盐（NaCl）与碱（Na2CO3）对星星草胁迫作用的差异

对生长在蛭石中8周龄的星星草(Puccinellia tenuiflora(Criseb.)Scribn.et Merr.)用 12.5—800mmol/L 的中性盐 NaCl或碱性盐 Na_2CO_3进行胁迫处理,测定植物日相对生长率等胁变指标。结果表明星星草的抗盐性高于抗碱性,可耐受的最高浓度分别为:中性盐NaCl 600 mmol/L、碱性盐 Na_2CO_3 200mmol/L_o NaCl胁迫下,随胁强增高,脯氨酸明显积累,柠檬酸含量则逐渐下降;Na_2CO_3胁迫下,脯氨酸仅稍有积累而柠檬酸含量却急剧升高。两种胁迫下都表现出:随胁强增大,Na~ 含量明显上升,K~ 含量下降。但是,NaCl胁迫对K~ 含量影响不大,而Na_2CO_3胁迫则导致根及茎叶中的K~ 含量明显下降。诸胁变指标中唯有叶片电解质外渗率对两种胁迫来说变化特点相似。     

CO2加富对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片光合特性及活性氧代谢的影响

以‘津优35号’黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)水培苗为试材,采用裂区设计,主区因素为CO_2浓度处理,设大气CO_2浓度(Symbol{B@400μmol/mol)和CO_2加富[(800±40)μmol/mol]2个CO_2浓度水平,裂区因素为盐胁迫处理,用NaCl模拟盐胁迫,设对照(0 mmol/L NaCl)、盐胁迫(80 mmol/L NaCl)2个盐分水平,研究了CO_2加富对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长、光合特性及活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明:盐胁迫显著抑制黄瓜幼苗的生长,并降低了叶绿素含量、ETR、Φ_(PSII)、核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶(RuBPCase)活性及净光合速率;盐胁迫增加了丙二醛及活性氧的累积,与此同时也提高了脯氨酸含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,但降低了过氧化物酶(POD)活性。CO_2加富显著提高了盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的株高、茎粗、叶面积及地上部鲜重,降低了叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素及叶绿素(a+b)含量,但显著提高了净光合速率和RuBPCase活性,同时降低了气孔导度及蒸腾速率,并且使其具有较高的表观电子传递速率及PSII实际光化学效率;CO_2加富显著提高了盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片脯氨酸含量及SOD、POD、CAT活性,丙二醛、过氧化氢含量和超氧阴离子产生速率显著降低。综上所述,CO_2加富可通过提高幼苗叶片净光合速率、脯氨酸含量及抗氧化酶活性,降低蒸腾速率、减少丙二醛含量及活性氧的积累,从而缓解盐胁迫对黄瓜植株造成的伤害。     

等渗Ca(NO3)2和NaCl胁迫对黄瓜幼苗生长及渗透调节物质含量的影响

采用营养液培养方法,以耐盐性较弱的‘津春2号’黄瓜品种为试材,研究了等渗Ca(NO3)2和NaCl胁迫对黄瓜幼苗生长、根系电解质渗透率、根系活力、Na+和K+含量及渗透调节物质含量的影响。结果显示:(1)在84mmol.L-1 NaCl和56mmol.L-1 Ca(NO3)2等渗胁迫下,黄瓜幼苗鲜重和干重均显著下降,且NaCl处理下降的幅度大于等渗Ca(NO3)2处理。(2)NaCl主要通过对黄瓜根系的伤害来抑制植株生长,表现为根系活力下降、根系质膜透性增大、Na+大量积累、K+含量显著下降、Na+/K+明显上升,最终导致根冠比下降;而Ca(NO3)2处理对根系质膜透性、K+含量、Na+/K+的影响均小于NaCl胁迫,且根系活力和根冠比上升,但Ca(NO3)2胁迫后叶片含水量和渗透调节能力均小于NaCl胁迫。(3)NaCl胁迫条件下,黄瓜幼苗内渗透调节物质以可溶性糖为主,而Ca(NO3)2胁迫以可溶性蛋白为主。研究表明,NaCl胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的伤害大于等渗Ca(NO3)2,NaCl主要通过破坏根系质膜结构影响植株生长,而Ca(NO3)2主要通过引起地上部生理干旱来影响植株生长。     

燕麦对松嫩草地三种主要盐分胁迫的生理适应策略

为明确燕麦幼苗对松嫩盐碱草地3种主要盐分Na Cl、Na HCO_3和Na_2CO_3的适应机制,设定不同浓度梯度(48—144 mmol/L)的胁迫处理液,测定燕麦幼苗的生长与生理指标变化。结果表明,尽管试验设定的Na Cl浓度并不影响幼苗的存活率,但在各组胁迫处理下,随着浓度的增加,燕麦幼苗的分蘖数、植株高度、茎叶与根系的生物量均呈下降趋势,下降幅度为Na_2CO_3Na HCO_3Na Cl。另外,与Na Cl胁迫相比,Na_2CO_3与Na HCO_3胁迫下茎叶与根中积累了更多的有毒Na~+,同时K~+下降幅度也更大,并且根系中含有更高的Na~+与更低的K~+以及更高的Na~+/K~+。在Na Cl胁迫下,燕麦幼苗积累大量的无机Cl~-和脯氨酸来维持细胞内的渗透与离子平衡,而Na HCO_3与Na_2CO_3胁迫造成了燕麦幼苗体内阴离子的亏缺,此时幼苗主要通过积累大量的有机酸和更多的脯氨酸来维持渗透与离子平衡。上述结果表明,碱性盐Na_2CO_3与Na HCO_3对植物的胁迫伤害程度大于中性盐Na Cl,并且Na_2CO_3的毒害效应最强,而燕麦幼苗对不同的盐分胁迫伤害也有会产生不同的生理适应策略。     

不同品质类型花生品质性状及相关酶活性差异

在大田栽培条件下,以高蛋白花生品种KB008、高脂肪品种花17(H17)和高油酸/亚油酸(O/L)品种农大818(818)为试验材料,研究了3种类型花生品种籽仁中蛋白质、脂肪含量及与品质合成相关的碳、氮代谢酶活性差异.结果表明:KB008的蛋白质含量显著高于H17和818,而可溶性糖含量和O/L值显著低于其他两品种.KB008籽仁中氨基酸组分含量均高于其他两品种,特别是谷氨酸和赖氨酸含量显著高于后两者;油酸含量显著低于、而亚油酸含量显著高于其他两品种.3种类型花生在整个生育期中叶片的硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性均以KB008最高,其次为H17.3种类型花生在结荚期的叶片磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPCase)和1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶(RuBPCase)活性大小均表现为KB008 ＞H17 ＞818,说明较高的PEPCase和RuBPCase活性有利于蛋白质合成与积累.叶片中蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性大小表现为H17＞818＞KB008,KB008的磷酸蔗糖合成酶(SPS)活性显著低于其他两品种,而H17的SPS活性在花后60d时仍保持较高活性,说明较高的叶片SPS、SS活性有利于花生籽仁脂肪的形成.     

大田增温对夏玉米光合特性的影响

在大田条件下研究了增温对两个夏玉米品种农大108(ND108)和掖单13号(YD13)光合特性及产量的影响.结果表明:大喇叭口期到成熟期增温显著降低了夏玉米籽粒产量,ND108和YD13的籽粒产量分别较对照降低了46.6%和45.1%;叶面积指数平均值分别降低了15.4%和11.5%;穗位叶叶片光合速率平均值分别降低了22.85%和18.14%;两个玉米品种叶片的叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量显著降低,但对叶绿素a的影响更显著.增温后玉米叶片的磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPCase)和核酮糖二磷酸羧化酶(RuBPCase)活性都显著降低,ND108、YD13叶片的PEPCase和RuBPCase活性分别较对照降低了51.1%、32.4%和29.5%、7.7%.     

盐碱胁迫对柳树幼苗生长和渗透调节物质含量的影响

以盐柳1号为试验材料,将2种中性盐NaCI、Na_2SO_4和2种碱性盐NaHCO_3、Na_2CO_3,按不同比例混合成A(NaCl∶Na_2SO_4∶NaHCO_3∶Na_2CO_3=1∶2∶1∶0)、B(NaCl∶Na_2SO_4∶NaHCO_3∶Na_2CO_3=1∶9∶9∶1)、C(NaCl∶Na_2SO_4∶NaHCO_3∶Na_2CO_3=1∶1∶1∶1)3种组合,设4个浓度梯度(50、100、150、200 mmol/L),模拟出12种盐度和碱度各不相同的盐碱条件,对盐柳1号幼苗进行处理,测定了株高生长量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、脯氨酸含量和可溶性糖含量4项指标。结果表明:随着盐浓度的增大和碱性盐比例的增高,盐柳1号幼苗的株高生长量呈降低趋势,叶片MDA、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量则有不同程度的升高。A、B、C处理组的株高生长量在盐浓度200 mmo/L时分别相对CK降低了61.32%、68.67%、73.02%,差异均达到显著水平(P0.05)。A处理组(pH值为8.04),随着盐浓度的增大,叶片MDA、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量升高趋势不明显;B处理组(pH值为8.66),叶片MDA含量在盐浓度超过100 mmol/L时呈显著升高趋势,脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量在盐浓度超过150 mmol/L时急剧增加;C处理组(pH值为9.47),盐浓度大于150 mmol/L时,盐柳1号幼苗的叶片全部枯黄。综合分析结果表明,在混合盐碱胁迫下,盐柳1号幼苗的生长受到了不同程度的抑制;盐柳1号可以耐受不超过100 mmol/L的3种组分盐碱胁迫,且盐浓度150 mmol/L、pH9.51的盐碱条件不适宜盐柳1号的生长。     

外源H_2S通过减轻低温光抑制增强黄瓜幼苗耐冷性

以‘津优3号’黄瓜(Cucumis sativus)为试材,叶面喷施硫化氢(H_2S)供体硫氢化钠(NaHS)、H_2S合成抑制剂氨氧基乙酸(AOA)、清除剂次牛磺酸(HT)或去离子水(对照),研究H_2S对低温下黄瓜幼苗光合作用和抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明:低温胁迫初期,黄瓜幼苗叶片的内源H_2S与L-/D-半胱氨酸脱巯基酶(L/DCD)活性快速升高,4或6 h后降低。随着低温胁迫时间的延长,黄瓜幼苗的丙二醛(MDA)含量、电解质渗漏率(EL)和冷害指数逐渐增加,NaHS处理的增加幅度明显小于对照,而AOA和HT处理的与对照差异不显著。低温下黄瓜幼苗的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、光下光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)实际光化学效率(Φ_(PSⅡ))和暗下PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m),以及核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶(RuBPCase)和果糖-1,6-二磷酸酯酶(FBPase)活性逐渐降低,胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)和初始荧光(F_o)趋于升高。与对照相比,NaHS处理的P_n、G_s、T_r、RuBPCase和FBPase活性,以及Φ_(PSⅡ)和F_v/F_m均较高,C_i和F_o较低,而AOA和HT处理的气体交换参数、光合酶活性及荧光参数多与对照差异不显著。随着低温胁迫时间的延长,黄瓜幼苗的过氧化物酶(POD)活性逐渐增加,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性,以及还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和抗坏血酸(AsA)含量先升高,后降低。NaHS处理的SOD、POD、CAT、APX和GR活性及GSH和AsA含量明显高于对照,AOA和HT处理的低于对照或与对照差异不显著。由此可见,H_2S受低温胁迫诱导,外源H_2S可通过减轻低温光抑制增强黄瓜幼苗耐冷性。     

谷子生长过程中光合特性的变化

谷子是C_4植物,但叶片中核酮糖1,5-二磷酸羧化酶(RuBPCase,E.C.4.1.1.39)和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEP Case,E.C.4.1.1.31)的活性变化,CO_2补偿点的变化与叶位和叶龄有关。其初生叶和衰老叶并不表现典型的C_4特征,与成熟叶比较,RuBP Case活性和CO_2补偿点都相对较高,而且,也存在着结构上的差别。本实验结果表明所测植物在生长过程中存在着光合特性的变化。     

碱胁迫下耐碱植物星星草体内柠檬酸特异积累现象

对碱胁迫(0-175 mmol/L Na2CO3)下星星草(Puccinellia tenuiflora (Griseb.) Scribn.et Merr.)体内柠檬酸的积累规律及其相关胁变指标进行分析测定.实验结果证明:积累柠檬酸是星星草对碱胁迫特有的生理反应.盐胁迫(0-400 mmol/L NaCl)下,柠檬酸含量反而稍有下降.柠檬酸积累量随碱胁迫强度增大而增大,低胁迫强度时积累量上升缓慢,当胁迫强度大于100 mmol/L Na2CO3时,积累量明显上升.柠檬酸积累与胁迫时间之间呈直角曲线关系,一定胁迫强度下胁迫4 h后即可测出柠檬酸含量明显上升,约48 h后渐趋最大值.碱胁迫144 h后星星草各部位中柠檬酸含量从高到低的顺序依次是老叶、成熟叶、老叶鞘、幼叶鞘、幼茎、老茎和幼叶.成熟叶中柠檬酸随碱胁迫强度增大而逐渐上升,老叶和叶鞘中的柠檬酸在碱胁迫强度大于125 mmol/L后急剧上升,茎中柠檬酸含量无明显增高,幼叶中柠檬酸含量基本不变.实验证明,碱胁迫下积累的主要是柠檬酸,其他有机酸无明显变化.     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.