沙丘微地形生境蚁丘分布特征及其对恢复过程的响应

为了阐明沙丘微地形生境蚁丘特征及分布规律对沙丘固定过程的响应规律,以科尔沁沙地为研究区,选择不同固沙阶段沙丘的4个方位（西北、东南、西南、东北）布设调查样地,测定了不同样地的蚁丘密度、直径和高度,分析了不同样地蚁丘特征及空间分布规律。结果表明：（1）流动沙丘背风向（即东南方位）蚁丘密度显著高于其他方位,但从流动沙丘到半流动沙丘,背风向（即东南方位）蚁丘密度显著低于其他方位;从半固定沙丘开始,半固定和固定沙丘微地形对蚁丘密度分布的影响较小。（2）在流动沙丘、半流动沙丘、半固定沙丘,不同微地形生境中蚁丘直径和高度均呈现出相似的分布规律,即东南方位均小于其他方位。在固定沙丘,蚁丘高度表现为东南方位亦较低,但蚁丘直径表现为西南和东北方位显著小于西北方位。（3）在流动沙丘,西北、西南和东南方位上蚁丘空间分布均表现为均匀分布型,而在半流动、半固定和固定沙丘,4个方位上蚁丘空间分布均表现为聚集分布型。（4）相关性分析表明,不同固沙阶段不同微生境下蚁丘密度、高度、直径与植物密度、多样性间的相关性不同。随着固沙阶段演替,不同微生境下蚁丘特征与植物密度、多样性的相关性增强。研究表明,在科尔沁沙地,随着流动沙丘固定和生境逐渐恢复,沙丘不同空间方位上蚁丘密度分布差异缩小,而蚁丘直径和高度仍存在沙丘微地形间显著差异性,并且蚁丘空间方位上均呈现聚集分布状态。     

浑善达克沙地榆树疏林幼苗更新空间格局

榆树疏林广泛分布于浑善达克沙地,是适应半干旱、半湿润气候的沙地植被类型.采用Ripley的K函数统计方法,分析了浑善达克沙地固定沙丘与丘间低地封育状态下的榆树幼苗空间分布及更新格局.结果表明:两种生境下榆树幼苗密度分别为88株/hm2和77株/hm2,丘间低地更适合幼苗的生长.固定沙丘和丘间低地榆树幼苗均呈聚集分布,但丘间低地的幼苗聚集强度更高.固定沙丘上榆树幼苗与成熟树种群在小尺度上呈负关联,而丘间低地幼苗与成熟树种群呈现较显著的正关联,但二者在大尺度上均无关联性.研究对揭示浑善达克沙地榆树幼苗分布、更新空间格局及其恢复保护具有重要意义.     

松嫩平原破碎化羊草草甸退化演替系列植物多样性的空间格局

物种多样性格局是国际生物多样性科学前沿领域热点问题.本文以松嫩平原破碎化羊草草甸退化演替系列(6种植物群落、144个斑块)为研究对象,系统地探讨了其α、β和γ多样性空间格局及其机理.结果表明:在羊草草甸退化演替系列中共发现87种植物,但没有一种能分布于所有斑块;羊草+鸡儿肠群落或羊草群落的α、β和γ多样性较高,多稀有种和特有种;碱地肤群落最低,少稀有种,无特有种;γ多样性与α多样性显著正相关,但与β多样性无相关性.各植物群落的α多样性与单个斑块面积呈显著幂函数关系,β多样性(相似性指数Sjk)仅羊草+鸡儿肠群落呈显著幂函数关系;斑块平均面积和总面积与α、γ多样性呈显著正相关,与β多样性无相关性.群落的物种丰富度越高,稀有种和特有种就越多,物种在局域斑块上灭绝的可能性越大;β多样性在物种多样性格局中的重要性与生境破碎化程度有关.     

Clonal structure of Elytrigia atherica along different successional stages of a salt marsh

Elytrigia atherica is a tall clonal grass species typical of higher salt marshes, but is gradually invading to the lower marshes. At young successional stages of a salt marsh, E. atherica is found sparsely dispersed in small groups of ramets. These patches increase in size and ramet density over time, eventually forming extensive swards as succession proceeds. This study investigates the change in the clonal diversity of E. atherica stands during colonization as a result of its reproductive strategy. Clonal diversities of differently sized patches of E. atherica were investigated on two lower salt-marsh sites of different age, 25 years and 35 years, respectively. Microsatellite fingerprint patterns were used to determine genet identities and to estimate relatedness and genetic differentiation between the sites, between patches within sites and within patches. The majority of the patches on both sites contained more than one genet. On the older site, the clonal diversity was higher than on the younger site. However, the clonal diversity tended to decrease with increasing patch size. Low genetic differentiation was found between the two sites, indicating habitat differentiation, whereas differentiation between patches within sites was high. It is reasoned that different environmental conditions could have resulted in different clonal structures: On an older marsh, the increase of successful seedling recruitment, due to more suitable environmental conditions, leads to an increase in clonal diversity. Over time, with increasing ramet density, intraspecific competition is likely to increase, resulting in a decrease of clonal diversity.     

毛乌素沙地沙丘土壤含水量特点——兼论老固定沙地上油蒿衰退原因

土壤表面干沙层在冬春少雨季节较厚,流动沙地的又明显地大于固和地的。流动沙地地表干沙层以下的土壤含水量一般在于同深化度固定沙地的,特别是在报系密集分布的土层。科季或早春土壤含水量比较低,雨季的明显较高,雨季结束后,土层中的水分在重力的作用下会向深层运动,导致根系层土壤含水量下降。在植物生长季,缺少降雨时,因少地的土土壤水量会因植物的蒸腾消耗而变得很低（１％～２％）,而流动沙地的不受或受此影响很小。地     

Habitat suitability models for the sand lizard Liolaemus wiegmannii based on landscape characteristics in temperate coastal dunes in Argentina

The knowledge of environmental variables associated with the species occurrence allows the recognition of sites which fulfil ecological requirements eventually used for conservation of species. The coastal dunes of Argentina are inhabited by sand lizards. Anthropic activities have severely degraded this ecosystem, affecting the habitat structure at a large scale. In this context, the effects of landscape characteristics on the sand lizard's (Liolaemus wiegmannii, Liolaemidae) presence were analysed to build habitat suitability maps along the coastal dunes of Argentina. A thematic map of study area was obtained from supervised classification of satellite images to identify landscape characteristics. Surveys were conducted during the lizard activity season, and landscape variables were measured in two spatial units. All information collected was compiled into a Geographic Information System. The relationship between the presence of lizards and landscape variables was evaluated by Generalized Linear Models. The predictions of these models were transferred by using Geographic Information System to habitat suitability maps. Almost all individuals (80%) were observed in semi‐fixed dunes. The analysis of landscape metrics in the two spatial extents showed complementary results. The habitat suitability models suggest that: (i) heterogeneous landscapes composed by disaggregated patches of semi‐fixed dunes and low or null percentages of active dunes distant from the coastline are the preferred environments, and (ii) human modifications such as urbanizations and forestation of dunes, have a negative impact on species occurrence. Suitable habitats were almost absent in those sectors of coastal dunes with highest level of urbanization, whereas they were distributed almost continuously in those areas without human disturbances.     

Neighbour diversity in lichen-dominated communities

Abstract. In this study, we examined two sets of contact neighbour data from lichen-dominated communities (one saxicolous, the other epiphytic) to determine whether the diversity of contact neighbours is significantly less than expected, indicating segregation of species. We also wanted to test whether the observed neighbour diversity changed with the species' own frequency. Using two measures of diversity, we found that in both saxicolous and epiphytic communities, there was a significant tendency for neighbour diversity to be lower than expected. The results are consistent with Pacala's spatial segregation hypothesis but may indicate that the plants’responses to environmental variables act at very small scales in these communities.     

Patterns of Phylogenetic Diversity of Subtropical Rainforest of the Great Sandy Region,Australia Indicate Long Term Climatic Refugia

Australia’s Great Sandy Region is of international significance containing two World Heritage areas and patches of rainforest growing on white sand. Previous broad-scale analysis found the Great Sandy biogeographic subregion contained a significantly more phylogenetically even subset of species than expected by chance contrasting with rainforest on white sand in Peru. This study aimed to test the patterns of rainforest diversity and relatedness at a finer scale and to investigate why we may find different patterns of phylogenetic evenness compared with rainforests on white sands in other parts of the world. This study focussed on rainforest sites within the Great Sandy and surrounding areas in South East Queensland (SEQ), Australia. We undertook field collections, expanded our three-marker DNA barcode library of SEQ rainforest plants and updated the phylogeny to 95% of the SEQ rainforest flora. We sampled species composition of rainforest in fixed area plots from 100 sites. We calculated phylogenetic diversity (PD) measures as well as species richness (SR) for each rainforest community. These combined with site variables such as geology, were used to evaluate patterns and relatedness. We found that many rainforest communities in the Great Sandy area were significantly phylogenetically even at the individual site level consistent with a broader subregion analysis. Sites from adjacent areas were either not significant or were significantly phylogenetically clustered. Some results in the neighbouring areas were consistent with historic range expansions. In contrast with expectations, sites located on the oldest substrates had significantly lower phylogenetic diversity (PD). Fraser Island was once connected to mainland Australia, our results are consistent with a region geologically old enough to have continuously supported rainforest in refugia. The interface of tropical and temperate floras in part also explains the significant phylogenetic evenness and higher than expected phylogenetic diversity.     

Ecophysiological behavior ofArtemisia ordosica on the process of sand dune fixation

The population structure and water relations ofArtemisia ordosica were studied at different stages of the sand dune fixation process. Vegetation coverage and biomass increased as the sand dune fixation process progressed. In contrast, individual growth rate decreased in the late fixation stage. On fixed sand dunes the modal age ofA. ordosica plants was higher and seedlings or saplings were rearely observed. On active sand dunes, settlement of seedlings was regulated by sand mobility; that is, seedlings were observed only when sand mobility was below 10 cm per year. Leaf transpiration was highest in active sand dunes. Stand transpiration in fixed sand dunes was lower than in semi-fixed sand dunes. These differences in transpiration were related to a decrease in soil water availability, which was affected by the increase in the aeolian fine soil component during the course of sand dune fixation. The reduction in soil water status and the cessation of sand movement were considered to be important factors in the decline of theArtemisia ordosica community.     

科尔沁沙地植物群落圆环状分布成因地统计学分析

调查发现,在科尔沁沙地中部部分梁窝状沙丘的丘顶、丘坡和丘间地,植物群落依生境梯度而分布,呈典型圆环状分布格局．沙层水分状况分析表明,同一沙丘不同部位的沙层含水量为丘顶低于丘坡地,且二者均低于丘间地．地统计学分析表明,无论是流动沙丘还是固定沙丘,从丘顶、丘坡到丘间地,沙层含水量的空间异质性呈规律性的变化,块金值与基台值之比逐渐减小,变程逐渐减小,分维数逐渐增大,表明随机部分引起的空间异质性逐渐降低,而由空间自相关部分引起的空间异质性逐渐增高．因此,沙丘不同部位沙层含水量及其空间异质性的有规律变化是科尔沁沙地中部部分梁窝状沙丘植物群落呈圆环状分布格局的一个重要原因．     

Birdsong meme diversity in a habitat landscape depends on landscape and species characteristics

Acoustic signaling is a form of information transmission that in many animal species may be behaviorally learnt and transmitted between individuals, creating flows of cultural traits (i.e. memes) across the landscape. The biogeography of memetic traits can have major implications for avian population evolution, ecology and conservation. We characterize the α (i.e. within population), β (i.e. among populations) and γ (i.e. total) acoustic diversity (i.e. number of memes) for four species of Hawaiian forest birds within a fragmented landscape. We study the effects of species characteristics (mobility and population size), and landscape variables (isolation and patch size) on patterns of meme diversity. We expect an increase in meme α‐diversity with patch and population size, and a decrease with patch isolation. We also expect β meme diversity to increase with patch isolation, and this relationship to be stronger for the less mobile species. We used spectrogram analyses and automatic sound recorders to characterize the acoustic diversity. We studied the overall meme structure and the factors affecting meme diversity with network analysis and a modeling approach. As predicted, large patches had richer α‐diversities for all species, while the effect of isolation was species‐dependent. Patches with larger populations showed greater α‐diversities for two species. β‐diversity only increased with distance for one highly mobile species. The structure of the acoustic traits was nested (i.e. memes in patches with lower meme diversities are a subset of the memes in patches with higher meme diversities) for all the species. Moreover, the meme structure for the ‘Apapane Himatione sanguinea suggested the existence of acoustic ‘dialects’. Meme diversity depended on both landscape variables (patch size and isolation), and some species characteristics (population size). The results of this study improve our understanding of the transmission of information by animals in fragmented landscapes.     

Variation in plant diversity and dominance across dune fixation stages in the Chinese steppe zone

Aims Our aim was to study how diversity and dominance of plant species and plant functional types (PFTs) change and covary across three dune fixation stages in the Chinese steppe zone.Methods In the Chinese steppe zone, we measured coverage, mean height and density of each plant species in three types of dunes (mobile, semi-fixed and fixed dunes) in four sites (Mu Us, Otindag, Hulunbeir and Horqin). Plant species were grouped into 24 PFTs according to their lifespan, photosynthetic pathway, reproductive mode and life form. Dominance of each plant species and PFT were determined, and species diversity and PFT diversity were quantified using Shannon–Wiener index.Important findings PFT diversity was positively related to plant species diversity in each dune stage, but PFT diversity increased more with increasing plant species diversity in the mobile and semi-fixed dunes than in the fixed dunes. Dune fixation stage explained 87.2% of the variation in plant species diversity and 84.8% of the variation in PFT diversity. Dominant species and PFTs differed among the three dune fixation stages; the more fixed the dunes were, the more perennial, shrubby, clonal and C₃ species co-dominated. Specifically, in mobile dunes annual C₄ non-clonal herbs were the most dominant, and in semi-fixed and fixed dunes perennial C₃ clonal shrubs were most dominant.     

沙生植物倒披针叶虫实在古尔班通古特沙漠的分布

倒披针叶虫实(Corispermum lehmannianum)在古尔班通古特沙漠广泛分布,重要值仅次于该沙漠建群种白梭梭(Haloxylon persicum),对沙面的稳定起着非常重要的作用。采用固定样方法对自然条件下该植物的分布特征和种群数量动态进行了研究。结果表明:1)倒披针叶虫实在沙丘各坡位均占有较高重要值,尤其活化程度较高的中部和上部优势度更明显;2)生长季节的不同阶段,除坡顶外,其他各坡位种子主要分3批萌发出苗,不同时期种子萌发出苗数量存在差异,3月份有大量种子萌发出苗,4月份种子萌发出苗数最多,5月份萌发出苗量逐渐减少。而坡顶3月份种子萌发出苗量最多,4月至5月均无种子萌发出苗。因此,除坡顶外,种子萌发出苗数量和种群密度在其他各坡位呈先增后减的趋势。生长季结束时各坡位种群密度表现为:中部和上部底部和丘间顶部;3)成熟植株单位面积种子产量为:中部和上部丘间和底部顶部,且中部和上部单位面积种子数量极显著多于丘间、坡底和坡顶(P0.01);4)通过对0—5 cm和6—10 cm土壤种子库密度研究发现,沙丘中部和上部种子库密度显著高于其他坡位。综合以上研究表明,倒披针叶虫实在沙面较活化的中部和上部呈优势分布,对沙漠环境具有良好适应性。因此,该植物是一种极具开发潜力的沙生植物。     

Separating the effects of number of individuals sampled and competition on species diversity: an experimental and analytic approach

1 Species richness typically increases with the number of individuals sampled, although many ecological processes that influence species richness are also well known to depend on density of individuals. We separated the effects of density on species richness that are due to sampling, from those due to density-dependent ecological processes such as competition or predation, by manipulating the density of an entire community.
2 A seed bank from a community of desert annual plants that occur on semi-stabilized sand dunes in Israel was collected from the field and sown in an experimental garden at a range of densities from 1/16 to eight times the natural density. The species pool observed in the lowest density plots was used as the null community, which was repeatedly sampled to calculate the species richness (and other diversity indices) in higher density plots that would be expected from sampling considerations alone. The significance of deviations of observed diversity from this expected diversity was then evaluated.
3 Both observed and expected number of species increased substantially with the experimental increase in density. However, observed species richness, the Shannon–Wiener diversity index and Simpson's diversity index were often significantly lower than that expected based on sampling considerations. The magnitude of the deviation from expected increased significantly with increasing density for richness and the Shannon–Wiener index. This provides some of the first direct experimental evidence from diverse natural assemblages that increasing competition among all the individuals in a community can lead to competitive exclusion.     

沙地植被碳氮磷化学计量特征与物种多样性的关系

植被化学计量特征表征植物营养限制.它是否会影响物种多样性需要进一步探究.本研究以宁夏哈巴湖国家级自然保护区沙地油蒿群落和沙柳群落为对象,计算了植被碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量,分析了植被C、N、P生态化学计量特征对沙地植物群落物种多样性的影响.结果表明: 在流动沙丘和半固定沙丘生境中的沙柳群落,物种多样性Simpson指数与植被C/N值存在显著的负相关关系,而与植被N/P值的相关性不显著;在半固定沙丘和固定沙丘生境中的油蒿群落,物种多样性Shannon指数与N/P值存在显著正相关关系,而与C/N值存在显著负相关关系.结合C、N、P生态化学计量特征与冗余分析可知,油蒿群落和沙柳群落的植被P含量对物种多样性的影响不同,导致两个群落的植被N/P值对物种多样性产生不同的影响.     

Resource heterogeneity generated by shrubs and topography on coastal sand dunes

In early stages of primary succession, colonizing plants can create resource patches that influence the abundance and distribution of other species. To test whether different colonizing shrubs generate contrasting patches on coastal sand dunes, we compared soil characteristics and light availability under the nitrogen-fixing shrub Lupinus arboreus, under the non-nitrogen-fixing shrub Artemisia pycnocephala, and between shrubs on dunes at a site in northern California. Concentrations of inorganic nitrogen and net nitrogen mineralization rates were generally 1–10 times greater in soil under Lupinus than under Artemisia or between shrubs. Soil water content was mostly lower under shrubs. Mean photon flux density near ground level was reduced by at least 80% at 35 cm inside shrub canopies. Topography appeared to have more effect on soil moisture but less direct effect on nitrogen availability than did Lupinus. However, Lupinus probably increases nitrogen levels more on higher, drier dunes. Microhabitats under and between nitrogen-fixing shrubs constitute a mosaic of individually poor but complementary patches in which high levels of light and moderate levels of soil nitrogen are present but tend not to occur together.     

不同沙地生境下黄柳(Salix gordejevii)种群若干数量特征的比较研究

对分布于３种不同沙地生境（半固定沙丘、固定沙丘、丘间低地）黄柳灌丛的个体形态、生长和群体数量特征进行了比较研究,同时测定了灌丛下草本层植物种类组成及频率。结果显示：分布于丘间低地的黄柳灌丛当年枝平均长度增加缓慢,短枝条的比例较高,枝长频度分布（当年枝）峰值偏左,分枝也较多,叶片短而狭,长宽比大;与之相比,分布于半固定沙丘上的灌丛当年枝平均长度增加较快,长枝条比例较高,枝长频度分布趋于正态分布,分枝     

不同沙地生境下黄柳(Salix gordejevii)的根系分布和冠层结构特征

对分布于3种不同沙地生境（半固定沙丘、固定沙丘、丘间低地）黄柳灌丛的根系分布（根的数目与深度分布）和冠层结构特征（叶面积指数、平均叶倾角以及当年枝长度分布）进行了研究。半固定沙丘上的黄柳根系最发达（根系分布深,数量大）,固定沙丘的黄柳明显不及前者,而丘间低地的黄柳根系最不发达。粗根（Φ≥5mm）的分布与土壤水分和土壤容重呈显著相关性,细根（Φ<5mm）的分布与土壤容重和紧实度呈极显著相关。不同程度的根系发育导致地上部分的繁茂程度不同分布于半固定沙丘上的黄柳灌丛叶面积指数较大,当年枝平均长度较大,枝长频度分布趋于正态分布;丘间低地的黄柳灌丛叶面积指数较小,当年枝平均长度较小,枝长频度分布趋于对数正态分布;固定沙丘上灌丛的上述特征大致介于二者之间,而其当年枝长度频度符合Weibull分布。     

贵南沙蜥洞穴空间分布与昆虫资源分布特征的关系

贵南沙蜥分布在青海省贵南县的一片长×宽约为30 km×20 km的连续沙丘,该沙丘被周缘草地隔离,贵南沙蜥主要在沙地与草地接触带的沙地一侧活动。采用3条样线共150个陷阱研究贵南沙蜥在草地与沙地交界线两侧的活动洞穴空间分布特征与潜在的可利用性昆虫食物资源多样性,并分析洞穴空间分布特征与昆虫种类以及数量分布的关系。研究共捕获1236个昆虫个体,隶属于2纲10目26科42种,其中昆虫纲有7目21科37种978个,蛛形纲有3目5科5种258个;草地采集的昆虫有2纲9目22科37种570个,沙地有2纲9目21科33种666个。草地昆虫的Shannon-Wiener,Simpson多样性指数与均匀度指数均大于沙地,表明草地的昆虫食物资源较丰富且分布均匀。研究表明贵南沙蜥在沙地环境活动洞穴数量较多,且离交界线越近洞穴分布数量越多;草地生境活动洞穴空间分布与离交界线距离无相关性,相对沙地数量较少且空间上分布较均匀。草地样方捕获的昆虫种类和数量以及沙地样方捕获的昆虫数量都与离分界线的距离无关,但沙地上昆虫种类与离分界线的距离呈高度负相关。研究表明贵南沙蜥沙地活动洞穴空间分布与昆虫种类分布特征显著相关。     

Species richness of resident and transient coral-dwelling fish responds differentially to regional diversity

Aim To determine whether the diversity of resident and transient coral‐dwelling fish responds differentially to gradients in regional species richness. Location Three regions in the Indo‐Pacific (Red Sea, western Indian Ocean, Great Barrier Reef) which contain increasingly larger regional diversities of reef fish. Methods I surveyed fish residing within branching coral species. Fish species were a priori categorized as resident or transient based on the degree of affiliation between the fish and live coral. To compare among regions that differ in coral diversity I used a modified species–volume relationship (SVR). Each point in the SVR represents the total number of fish species, resident or transient, found within the cumulative volume of a specific coral species. Empirical SVRs were further compared with random‐placement null models. Results For transient species, I found that the observed SVRs did not differ consistently from those expected from random samples drawn from the corresponding regional species pools. In addition, for a given volume of coral, more fish species were found in richer regions, indicating strong regional influences on local diversity. In contrast, resident richness was lower than that expected from random samples of the species pool, and richness in rich regions was reduced comparably more than in poor regions. The SVRs of resident species were similar among regions with different regional diversities. Main conclusion These results suggest that, within coral species, transient fish richness is mostly influenced by stochastic allocation of species from the regional pool. Conversely, richness of resident species within a coral species is limited, making it independent of regional diversity. Since higher regional diversity of resident fish was not accompanied by higher richness per coral species or by decreased niche breadth, higher regional diversity of resident fish species must be rooted in higher coral richness. Consequently, ecological interactions between functional groups (coral and fish) can be powerful drivers of regional biodiversity.