补料分批发酵过程中两阶段发酵生产1,3-丙二醇

在补料分批发酵过程中提高比生长速率不仅减少乙醇、甲酸的生成,而且提高1,3-丙二醇的得率和比生产速率.发酵后期甘油的浓度在15～26 g/L时有利于提高1,3-丙二醇的生产.采取在发酵前期控制菌体较高比生长速率和发酵后期控制适宜甘油浓度相结合的策略,有效地提高了1,3-丙二醇的生产,降低副产物乳酸和乙醇的生成.     

Physiologic mechanisms of sequential products synthesis in 1,3-propanediol fed-batch fermentation by Klebsiella pneumoniae

The glycerol fed-batch fermentation by Klebsiella pneumoniae CGMCC 1.6366 exhibited the sequential synthesis of products, including acetate, 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD), 2,3-butanediol, ethanol, succinate, and lactate. The dominant flux distribution was shifted from acetate formation to 1,3-PD formation in early- exponential growth phase and then to lactate synthesis in late-exponential growth phase. The underlying physiological mechanism of the above observations has been investigated via the related enzymes, nucleotide, and intermediary metabolites analysis. The carbon flow shift is dictated by the intrinsic physiological state and enzymatic activity regulation. Especially, the internal redox state could serve as a rate-controlling factor for 1,3-PD production. The q(1,3-PD) formation was the combined outcomes of regulations of glycerol dehydratase activity and internal redox balancing. The q(ethanol)/q(acetate) ratios demonstrated the flexible adaptation mechanism of K. pneumoniae preferring ATP generation in early-exponential growth phase. A low PEP to pyruvate ratio corresponded LDH activity increase, leading to lactate accumulation in stationary phase.     

Fermentation strategies for 1,3-propanediol production from glycerol using a genetically engineered Klebsiella pneumoniae strain to eliminate by-product formation

We generated a genetically engineered Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (AK-VOT) to eliminate by-product formation during production of 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD) from glycerol. In the present study, the glycerol-metabolizing properties of the recombinant strain were examined during fermentation in a 5 L bioreactor. As expected, by-product formation was completely absent (except for acetate) when the AK-VOT strain fermented glycerol. However, 1,3-PD productivity was severely reduced owing to a delay in cell growth attributable to a low rate of glycerol consumption. This problem was solved by establishing a two-stage process separating cell growth from 1,3-PD production. In addition, nutrient co-supplementation, especially with starch, significantly increased 1,3-PD production from glycerol during fed-batch fermentation by AK-VOT in the absence of by-product formation.     

原生质体紫外诱变技术选育1,3-丙二醇高产菌株

以肺炎克雷伯氏杆菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)为研究对象,应用原生质体紫外诱变技术提高其对甘油及1,3-丙二醇的耐受性,获得1,3-丙二醇高产菌.在原生质体制备过程中,运用滤膜去除酶解后细胞悬液中的正常菌体,简化菌体酶解过程,提高再生率及形成率.经过原生质体诱变后,以耐受高浓度甘油和1,3-丙二醇及高产酸能力为筛选方向,最终筛选到了3株高产菌株(Kp-1、Kp-4和Kp-5).在补料发酵实验中,上述诱变菌产1,3-丙二醇能力分别为70.24 、65.21和75.51 g/L,比野生菌株WT(55.78 g/L)分别提高了25.92%、16.91%和35.37%.     

Study of two-stage processes for the microbial production of 1,3-propanediol from glucose

The microbial production of 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD) from glucose was studied in a two-stage fermentation process on a laboratory scale. In the first stage, glucose was converted to glycerol either by the osmotolerant yeast Pichia farinosa or by a recombinant Escherichia coli strain. In the second stage, glycerol in the broth from the first stage was converted to 1,3-PD by Klebsiella pneumoniae. The culture broth from P. farinosa was shown to contain toxic metabolites that strongly impair the growth of K. pneumoniae and the formation of 1,3-PD. Recombinant E. coli is more suitable than P. farinosa for producing glycerol in the first stage. The fermentation pattern from glycerol can be significantly altered by the presence of acetate, leading to a significant reduction of PD yield in the second stage. However, in the recombinant E. coli culture acetate formation can be prevented by fed-batch cultivation under limiting glucose supply, resulting in an effective production of 1,3-PD in the second stage with a productivity of 2.0 g l(-1) h(-1) and a high yield (0.53 g/g) close to that of glycerol fermentation in a synthetic medium. The overall 1,3-PD yield from glucose in the two stage-process with E. coli and K. pneumoniae reached 0.17 g/g.     

Kinetic, dynamic, and pathway studies of glycerol metabolism by Klebsiella pneumoniae in anaerobic continuous culture: II. Analysis of metabolic rates and pathways under oscillation and steady-state conditions

The oscillation phenomena reported in the preceding article for the anaerobic continuous fermentation of glycerol by Klebsiella pneumoniae are analyzed in terms of metabolic fluxes (metabolic rates and yields) and stoichiometry of pathways. Significant oscillations in the fluxes of CO(2), H(2), formic acid, ethanol, and reducing equivalents are observed which show obvious relationships to each other. Changes in the consumption or production rates of glycerol, acetic acid, 1,3-propanediol, and ATP are irregular and have relatively small amplitudes compared with their absolute values. By comparing the metabolic fluxes under oscillation and steady state that have nearly the same environmental conditions it could be shown that pyruvate metabolism is the main step affected under oscillation conditions. The specific formation rates of all the products originating from pyruvate metabolism (CO(2), H(2), formic acid, ethanol, acetic acid, lactic acid, and 2,3-butanediol) show significant differences under conditions of oscillation and steady state. In contrast, the specific rates of substrate uptake, ATP generation, and formation of products deriving either directly from glycerol (1,3-propanediol) or from the upstream of pyruvate metabolism (e.g., succinic acid) are not, or at least not significantly, affected during oscillation. Stoichiometric analysis of metabolic pathways confirms that other enzyme systems, in addition to pyruvate: formate-lyase, must be simultaneously involved in the pyruvate decarboxylation under both oscillation and steady-state conditions. The results strongly suggest oscillations of activities of these enzymes under oscillation conditions. It appears that the reason for the occurrence of oscillation and hysteresis lies in an unstable regulation of pyruvate metabolism of different enzymes triggered by substrate excess and drastic change(s) of environmental conditions. (c) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Anaerobic growth of Escherichia coli on glycerol by importing genes of the dha regulon from Klebsiella pneumoniae

The dha regulon of Klebsiella pneumoniae specifying fermentative dissimilation of glycerol was mobilized by the broad-host-range plasmid RP4:mini Mu and introduced conjugatively into Escherichia coli. The recipient E. coli was enabled to grow anaerobically on glycerol without added hydrogen acceptors, although its cell yield was less than that of K. pneumoniae. The reduced cell yield was probably due to the lack of the coenzyme-B12-dependent glycerol dehydratase of the dha system. This enzyme initiates the first step in an auxiliary pathway for disposal of the extra reducing equivalents from glycerol. The lack of this enzyme would also account for the absence of 1,3-propanediol (a hallmark fermentation product of glycerol) in the spent culture medium. In a control experiment, a large quantity of this compound was detected in a similar culture medium following the growth of K. pneumoniae. The other three known enzymes of the dha system, glycerol dehydrogenase, dihydroxyacetone kinase and 1,3-propanediol oxidoreductase, however, were synthesized at levels comparable to those found in K. pneumoniae. Regulation of the dha system in E. coli appeared to follow the same pattern as in K. pneumoniae: the three acquired enzymes were induced by glycerol, catabolite repressed by glucose, and glycerol dehydrogenase was post-translationally inactivated during the shift from anaerobic to aerobic growth. The means by which the E. coli recipient can achieve redox balance without formation of 1,3-propanediol during anaerobic growth on glycerol remains to be discovered.     

pH对克雷伯氏菌1,3-丙二醇合成关键酶酶活及发酵特性的影响

在5 L发酵罐进行甘油脉冲流加发酵,分析了不同pH值对克雷伯氏肺炎杆菌发酵特性的影响,pH 6.5为菌体最佳生长条件,克雷伯氏肺炎杆菌合成1,3-丙二醇的产量最高。在1,3-丙二醇合成速率较大的对数中前期,进行甘油脉冲流加发酵,提高甘油浓度促进甘油脱水酶、1,3-丙二醇氧化还原酶和甘油脱氢酶活性。不同pH值的脉冲试验表明,甘油脱水酶,2,3-丁二醇脱氢酶比酶活随着pH值的升高而升高,1,3-丙二醇氧化还原酶,乳酸脱氢酶比酶活在pH6.5最高,因此偏酸性的发酵条件和对数期维持一定的甘油浓度能够促进1,3-丙二醇的合成。     

Kinetic, dynamic, and pathway studies of glycerol metabolism by Klebsiella pneumoniae in anaerobic continuous culture: III. Enzymes and fluxes of glycerol dissimilation and 1,3-propanediol formation

The initial steps of glycerol dissimilation and 1,3-propanediol (1, 3-PD) formation by Klebsiella pneumoniae anaerobically grown on glycerol were studied by quantifying the in vitro and in vivo activities of enzymes in continuous culture under conditions of steady state and oscillation and during transient phases. The enzymes studied included glycerol dehydrogenase (GDH), glycerol dehydratase (GDHt), and 1,3-propanediol oxidoreductase (PDOR). Three conclusions can be drawn from the steady-state results. First, glycerol concentration in the culture is a key parameter that inversely affects the in vitro activities (concentrations) of all three enzymes, but has a positive effect on their in vivo activities. Growth rate significantly affects the ratio of in vitro and in vivo enzyme activities under low glycerol concentrations, but not under glycerol excess. Second, whereas the flux through the oxidative pathway of glycerol dissimilation is governed mainly by the regulation of in vivo enzyme activity on a metabolic level, the flux through the reductive pathway is largely controlled by the synthesis of enzymes. Third, GDHt is a major rate-liming enzyme for the consumption of glycerol and the formation of 1,3-PD in K. pneumoniae at high glycerol concentrations. Results from oscillating cultures revealed that both in vitro and in vivo activities of the enzymes oscillated. The average values of the in vitro activities during an oscillation cycle agreed well with their corresponding values for nonoscillating cultures under similar environmental conditions. Experiments with step changes in the feed concentration of glycerol demonstrated that growth and product formation are very sensitive to changes of substrate concentration in the culture. This sensitivity is due to the dynamic responses of the genetic and metabolic networks. They should be considered when modeling the dynamics of the culture and attempting to improve the formation of 1,3-PD.     

Isolation and characterization of microorganisms able to produce 1,3-propanediol under aerobic conditions

Microbial fermentation under strictly anaerobic conditions has been conventionally used for the production of 1,3-propanediol, a key raw material required for the synthesis of polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) and other polyester fibers. In the current study, we have identified eight strains of microorganism which are able to produce 1,3-propanediol under aerobic condition. Those strains were isolated from garden soil, which were enriched by culturing in LB medium with glycerol added under aerobic condition. The identities of those strains were established based on their 16S rRNA sequences and physiological characteristics. Results indicated 6 strains are Citrobacter freundii and 2 strains are Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp Penumoniae. One of Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp Penumoniae strains, designated as TUAC01, demonstrated comparable levels of 1,3-propanediol oxidoreductase, glycerol dehydratase and glycerol dehydrogenase activity to the anaerobic microorganisms described in the literature. Accordingly, in larger scales (5 l) fed-batch culture the TUAC01 strain showed a remarkable 1,3-propanediol producing potency under aerobic conditions. 60.1 g/l of 1,3-propanediol was yield after 42 h incubation in an agitating bioreactor; and in air-lift bioreactor 66.3 g/l of 1,3-propanediol was yield after 58.5 h incubation. The aerobic ferment process, reduced the product cost and made the biological method of 1,3-propanediol production more attractive.     

一株1,3-丙二醇生产菌的分离鉴定及其发酵特性

从活性污泥中分离筛选得到一株能代谢甘油生产1,3-丙二醇(1,3-PD)的菌株2-1,通过形态学鉴定、生理生化试验、16S rRNA序列分析对菌株分类学地位进行鉴定,用MEGA 4.1软件构建的系统发育树显示菌株2-1与Klebsiella pneumoniae(CP001891)的亲缘关系最近。16S rDNA序列同源性比较发现,菌株2-1与模式菌株同源率为95.4%,疑似为新种。对菌株2-1在5 L发酵罐中进行发酵特性研究,分批补料发酵时得到较高的1,3-PD终浓度,达到63.5 g/L,此时生产强度为2.19 g/(L.h),底物转化率0.64 mol/mol。     

利用PDOR同工酶基因yqhD对产1,3-丙二醇克雷伯氏杆菌进行基因工程改造

由于Klebsiella pneumoniae 1,3-丙二醇合成途径中,加强甘油脱水酶基因表达,导致因NADH供应不足使3-羟基丙醛累积,并对菌体生长及1,3-丙二醇合成造成负面影响。为改善Klebsiella pneumoniae 1,3-丙二醇合成途径,本文利用PCR技术从大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)中扩增出以NADPH 为辅酶的1,3-丙二醇氧化还原酶同工酶编码基因yqhD,从克雷伯氏杆菌中扩增出2.66kb的甘油脱水酶基因（dhaB）,构建了产1,3-丙二醇关键酶基因的串联载体pEtac-dhaB-tac-yqhD,并将其转入到野生克雷伯氏杆菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)中,重组载体得到了表达。通过初步发酵,重组后的克雷伯氏杆菌产量比原始菌高20%左右,副产物中乙酸和丁二醇分别下降30%左右。     

利用克雷伯肺炎杆菌限制性底物发酵生产1，3-丙二醇

研究了克雷伯肺炎杆菌（Klebsiella pneumoniae）批式流加发酵生产1,3-丙二醇的发酵工艺,根据1,3-丙二醇的生产和菌体生长相关的特点,采用营养基质限制性流加的发酵工艺,通过控制氮源氯化铵以保持细胞稳定生长。结果表明：过低的氮源浓度,细胞生长受到限制,影响产物1,3-PD的合成;过高的氮源浓度,细胞比生长速率增加,但1,3-PD关于消耗甘油的得率降低,用于生长和维持代谢所消耗的甘油量增加。以0.41 g/(L·h)的氮源流加速率,残余氯化铵浓度在0.1 g/L时,转化率和生产强度最高。发酵25 h～28 h后,1,3-丙二醇最终浓度达到52.03 g/L,生产强度为2.04 g/(L·h),相对于甘油的摩尔转化率为0.66,分别比氮源限制前提高了28.0 ％、35.1 ％及29.4 ％。通过限制性流加氯化铵,控制细胞的比生长速率,使底物甘油有效转变为发酵的目标产物1,3-PD,有效实现产物1,3-PD的高生产强度以及对甘油的高转化率。     

克雷伯杆菌甘油脱氢酶和1,3-丙二醇氧化还原酶的动力学机制

本研究主要对克雷伯杆菌甘油转化1,3-丙二醇代谢途径中的2个关键酶甘油脱氢酶(GDH)、1,3-丙二醇氧化还原酶(PDOR)反应机制和动力学进行了研究。首先,通过初速度和产物抑制动力学研究确定了GDH、PDOR双底物酶促反应机制为有序BiBi机制,明确了由反应物消耗到产物生成之间的历程。其次,建立了GDH、PDOR双底物酶促反应动力学模型,由动力学模型可知,在偶合反应中,如果GDH和PDOR酶量相同,GDH氧化反应成为限速反应,而辅酶I将主要以氧化型NAD+形式存在。动力学信息为酶法合成1,3-丙二醇和代谢工程研究提供理论指导。     

Change in proteomic profiles of genetically modified 1,3-propanediol-producing recombinant E. coli

The recombinant E. coli Delta6 mutant (galR, glpK, gldA, IdhA, lacI, tpiA) was used to produce 1,3-propanediol (PD) from glucose. The 1,3-PD production increased with feedback control of the glucose concentration using fed-batch fermentation. The maximum 1,3-PD concentration produced was 43 g/l after 60 h of fermentation. Glycerol production was minimized when controlling the glucose concentration at less than 1 g/l. The expression levels of seven enzymes related to the 1,3-PD production metabolism were compared during the cell growth phase and 1,3-PD production phase, and their expression levels all increased during 1,3-PD production, with the exception of alcohol dehydrogenase.     

Sugar-glycerol cofermentations in lactobacilli: the fate of lactate.

The simultaneous fermentation of glycerol and sugar by lactobacillus brevis B22 and Lactobacillus buchneri B190 increases both the growth rate and total growth. The reduction of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol by the lactobacilli was found to influence the metabolism of the sugar cofermented by channelling some of the intermediate metabolites (e.g., pyruvate) towards NADH-producing (rather than NADH-consuming) reactions. Ultimately, the absolute requirement for NADH to prevent the accumulation of 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde leads to a novel lactate-glycerol cofermentation. As a result, additional ATP can be made not only by (i) converting pyruvate to acetate via acetyl phosphate rather than to the ethanol usually found and (ii) oxidizing part of the intermediate pyruvate to acetate instead of the usual reduction to lactate but also by (iii) reoxidation of accumulated lactate to acetate via pyruvate. The conversion of lactate to pyruvate is probably catalyzed by NAD-independent lactate dehydrogenases that are found only in the cultures oxidizing lactate and producing 1,3-propanediol, suggesting a correlation between the expression of these enzymes and a raised intracellular NAD/NADH ratio. The enzymes metabolizing glycerol (glycerol dehydratase and 1,3-propanediol dehydrogenase) were expressed in concert without necessary induction by added glycerol, although their expression may also be influenced by the intracellular NAD/NADH ratio set by the different carbohydrates fermented.     

Genome Sequence of Klebsiella pneumoniae LZ, a Potential Platform Strain for 1,3-Propanediol Production

Klebsiella pneumoniae LZ is a bacterium isolated from soil which can produce 1,3-propanediol from glycerol. Here we present a 5,431,750-bp assembly of its genome sequence. We annotated 9 coding sequences (CDSs) responsible for glycerol fermentation to 1,3-propanediol, 19 CDSs encoding glycerol utilization, and 134 CDSs related to its virulence and defense.     

1,3-Propanediol production by Klebsiella pneumoniae under different aeration strategies

1,3-Propanediol production by Klebsiella pneumoniae was studied in batch cultures under N2 flow and four airflow systems. Different byproducts were formed under different aeration conditions. An anaerobic/aerobic combined fed-batch culture was developed giving 70 g 1,3-propanediol l(-1) and 16 g 2,3-butanediol l(-1) with total diol yield of 0.6 mol(-1) glycerol.     

克雷伯氏肺炎杆菌LDH526产1,3-丙二醇的甘油自动流加策略

1,3-丙二醇是一种重要的化工原料,主要作为平台化合物用于合成聚酯,如聚对苯二甲酸丙二醇酯。经基因工程改造的克雷伯氏肺炎杆菌LDH526能以甘油作为唯一碳源合成1,3-丙二醇,最终发酵浓度超过90 g/L。甘油浓度是影响1,3-丙二醇合成的关键因素。为了实现对甘油浓度的精确控制,设计并优化了基于发酵动力学的甘油自动流加策略。通过将底物流加速率与易观察变量p H和发酵时间偶联,实现了发酵过程中甘油流加的自启动和甘油浓度的动态控制。发酵72 h,1,3-丙二醇的浓度可稳定超过95 g/L。自动控制甘油流加的发酵过程具有可重复性、连续性以及人工工作量少的特点,有望从实验室规模扩大到生产规模。     

Heterologous expression and characterization of recombinant glycerol dehydratase from Klebsiella pneumoniae in Escherichia coli

Glycerol dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.30), as one of the key enzymes in converting glycerol to the valuable intermediate 1,3-propanediol, is important for biochemical industry. The dhaB genes encoding coenzyme B(12)-dependent glycerol dehydratase in Klebsiella pneumoniae were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. An effective co-expression system of multiple subunits protein was constructed. Heterologous expression vectors were constructed using the splicing by overlap extension-PCR technique to co-express the three subunits of the glycerol dehydratase. After induction by isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside, SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that: (i) only the alpha subunit of glycerol dehydratase was expressed in direct expression system, (ii) the three subunits of glycerol dehydratase with predicted molecular massess of 64 (agr;), 22 (beta), and 16 kDa (gamma) were expressed simultaneously in co-expression system, and (iii) the fusion expression system expressed the fusion protein of 99 kDa. Enzyme assay showed that the activities of three heterologous expression products were 27.4, 2.3, and 0.2 U/mg. The highest enzyme activity was almost 17 times of that in K. pneumoniae. The recombinant enzyme was purified and biochemically characterized. The apparent Km values of the enzyme for coenzyme B(12) and 1, 2-propanediol were 8.5 nM and 1.2 mM, respectively. The enzyme showed maximum activity at pH 8.5 and 37 degrees C.