共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
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植物茎秆性状形成与发育的分子基础 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
株型是作物品种改良的重要目标性状, 其中茎秆是最重要的株型性状。植物发育分子生物学研究表明, 茎秆性状的形成和发育受多个重要基因的严格调控。本文从茎秆的发生、形状和分枝的形成等方面对茎秆发育的分子机理进行概述, 以期为植物株型的改良提供理论依据。 相似文献
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植物干细胞是植物体内具有自我更新和多向分化潜能的细胞群体,主要位于植物体茎尖分生组织、根尖分生组织和维管形成层中.它们既可以通过细胞分裂维持自身细胞群体的大小,也可以分化成为各种不同的组织器官.维持干细胞的分裂与分化之间的平衡,是植物通过纵向伸长生长和径向增粗生长不断积累生物量的基础,这一过程受基因、microRNAs... 相似文献
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探讨数量性状变异规律以便对其进行遗传操纵一直是植物遗传学的一个重要领域。DNA分子标记和QTL作图技术的发展以及拟南芥和水稻全基因组测序的完成极大地促进了植物数量性状分子基础的研究。现已克隆了拟南芥ED1、水稻Hdl、玉米Tb1、番茄fw2．2和Brii9-2-5等控制目标数量性状的基因。数量性状表型变异不仅源于多个数量性状基因（QTL）的分离．而且还受到内外环境的修饰。QTL等位基因变异与孟德尔基因变异具有类似的分子基础,即基因表达或蛋白质功能发生改变。通过分析已克隆的植物QTL的变异特征及分子基础,讨论了植物QTL克隆技术策略,并对QTL研究所面临的挑战和应用前景进行了展望。 相似文献
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水、旱条件下水稻茎秆主要抗倒伏性状的QTL分析 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9
以粳型旱稻IRAT109和粳型水稻越富杂交的116个DH株系的群体为材料,利用已构建的分子标记连锁图(包括94个RFLP标记和71个SSR标记),定位了水稻茎秆主要抗倒伏性状的QTL。在水田、旱田栽培条件下,考查了乳熟期DH系及其亲本的茎基粗、茎秆长及茎秆强度等性状。相关分析表明,茎基粗与茎秆长、茎基粗与茎秆强度及茎秆长与茎秆强度间均呈极显著正相关。利用QTLMAPPER进行水、旱田单环境定位分析及水、旱田联合定位分析定位了控制这些性状的QTL。水、旱田单环境定位分析结果表明：3个性状共检测到9个加性QTL和5对上位性QTL;联合定位分析表明：茎基粗、茎秆长共检测到6个加性QTL和6对上位性QTL,其中6个加性QTL和1对上位性QTL在两种方法下都检测到。旱田条件下检测到2个加性及2对上位性QTL(bctla、ct9、c16a-c16c和cs5-cs12)对表型变异的贡献率(简称贡献率)大于30％。这些高贡献率QTL可能对旱田条件下旱稻抗倒伏分子育种有重要意义。 相似文献
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花发育的基因调控与花性状的改造 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
花发育的基因调控与花性状的改造华志明（厦门大学生物学系,厦门３６１００５）植物种子萌发后,经过一段时间的营养生长,在内外界环境因子共同作用下,植物开始由营养生长向生殖生长转变。花的发育（成花过程）就是这种转变的重要标志。成花过程不仅是植物生长发育中的... 相似文献
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研究我国玉米自交系茎秆性状特征及其多样性,是培育宜机收玉米品种的重要前提。本研究以兰卡斯特、PB、四平头、旅大红骨和瑞德五大主要类群70份主要玉米自交系为材料,调查12个茎秆相关性状(茎高、穗位高、穗位系数、茎节数、穗位节、穗节系数、穗茎长、穗茎粗、茎鲜重、茎干重、含糖量和含水量),分析性状相关性和类群多样性。结果表明,我国地方种质四平头和旅大红骨茎秆性状表型变异丰富;灌浆期玉米茎秆含水量比较稳定;玉米植株高度与茎节长度显著相关;玉米雌、雄穗节之间的节间数比较恒定;玉米茎秆含糖量与茎节长度、茎粗、果穗着生位置有关;有效降低穗位高度应从降低果穗着生节入手;类群茎秆特征鲜明:兰卡斯特茎节较少,瑞德茎秆较粗,PB茎秆较细,旅大红骨茎秆较粗、茎节较短,四平头植株较矮、茎秆含糖量较低、干物质含量较低;兰卡斯特×四平头和兰卡斯特×PB类群间存在较强的生物量及籽粒产量杂种优势;挖掘和利用茎节较长、穗位较低的玉米地方种质是我国宜机收玉米育种的技术途径。本研究结果对玉米育种具有重要指导意义。 相似文献
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高粱是一种重要的粮食、能源、饲料和工业原料作物,具有广泛的生长适应性和多样的利用价值。在过去的几十年,传统育种方法在高粱育种中虽然取得了一定的成果,但如今仍然面临着一系列挑战,如育种周期长、育种效率低以及遗传背景复杂等。随着分子生物学、遗传学和生物信息学等技术的快速发展,分子育种技术开辟了提高高粱产量与品质的新途径。本文综述了包括高粱农艺性状和适应性性状等重要性状方面的分子基础研究进展,包括籽粒产量、籽粒品质、开花期和株高、分蘖特性、胁迫抗逆特性和雄性不育特性等,并对未来的重点研究方向进行了讨论,为高粱育种提供了新的思路和方法。 相似文献
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植物发育的分子机制及其遗传控制 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
植物发育的分子机制及其遗传控制许政皑１国际动态发育一直是生命科学中的～个中心问题。但传统的研究方法很难解决诸如细胞的生长和分化、细胞之间的信息交流、细胞群体甚至在单个细胞内的不对称性的建立等基本问题。随着分子遗传学和分子生物学的迅速发展,发育生物学已... 相似文献
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Stem cells in plants, established during embryogenesis, are located in the centers of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and
the root apical meristem (RAM). Stem cells in SAM have a capacity to renew themselves and to produce new organs and tissues
indefinitely. Although fully differentiated organs such as leaves do not contain stem cells, cells in such organs do have
the capacity to re-establish new stem cells, especially under the induction of phytohormones in vitro. Cytokinin and auxin are critical in creating position signals in the SAM to maintain the stem cell organizing center and
to position the new organ primordia, respectively. This review addresses the distinct features of plant stem cells and focuses
on how stem cell renewal and differentiation are regulated in SAMs. 相似文献
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Abstract.— Streptocarpus shows great variation in vegetative architecture. In some species a normal shoot apical meristem never forms and the entire vegetative plant body may consist of a single giant cotyledon, which may measure up to 0.75 m (the unifoliate type) or with further leaves arising from this structure (the rosulate type). A molecular phylogeny of 87 taxa (77 Streptocarpus species, seven related species, and three outgroup species) using the internal transcribed spacers and 5.8S region of nuclear ribosomal DNA suggests that Streptocarpus can be divided into two major clades. One of these broadly corresponds to the caulescent group (with conventional shoot architecture) classified as subgenus Streptocarpella, whereas the other is mainly composed of acaulescent species with unusual architecture (subgenus Streptocarpus). Some caulescent species (such as S. papangae) are anomalously placed with the acaulescent clade. Available cytological data are, however, completely congruent with the two major clades: the caulescent clade is x = 15 and the acaulescent clade (including the caulescent S. papangae) is x = 16 (or polyploid multiples of 16). The genera Linnaeopsis, Saintpaulia, and Schizoboea are nested within Streptocarpus. The sequenced region has evolved, on average, 2.44 times faster in the caulescent clade than in the acaulescent clade and this is associated with the more rapid life cycle of the caulescents. Morphological variation in plant architecture within the acaulescent clade is homoplastic and does not appear to have arisen by unique abrupt changes. Instead, rosulate and unifoliate growth forms have evolved several times, reversals have occurred, and intermediate architectures are found. An underlying developmental plasticity seems to be a characteristic of the acaulescent clade and is reflected in a great lability of form. 相似文献
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Leasure CD Fiume E Fletcher JC 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2009,57(4):579-592
The Arabidopsis thaliana genome contains hundreds of genes essential for seed development. Because null mutations in these genes cause embryo lethality, their specific molecular and developmental functions are largely unknown. Here, we identify a role for EMB1611/MEE22 , an essential gene in Arabidopsis, in shoot apical meristem maintenance. EMB1611 encodes a large, novel protein with N-terminal coiled-coil regions and two putative transmembrane domains. We show that the partial loss-of-function emb1611-2 mutation causes a range of pleiotropic developmental phenotypes, most dramatically a progressive loss of shoot apical meristem function that causes premature meristem termination. emb1611-2 plants display disorganization of the shoot meristem cell layers early in development, and an associated stem cell fate change to an organogenic identity. Genetic and molecular analysis indicates that EMB1611 is required for maintenance of the CLV-WUS stem cell regulatory pathway in the shoot meristem, but also has WUS -independent activity. In addition, emb1611-2 plants have reduced shoot and root growth, and their rosette leaves form trichomes with extra branches, a defect we associate with an increase in endoreduplication. Our data indicate that EMB1611 functions to maintain cells, particularly those in the shoot meristem, roots and developing rosette leaves, in a proliferative or uncommitted state. 相似文献
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Plants continuously generate organs at the flanks of their shoot apical meristems (SAMs). The patterns in which these organs
are initiated, also called patterns of phyllotaxis, are highly stereotypic and characteristic for a particular species or
developmental stage. This stable, predictable behaviour of the meristem has led to the idea that organ initiation must be
based on simple and robust mechanisms. This conclusion is less evident, however, if we consider the very dynamic behaviour
of the individual cells. How dynamic cellular events are coordinated and how they are linked to the regular patterns of organ
initiation is a major issue in plant developmental biology. 相似文献
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The formation of shoot and root meristems that ultimately give rise to all tissues of the plant body occurs for the first time during embryogenesis. Meristem formation has traditionally been defined in terms of the appearance of histological features of meristems; this approach has led to varying interpretations of the timing of meristem formation relative to other events in embryogenesis. Markers that would provide more objective criteria for the analysis of meristem formation have not been widely available. The maize homeobox gene, knotted1 (kn1), is expressed in shoot meristems throughout postembryonic stages of shoot development. In order to determine whether this gene is expressed in the shoot meristem from its earliest inception, we examined the expression of kn1 in embryos at a series of stages by in situ hybridization to kn1 mRNA and immunolocalization of KN1 protein. Our results show that the onset of kn1 expression is temporally and spatially coincident with the earliest histologically recognizable signs of shoot meristem formation in the embryo, and thus provides a valuable marker for this process. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
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The aerial part of seed plants is called the shoot, which is composed of stems, leaves, and axial buds. These are produced by indeterminate activity in the shoot apical meristem (SAM), whereas the morphogenesis of leaves depends on determinate activity of leaf meristems. However, one-leaf plants in the Gesneriaceae family (eudicots) do not have a typical SAM and do not produce new organs when in the vegetative phase. Instead, they have one cotyledon whose growth is indeterminate. This peculiar development is supported by the groove meristem, which corresponds to the canonical SAM, and the basal meristem, which corresponds to the typical leaf meristem. However, the former does not produce any organ and the latter is active indeterminately. Gene expression and physiological analyses have been conducted in an effort to determine the molecular nature of this peculiar organogenesis. This review summarizes the current understanding of the development of one-leaf plants to provide future perspectives in this field of research. 相似文献