Construction of a combined sorghum linkage map from two recombinant inbred populations using AFLP,SSR, RFLP,and RAPD markers,and comparison with other sorghum maps

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is an important crop in the semi-arid tropics that also receives growing attention in genetic research. A comprehensive reference map of the sorghum genome would be an essential research tool. Here, a combined sorghum linkage map from two recombinant inbred populations was constructed using AFLP, SSR, RFLP and RAPD markers. The map was aligned with other published sorghum maps which are briefly reviewed. The two recombinant inbred populations (RIPs) analyzed in this study consisted of 225 (RIP 1) and 226 (RIP 2) F_3:5 lines, developed from the crosses IS 9830 2 E 36-1 (RIP 1) and N 13 2 E 36-1 (RIP 2), respectively. The genetic map of RIP 1 had a total length of 1,265 cM (Haldane), with 187 markers (125 AFLPs, 45 SSRs, 14 RFLPs, 3 RAPDs) distributed over ten linkage groups. The map of RIP 2 spanned 1,410 cM and contained 228 markers (158 AFLPs, 54 SSRs, 16 RFLPs) in 12 linkage groups. The combined map of the two RIPs contained 339 markers (249 AFLPs, 63 SSRs, 24 RFLPs, 3 RAPDs) on 11 linkage groups and had a length of 1,424 cM. It was in good agreement with other sorghum linkage maps, from which it deviated by a few apparent inversions, deletions, and additional distal regions.     

QTL mapping of stay-green in two sorghum recombinant inbred populations

The stay-green trait is a reported component of tolerance to terminal drought stress in sorghum. To map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for stay-green, two sorghum recombinant inbred populations (RIPs) of 226 F(3:5) lines each were developed from crosses (1) IS9830 x E36-1 and (2) N13 x E36-1. The common parental line, E36-1 of Ethiopian origin, was the stay-green trait source. The genetic map of RIP 1 had a total length of 1,291 cM, with 128 markers (AFLPs, RFLPs, SSRs and RAPDs) distributed over ten linkage groups. The map of RIP 2 spanned 1,438 cM and contained 146 markers in 12 linkage groups. The two RIPs were evaluated during post-rainy seasons at Patancheru, India, in 1999/2000 (RIP 2) and 2000/2001 (RIP 1). The measures of stay-green mapped were the green leaf area percentages at 15, 30 and 45 days after flowering (% GL15, % GL30 and % GL45, respectively). Estimated repeatabilities for % GL15, % GL30 and % GL45 amounted to 0.89, 0.81 and 0.78 in RIP 1, and 0.91, 0.88 and 0.85 in RIP 2, respectively. The number of QTLs for the three traits detected by composite interval mapping ranged from 5 to 8, explaining 31% to 42% of the genetic variance. In both RIPs, both parent lines contributed stay-green alleles. Across the three measures of the stay-green trait, three QTLs on linkage groups A, E and G were common to both RIPs, with the stay-green alleles originating from E36-1. These QTLs were therefore consistent across the tested genetic backgrounds and years. After QTL validation across sites and verification of the general benefit of the stay-green trait for grain yield performance and stability in the target areas, the corresponding chromosomal regions could be candidates for marker-assisted transfer of stay-green into elite materials.     

Four rice QTL controlling number of spikelets per panicle expressed the characteristics of single Mendelian gene in near isogenic backgrounds

Development of quantitative trait loci (QTL) near isogenic lines is a crucial step to QTL isolation using the strategy of map-based cloning. In this study, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from two indica rice varieties, Zhenshan 97 and HR5, was employed to map QTL for spikelets per panicle (SPP). One major QTL (qSPP7) and three minor QTL (qSPP1, qSPP2 and qSPP3) were identified on chromosomes 7, 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Four sets of near isogenic lines (NILs) BC₄F₂ targeted for the four QTL were developed by following a standard procedure of consecutive backcross, respectively. These QTL were not only validated in corresponding NILs, but also explained amounts of phenotypic variation with much larger LOD scores compared with those identified in RILs. SPP in the four QTL-NILs expressed bimodal or discontinuous distributions and followed the expected segregation ratio of single Mendelian factor by progeny test. Finally, qSPP1, qSPP2, qSPP3 and qSPP7 were respectively mapped to a locus, 0.5 cM from MRG2746, 0.6 cM from MRG2762, 0.8 cM from RM49 and 0.7 cM from MRG4436, as co-dominant markers on the basis of progeny tests. These results indicate no matter how small effect minor QTL is, QTL may still express the characteristics of single Mendelian factor in NILs and isolation of minor QTL will be possible using high quality NILs. Pyramiding these QTL into a variety will largely enhance rice grain yield.     

Genetic mapping of soybean cyst nematode race-3 resistance loci in the soybean PI 437.654

Resistance to the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is difficult to evaluate in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] breeding. PI 437.654 has resistance to more SCN race isolates than any other known soybean. We screened 298 F₆₇ recombinant-inbred lines from a cross between PI 437.654 and BSR101 for SCN race-3 resistance, genetically mapped 355 RFLP markers and the I locus, and tested these markers for association with resistance loci. The Rhg ₄ resistance locus was within 1 cM of the I locus on linkage group A. Two additional QTLs associated with SCN resistance were located within 3cM of markers on groups G and M. These two loci were not independent because 91 of 96 lines that had a resistant-parent marker type on group G also had a resistant-parent marker type on group M. Rhg ₄ and the QTL on G showed a significant interaction by together providing complete resistance to SCN race-3. Individually, the QTL on G had greater effect on resistance than did Rhg ₄, but neither locus alone provided a degree of resistance much different from the susceptible parent. The nearest markers to the mapped QTLs on groups A and G had allele frequencies from the resistant parent indicating 52 resistant lines in this population, a number not significantly different from the 55 resistant lines found. Therefore, no QTLs from PI 437.654 other than those mapped here are expected to be required for resistance to SCN race-3. All 50 lines that had the PI 437.654 marker type at the nearest marker to each of the QTLs on groups A and G were resistant to SCN race-3. We believe markers near to these QTLs can be used effectively to select for SCN race-3 resistance, thereby improving the ability to breed SCN-resistant soybean varieties.     

Single and interacting QTLs for cholesterol gallstones revealed in an intercross between mouse strains NZB and SM

Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping was employed to investigate the genetic determinants of cholesterol gallstone formation in a large intercross between mouse strains SM/J (resistant) and NZB/B1NJ (susceptible). Animals consumed a gallstonepromoting diet for 18 weeks. QTL analyses were performed using gallstone weight and gallstone absence/presence as phenotypes; various models were explored for genome scans. We detected seven single QTLs: three new, significant QTLs were named Lith17 [chromosome (Chr) 5, peak=60 cM, LOD=5.4], Lith18 (Chr 5, 76 cM, LOD=4.3), and Lith19 (Chr 8, 0 cM, LOD=5.3); two confirmed QTLs identified previously and were named Lith20 (Chr 9, 44 cM, LOD=2.7) and Lith21 (Chr 10, 24 cM, LOD=2.9); one new, suggestive QTL (Chr 17) remains unnamed. Upon searching for epistatic interactions that contributed to gallstone susceptibility, the final suggestive QTL on Chr 7 was determined to interact significantly with Lith18 and, therefore, was named Lith22 (65 cM). A second interaction was identified between Lith19 and a locus on Chr 11; this QTL was named Lith23 (13 cM). mRNA expression analyses and amino acid haplotype analyses likely eliminated Slc10a2 as a candidate gene for Lith19. The QTLs identified herein largely contributed to gallstone formation rather than gallstone severity. Cloning the genes underlying these murine QTLs should facilitate prediction and cloning of the orthologous human genes.Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; F₁,first filial generation; F₂, second filial (intercross) generation; LOD, logarithm of the odds ratio; NZB, NZB/B1NJ; QTL, quantitative trait locus; SM, SM/J. The nucleotide sequence data for Slc10a2 were submitted to GenBank and were assigned the accession numbers AY529655 (strain SM) and AY529656 (strain NZB).     

Genetic mapping of <Emphasis Type="Italic">psl</Emphasis> locus and quantitative trait loci for angular leaf spot resistance in cucumber (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cucumis sativus</Emphasis> L.)

One of the most important cucumber diseases is bacterial angular leaf spot (ALS), whose increased occurrence in open-field production has been observed over the last years. To map ALS resistance genes, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) mapping population was developed from a narrow cross of cucumber line Gy14 carrying psl resistance gene and susceptible B10 line. Parental lines and RILs were tested under growth chamber conditions as well as in the field for angular leaf spot symptoms. Based on simple sequence repeat and DArTseq, genotyping a genetic map was constructed, which contained 717 loci in seven linkage groups, spanning 599.7 cM with 0.84 cM on average between markers. Monogenic inheritance of the lack of chlorotic halo around the lesions, which is typical for ALS resistance and related with the presence of recessive psl resistance gene, was confirmed. The psl locus was mapped on cucumber chromosome 5. Two major quantitative trait loci (QTL) psl5.1 and psl5.2 related to disease severity were found and located next to each other on chromosome 5; moreover, psl5.1 was co-located with psl locus. Identified QTL were validated in the field experiment. Constructed genetic map and markers linked to ALS resistance loci are novel resources that can contribute to cucumber breeding programs.     

Molecular identification of powdery mildew resistance genes in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

RFLP markers for the wheat powdery mildew resistance genes Pm1 and Pm2 were tagged by means of near-isogenic lines. The probe Whs178 is located 3 cM from the Pm1 gene. For the powdery mildew resistance gene Pm2, two markers were identified. The linkage between the Pm2 resistance locus and one of these two probes was estimated to be 3 cM with a F₂ population. Both markers can be used to detect the presence of the corresponding resistance gene in commercial cultivars. Bulked segregant analysis was applied to identify linkage disequillibrium between the resistance gene Pm18 and the abovementioned marker, which was linked to this locus at a distance of 4 cM. Furthermore, the RAPD marker OPH-11₁₉₀₀ (5-CTTCCGCAGT-3) was selected with pools created from a population segregating for the resistance of Trigo BR 34. The RAPD marker was mapped about 13 cM from this resistance locus.     

Dissection of quantitative and durable leaf rust resistance in Swiss winter wheat reveals a major resistance QTL in the<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Lr34</Emphasis> chromosomal region

The Swiss winter bread wheat cv. Forno has a highly effective, durable and quantitative leaf rust (Puccinia triticina Eriks.) resistance which is associated with leaf tip necrosis (LTN). We studied 240 single seed descent lines of an Arina×Forno F_5:7 population to identify and map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for leaf rust resistance and LTN. Percentage of infected leaf area (%) and the response to infection (RI) were evaluated in seven field trials and were transformed to the area under the disease progress curves (AUDPC). Using composite interval mapping and LOD >4.4, we identified eight chromosomal regions specifically associated with resistance. The largest and most consistent leaf rust resistance locus was identified on the short arm of chromosome 7D (32.6% of variance explained for AUDPC_% and 42.6% for AUDPC_RI) together with the major QTL for LTN (R ²=55.6%) in the same chromosomal region as Lr34 (Xgwm295). A second major leaf rust resistance QTL (R ²=28% and 31.5%, respectively) was located on chromosome arm 1BS close to Xgwm604 and was not associated with LTN. Additional minor QTLs for LTN (2DL, 3DL, 4BS and 5AL) and leaf rust resistance were identified. These latter QTLs might correspond to the leaf rust resistance genes Lr2 or Lr22 (2DS) and Lr14a (7BL).Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material ist available in the online version ot this article at Communicated by H.C. Becker     

Identification of quantitative trait loci for resistance to shoot fly in sorghum [<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sorghum bicolor</Emphasis> (L.) Moench]

The shoot fly is one of the most destructive insect pests of sorghum at the seedling stage. Deployment of cultivars with improved shoot fly resistance would be facilitated by the use of molecular markers linked to QTL. The objective of this study was to dissect the genetic basis of resistance into QTL, using replicated phenotypic data sets obtained from four test environments, and a 162 microsatellite marker-based linkage map constructed using 168 RILs of the cross 296B (susceptible) × IS18551 (resistant). Considering five component traits and four environments, a total of 29 QTL were detected by multiple QTL mapping (MQM) viz., four each for leaf glossiness and seedling vigor, seven for oviposition, six for deadhearts, two for adaxial trichome density and six for abaxial trichome density. The LOD and R ² (%) values of QTL ranged from 2.6 to 15.0 and 5.0 to 33%, respectively. For most of the QTL, IS18551 contributed resistance alleles; however, at six QTL, alleles from 296B also contributed to resistance. QTL of the related component traits were co-localized, suggesting pleiotropy or tight linkage of genes. The new morphological marker Trit for trichome type was associated with the major QTL for component traits of resistance. Interestingly, QTL identified in this study correspond to QTL/genes for insect resistance at the syntenic maize genomic regions, suggesting the conservation of insect resistance loci between these crops. For majority of the QTL, possible candidate genes lie within or very near the ascribed confidence intervals in sorghum. Finally, the QTL identified in the study should provide a foundation for marker-assisted selection (MAS) programs for improving shoot fly resistance in sorghum.     

Fine mapping of a murine growth locus to a 1.4-cM region and resolution of linked QTL

Previous work identified a QTL affecting murine size (particularly tail length) in a cross between C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice and refined its location to an 8-cM region between D1Mit30 and D1Mit57. The present study used recombinant progeny testing to fine map this QTL. Individuals from a partially congenic strain carrying chromosomes recombinant between D1Mit30 and D1Mit57 were mated to DBA/2J, generating 942 progeny. Two QTL affecting 10-week tail length were identified in this population: one at 9.7 cM distal to D1Mit30 (the position estimated in previous work), and another of smaller effect near D1Mit30. A second population (n=787) was generated by mating siblings from the progeny test population that were heterozygous for the same segment of chromosome, including only recombinants between D1Mit265 and D1Mit57. In the latter population, two QTL were also identified: one at 10.2 cM distal to D1Mit30, and another of smaller effect at the distal end of the mapped region (at D1Mit150). When the two populations were analyzed together, the estimated location of the central QTL was 10.2 cM distal to D1Mit30 and there was marginally significant evidence of the distal QTL. The central QTL explained approximately 7% of the phenotypic variance, and the 95% confidence interval for its position (determined by bootstrapping) was a 1.4-cM region, approximately the region from D1Mit451 to D1Mit219. The central QTL also affected tail length and body mass at 3 and 6 weeks of age, but to a lesser degree than 10-week tail length.     

Mapping of spot blotch disease resistance using NDVI as a substitute to visual observation in wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">aestivum</Emphasis> L.)

Evaluation of wheat for spot blotch disease resistance relies on various visual observation methods. The person evaluating the lines needs to be experienced in scoring disease severity. To facilitate high-throughput phenotyping, a hand-held green seeker NDVI sensor was used to map spot blotch disease resistance QTLs. A total of 108 germplasm lines along with 335 SSD-derived lines (F₄ and F₅ generations) originating from the cross ‘YS116 × Sonalika’ were used. The population was evaluated at BISA, Pusa Bihar, a hot spot for spot blotch, for 2 consecutive years. Data were recorded using the NDVI as well as by visual observation as % disease severity. The correlation coefficient was calculated between two scoring methods (NDVI and % DS) recorded at different growth stages. High negative correlation was observed between the NDVI and % DS at GS69 and GS77 on Zadoks' scale. With both methods, the QTL was mapped in the same chromosomal region on 5BL. Using the NDVI value, the detected QTL explained up to 54.9 % of phenotypic variation while up to 56.1 % using the % DS. The Sb2 gene was mapped between the markers Xgwm639 and Xgwm1043 with an interval of 0.62 cM. The markers linked to the Tsn1 gene (Xfcp1 and Xfcp623) were mapped 1.1 cM apart from the sb2 gene. It is concluded that the NDVI the can be used as an alternative to visual scoring of spot blotch disease in wheat and create a new avenue for high-throughput phenotyping.     

Identification of markers tightly linked to<Emphasis Type="Italic"> sbm</Emphasis> recessive genes for resistance to<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Pea seed-borne mosaic virus</Emphasis>

Two virus resistance loci on linkage groups II and VI have provided the only sources of natural resistance against Pea seed-borne mosaic virus (PSbMV, Potyviridae) in the important crop plant Pisum sativum L. A combination of parallel approaches was used to collate linked markers, particularly for sbm-1 resistance on linkage group VI. We have identified sequences derived from the genes for the eukaryotic translation initiation factors eIF4E and eIF(iso)4E as being very tightly linked to the resistance gene clusters on linkage groups VI and II, respectively. In particular, no recombinants between sbm-1 and eIF4E were found amongst 500 individuals of an F₂ cross between the BC₄ resistant line (JI1405) and its recurrent susceptible parent Scout. In a different mapping population, the gene eIF(iso)4E was also shown to be linked to sbm-2 on linkage group II. A parallel cDNA-AFLP comparison of pairs of resistant and susceptible lines also identified an expressed tag marker just 0.7 cM from sbm-1. eIF4E and eIF(iso)4E have been associated with resistance to related viruses in other hosts. This correlation strengthens the use of our markers as valuable tools to assist in breeding multiple virus resistances into peas, and identifies potential targets for resistance gene identification in pea.Communicated by C. Möllers     

RFLP markers to identify the alleles on the Mla locus conferring powdery mildew resistance in barley

Summary To identify the mildew resistance locus Mla in barley with molecular markers, closely linked genomic RFLP clones were selected with the help of near-isogenic lines having the Pallas and Siri background. Out of 22 polymorphic clones 3 were located around the Mla locus on chromosome 5 with a distance of 5.1 + 2.9 cM (MWG 1H068), 4.2±1.7 cM (MWG 1H060) and 0.7 ± 0.7 cM (MWG 1H036), respectively. The polymorphic clone MWG 1H036 displayed the same RFLP pattern in both Pallas and Siri near-isogenic lines and in different varieties digested with six restriction enzymes possessing the same mildew resistance gene. The alleles of the Mla locus were grouped in 11 classes according to their specific RFLP patterns; 3 of these groups contain the majority of Mla alleles already used in barley breeding programs in Europe.     

RFLP and RAPD mapping of the rice gm2 gene that confers resistance to biotype 1 of gall midge (Orseolia oryzae)

Gm2 is dominant gene conferring resistance to biotype 1 of gall midge (Orseolia oryzae Wood-Mason), the major dipteran pest of rice. The gene was mapped by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of a set of 40 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between the resistant variety Phalguna and the susceptible landrace ARC 6650. The gene is located on chromosome 4 at a position 1.3 cM from marker RG329 and 3.4 cM from RG476. Since the low (28%) polymorphism of this indica x indica cross hindered full coverage of the genome with RFLP markers, the mapping was checked by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)/bulked segregant analysis. Through the use of 160 RAPD primers, the number of polymorphic markers was increased from 43 to 231. Two RAPD primers amplified loci that co-segregated with resistance/susceptibility. RFLP mapping of these loci showed that they are located 0.7 cM and 2.0 cM from RG476, confirming the location of Gm2 in this region of chromosome 4. Use of these DNA markers will accelerate breeding for gall midge resistance by permitting selection of the Gm2 gene independently of the availability of the insect.     

Molecular tagging and genetic mapping of the disease resistance gene<Emphasis Type="Italic"> RppQ</Emphasis> to southern corn rust

Southern corn rust (SCR), Puccinia polysora Underw, is a destructive disease in maize (Zea mays L.). Inbred line Qi319 is highly resistant to SCR. Results from the inoculation test and genetic analysis of SCR in five F₂ populations and five BC₁F₁ populations derived from resistant parent Qi319 clearly indicate that the resistance to SCR in Qi319 is controlled by a single dominant resistant gene, which was named RppQ. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis was carried out in an F₂ population derived from the cross Qi319×340. Twenty SSR primer pairs evenly distributed on chromosome10 were screened at first. Out of them, two primer pairs, phi118 and phi 041, showed linkage with SCR resistance. Based on this result, eight new SSR primer pairs surrounding the region of primers phi118 and phi 041 were selected and further tested regarding their linkage relation with RppQ. Results indicated that SSR markers umc1,318 and umc 2,018 were linked to RppQ with a genetic distance of 4.76 and 14.59 cM, respectively. On the other side of RppQ, beyond SSR markers phi 041 and phi118, another SSR marker umc1,293 was linked to RppQ with a genetic distance of 3.78 cM. Because the five linkage SSR markers (phi118, phi 041, umc1,318, umc 2,018 and umc1,293) are all located on chromosome 10, the RppQ gene should also be located on chromosome 10. In order to fine map the RppQ gene, AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) analysis was carried out. A total 54 AFLP primer combinations were analyzed; one AFLP marker, AF1, from the amplification products of primer combination E-AGC/M-CAA, showed linkage with the RppQ gene in a genetic distance of 3.34 cM. Finally the RppQ gene was mapped on the short arm of chromosome 10 between SSR markers phi 041 and AFLP marker AF1 with a genetic distance of 2.45 and 3.34 cM respectively.Communicated by H. F. Linskens     

QTL Mapping of Low-Temperature Germination Ability in the Maize IBM Syn4 RIL Population

Low temperature is the primary factor to affect maize sowing in early spring. It is, therefore, vital for maize breeding programs to improve tolerance to low temperatures at seed germination stage. However, little is known about maize QTL involved in low-temperature germination ability. 243 lines of the intermated B73×Mo17 (IBM) Syn4 recombinant inbred line (RIL) population was used for QTL analysis of low-temperature germination ability. There were significant differences in germination-related traits under both conditions of low temperature (12°C/16h, 18°C/8h) and optimum temperature (28°C/24h) between the parental lines. Only three QTL were identified for controlling optimum-temperature germination rate. Six QTL controlling low-temperature germination rate were detected on chromosome 4, 5, 6, 7 and 9, and contribution rate of single QTL explained between 3.39%~11.29%. In addition, six QTL controlling low-temperature primary root length were detected in chromosome 4, 5, 6, and 9, and the contribution rate of single QTL explained between 3.96%~8.41%. Four pairs of QTL were located at the same chromosome position and together controlled germination rate and primary root length under low temperature condition. The nearest markers apart from the corresponding QTL (only 0.01 cM) were umc1303 (265.1 cM) on chromosome 4, umc1 (246.4 cM) on chromosome 5, umc62 (459.1 cM) on chromosome 6, bnl14.28a (477.4 cM) on chromosome 9, respectively. A total of 3155 candidate genes were extracted from nine separate intervals based on the Maize Genetics and Genomics Database (http://www.maizegdb.org). Five candidate genes were selected for analysis as candidates putatively affecting seed germination and seedling growth at low temperature. The results provided a basis for further fine mapping, molecular marker assisted breeding and functional study of cold-tolerance at the stage of seed germination in maize.     

QTL and candidate genes phytoene synthase and ζ-carotene desaturase associated with the accumulation of carotenoids in maize

Carotenoids are a class of fat-soluble antioxidant vitamin compounds present in maize (Zea mays L.) that may provide health benefits to animals or humans. Four carotenoid compounds are predominant in maize grain: -carotene, -cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, and lutein. Although -carotene has the highest pro-vitamin A activity, it is present in a relatively low concentration in maize kernels. We set out to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting carotenoid accumulation in maize kernels. Two sets of segregating families were evaluated—a set of F_2:3 lines derived from a cross of W64a x A632, and their testcross progeny with AE335. Molecular markers were evaluated on the F_2:3 lines and a genetic linkage map created. High-performance liquid chromatography was performed to measure -carotene, -cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, and lutein on both sets of materials. Composite interval mapping identified chromosome regions with QTL for one or more individual carotenoids in the per se and testcross progenies. Notably QTL in the per se population map to regions with candidate genes, yellow 1 and viviparous 9, which may be responsible for quantitative variation in carotenoids. The yellow 1 gene maps to chromosome six and is associated with phytoene synthase, the enzyme catalyzing the first dedicated step in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. The viviparous 9 gene maps to chromosome seven and is associated with -carotene desaturase, an enzyme catalyzing an early step in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. If the QTL identified in this study are confirmed, particularly those associated with candidates genes, they could be used in an efficient marker-assisted selection program to facilitate increasing levels of carotenoids in maize grain.Communicated by P. Langridge     

Genetics of seedling and adult plant resistance to net blotch (Pyrenophora teres f. teres) and spot blotch (Cochliobolus sativus) in barley

Net blotch (caused by Pyrenophora teres f. teres) and spot blotch (Cochliobolus sativus) are important foliar diseases of barley in the midwestern region of the USA. To determine the number and chromosomal location of Mendelian and quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling resistance to these diseases, a doubled haploid population (Steptoe/Morex) was evaluated to the pathogens at the seedling stage in the greenhouse and at the adult plant stage in the field. Alleles at two or three unlinked loci were found to confer resistance to the net blotch pathogen at the seedling stage depending on how progeny exhibiting an intermediate infection response were classified. This result was corroborated in the quantitative analysis of the raw infection response data as 2 major QTL were identified on chromosomes 4 and 6M. A third QTL was also identified on chromosome 6P. Seven QTL were identified for net blotch resistance at the adult plant stage and mapped to chromosomes 1P, 2P, 3P, 3M, 4, 6P, and 7P. The 7 QTL collectively accounted for 67.6% of the phenotypic variance under a multiple QTL model. Resistance to the spot blotch pathogen was conferred by a single gene at the seedling stage. This gene was mapped to the distal region of chromosome 1P on the basis of both qualitative and quantitative data analyses. Two QTL were identified for spot blotch resistance at the adult plant stage: the largest QTL effect mapped to chromosome 5P and the other mapped to chromosome 1P near the seedling resistance locus. Together, the 2 QTL explained 70.1% of the phenotypic variance under a multiple QTL model. On the basis of the chromosomal locations of resistance alleles detected in this study, it should be feasible to combine high levels of resistance to both P. teres f. teres and C. sativus in barley cultivars.     

QTL mapping of resistance to Sclerotinia midstalk rot in RIL of sunflower population NDBLOSsel × CM625

Midstalk rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is an important disease of sunflower in its main areas of cultivation. The objectives of this study were to (1) verify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for midstalk-rot resistance found in F₃ families of the NDBLOS_sel × CM625 population in recombinant inbred lines (RIL) derived from the same cross; (2) re-estimate their position and genetic effects; (3) draw inferences about the predictive quality of QTL for midstalk-rot resistance identified in the F₃ families as compared to those in the RIL. Phenotypic data for three resistance (leaf lesion, stem lesion, and speed of fungal growth) and two morphological traits (leaf length and leaf length with petiole) were obtained from 317 RIL following artificial infection in field experiments across two environments. For genotyping the 248 RIL, we selected 41 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers based on their association with QTL for Sclerotinia midstalk-rot resistance in an earlier study. The resistance traits showed intermediate to high heritabilities and were significantly correlated with each other Genotypic correlations between F₃ families and the RIL were highly significant and ranged between 0.50 for leaf length and 0.64 for stem lesion. For stem lesion, two genomic regions on linkage group (LG) 8 and LG16 explaining 26.5% of the genotypic variance for Sclerotinia midstalk-rot resistance were consistent across generations. For this trait, the genotypic correlation between the observed performance and its prediction based on QTL positions and effects in F₃ families was surprisingly high The genetic effects and predictive quality of these two QTL are promising for application in marker-assisted selection to Sclerotinia midstalk-rot resistance.     

Genome-wide identification of QTL conferring high-temperature adult-plant (HTAP) resistance to stripe rust (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Puccinia striiformis</Emphasis> f. sp<Emphasis Type="Italic">. tritici</Emphasis>) in wheat

High-temperature adult-plant (HTAP) resistance to stripe rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) is a durable type of resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). This study identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) conferring HTAP resistance to stripe rust in a population consisting of 169 F_8:10 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between a susceptible cultivar Rio Blanco and a resistant germplasm IDO444. HTAP resistance was evaluated for both disease severity and infection type under natural infection over two years at two locations. The genetic linkage maps had an average density of 6.7 cM per marker across the genome and were constructed using 484 markers including 96 wheat microsatellite (SSR), 632 Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) polymorphisms, two sequence-tagged-site (STS) from semi-dwarf genes Rht1 and Rht2, and two markers for low molecular-weight glutenin gene subunits. QTL analysis detected a total of eight QTL significantly associated with HTAP resistance to stripe rust with two on chromosome 2B, two on 3B and one on each of 1A, 4A, 4B and 5B. QTL on chromosomes 2B and 4A were the major loci derived from IDO444 and explained up to 47 and 42% of the phenotypic variation for disease severity and infection type, respectively. The remaining five QTL accounted for 7–10% of the trait variation. Of these minor QTL, the resistant alleles at the two QTL QYrrb.ui-3B.1 and QYrrb.ui-4B derived from Rio Blanco and reduced infection type only, while the resistant alleles at the other three QTL, QYrid.ui-1A, QYrid.ui-3B.2 and QYrid.ui-5B, all derived from IDO444 and reduced either infection type or disease severity. Markers linked to 2B and 4A QTL should be useful for selection of HTAP resistance to stripe rust.