a long-term experiment, the effects of concentration and source of added N (NO₃ ^– or NH₄ ⁺) on nutrient concentrations in leaves from plants grown in sand were evaluated. Leaf concentration of N, P, Mg, Fe and Cu were increased by NH₄ ⁺ versus NO₃ ^– nutrition, whereas the reverse was true for Ca, K, Zn and Mn.The effects of different NO₃ ^–-N:NH₄ ⁺-N ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100) at 120 mg L^–1 total N on leaf nutrient concentrations, fruit yield and fruit characteristics were investigated in another long-term experiment with plants grown in sand cultures. Nitrogen concentrations in leaves were highest when plants were provided with either NO₃ ^– or NH₄ ⁺ as a sole source of N. Lowest N concentration in leaves was found with a 75:25 NO₃ ^–-N/NH₄ ⁺-N ratio. With increasing proportions of NH₄ ⁺ in the N supply, leaf nutrients such as P, Mg, Fe and Cu increased, whereas Ca, K, Mn and Zn decreased. Yield in number of fruits per tree was increased significantly by supplying all N as NH₄ ⁺, although fruit weight was reduced. The number of fruits per tree was lowest with the 75:25 NO₃ ^–-N:NH₄ ⁺-N ratio, but in this treatment fruits reached their highest weight. Rind thickness, juice acidity, and colour index of fruits decreased with increasing NH₄ ⁺ in the N supply, whereas the % pulp and maturity index increased. Percent of juice in fruits and total soluble solids were only slightly affected by NO₃ ^–:NH₄ ⁺ ratio.